Generated by All in One SEO Pro v4.9.9, this is an llms-full.txt file, used by LLMs to index the site. # GEDmatch Comprehensive solutions for genetic genealogy and family tree reseach ## Posts ### [See What's Coming: The New GEDmatch Interface Preview Is Now on YouTube](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/see-whats-coming-the-new-gedmatch-interface-preview-is-now-on-youtube/) **Published:** July 7, 2026 **Author:** GEDmatch Stories **Content:** The new GEDmatch is here to see. Product Manager Tom Osypian walks through the completely rebuilt GEDmatch interface — the first full public preview outside a brief demo at RootsTech — and it’s the clearest look yet at where the platform is headed. If you registered for the live session, thank you. If you missed it, the full replay is ready: **▶ Watch the GEDmatch Preview: [https://youtu.be/\_vV1hzRD2eI](https://youtu.be/_vV1hzRD2eI)** #### What’s changing — and what isn’t After more than a year of work, the rebuild is built around three goals: an easier learning curve for newer users, clearer navigation to find the right tools faster, and more ways to customize and track your research. The science isn’t changing. The same comparisons deliver the same results. What’s changing is the experience. In the preview, you’ll see: - **Centralized data management** for DNA kits, GEDCOMs, and FamilySearch tree imports, all in one place - **A searchable tool catalog** with clear categories and descriptions - **Folders, column controls, and site-wide search and sort** as a new design standard - **A redesigned One-to-Many** with new-match highlighting and time-based sorting - **A combined One-to-One** that toggles between autosomal and X - **My Clipboard** — a major upgrade to Multi-Kit Analysis that lets you build a research list once and carry it across tools without re-entering kit numbers - **Optional user profiles** to help the community connect Powerful new features for both free and Tier 1 members. #### The rollout Beta opens in August 2026 at beta.gedmatch.com. The new site becomes fully operational by the end of 2026, and the current site retires in March 2027. Your existing data — kits, GEDCOMs, notes — carries over automatically. Nothing to transfer. #### A note on Tier 1 pricing For more than ten years, GEDmatch has offered Tier 1 tools at the same price. In over a decade, we’ve never raised it — not once. On **September 1, 2026**, Tier 1 pricing increases to **$15/month or $150/year** for new subscribers. The current rate is **$10/month or $100/year**, unchanged since the day we launched paid tools. This is the investment that keeps GEDmatch moving forward — the new interface, the tools that set the platform apart, and everything still on the roadmap. Tier 1 subscriptions are what let us keep building. **What this means for you:** current Tier 1 members keep their existing rate. It’s grandfathered — no action needed. And if you subscribe before September 1, you lock in $10/month or $100/year for as long as your membership stays active. If you’ve been considering Tier 1, this is the moment. Watch the preview, see where GEDmatch is going, and subscribe before the change. **▶ Watch the preview → [https://youtu.be/\_vV1hzRD2eI](https://youtu.be/_vV1hzRD2eI)** **Categories:** Uncategorized --- ### [The Son I Didn’t Know I Had Found Me Thanks to GEDmatch](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/tracking-your-missing-relatives-gedmatch-blog/) **Published:** November 16, 2022 **Author:** GEDmatch Stories **Excerpt:** GEDMatch user found the son he didn’t know he had, upload your data and find answers today! **Content:** I started using GEDmatch in 2018 because I wanted to solve a few missing pieces of my family history. Things seemed to be very well documented but some parts just didn’t add up. I used other genealogy websites but GEDmatch was the one that allowed comparisons across providers so I thought I got nothing to lose, and I was right about that! Because a bit later I got the best news I could have hoped for, my son was able to locate me! My son was trying to locate me for decades. He chose a different DNA testing provider and we missed connecting there. We both ended up on GEDmatch at the beginning of 2021. The way the site is administered allowed us to confirm the relationship with certainty and open lines of Communication. ## **The Tools You Provided Have Changed Our Lives Beyond Comprehension** The DNA information answered questions I didn’t even know existed. GEDmatch helped remove doubts about relationships and help solve health puzzles. And most of all, only thanks to GEDmatch I found my son! ## **My Advice For All Future GEDmatch Users** If you find a family member you want to contact, it’s such a thrilling feeling. You will probably want to contact them immediately. I suggest putting down your coffee before opening GEDmatch contact e-mails. Contemplate the experience from the view of the sender before your reply. We only get one chance to set the tone. Make it a positive experience for everyone! Thomas – GEDmatch user **Categories:** Uncategorized --- ### [I Connected With a Half-Brother I Didn’t Know I Had Through GEDmatch!](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/i-connected-with-a-half-brother-i-didnt-know-i-had-through-gedmatch/) **Published:** December 12, 2022 **Author:** GEDmatch Stories **Excerpt:** Half-brother I didn’t know existed found me through GEDmatch. Sign up for free and see if you have family out there too! **Content:** I started using GEDmatch two years ago, with no particular goal, I just input my info in case there was a match someday. I liked the ability to upload my data easily. Suddenly, I was contacted last week by someone who said I was their half-sibling! We connected and started online chatting and now I have an older half-brother. He never knew who his father was so I was able to fill in a lot of details for him. We’ve been exchanging family pictures. GEDmatch was so easy to use! ## **My Advice For All Future GEDmatch Users** Be prepared for family connections you didn’t know existed! Kimberly – GEDmatch User **Categories:** Uncategorized --- ### [I’m on a Limited Income And GEDmatch is The Best Site Out There!](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/im-on-a-limited-income-and-gedmatch-is-the-best-site-out-there/) **Published:** December 5, 2022 **Author:** GEDmatch Stories **Excerpt:** Don’t let limited income stop you from learning about your family. GEDmatch is free to use! **Content:** I started using GEDmatch a couple of years ago trying to link up and find distant relatives to my Great Grandfather, and possibly find my half-sister’s DNA family line. I’m retired on a limited fixed income, and the fact a number of your powerful DNA match-finding features are free and are not available on another site. GEDmatch is the best site out there rest assured! Linking specific family groups and family members to particular location segments sizes, locations etc. on particular chromosomes 1 to 22 has exceeded my expectations since using GEDmatch. The power and versatility of GEDmatch as a tool to compare and analyse DNA results – it is very easy to use, plus it has privacy locks in place to protect people’s privacy if they wish. Therefore it meets and caters for everyone’s needs or commitments. ## **My Advice For All Future GEDmatch Users** Many powerful DNA matching sites are free, and you can upgrade to tier 1 for more powerful and compressive comparisons and matching sites – the options are there and easy to follow. It is a must in your search for your DNA story and research! Stanley – GEDmatch User **Categories:** Uncategorized --- ### [No One in my Family Knew About my Half-Brother - Until I Started Using GEDmatch!](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/no-one-in-my-family-knew-about-my-half-brother-until-i-started-using-gedmatch/) **Published:** November 28, 2022 **Author:** GEDmatch Stories **Excerpt:** I discovered a brother no one knew about, this can happen when you sign up for free on GEDmatch! **Content:** I started using GEDmatch decades ago to discover family ties that don’t show up anywhere else. I love GEDmatch because it’s easy to use and has tons of information to mine. I discovered that I have a half-brother no one in my family knew about. We have developed a great relationship over the past two years! Being able to mine very old DNA information — back to Neanderthal days is such a fascinating GEDmatch feature. For those bitten by the genealogy bug, GEDmatch offers hours (decades?) of fun. ## **My Advice For All Future GEDmatch Users** Be patient. It takes a while to figure out how to use the information. William – GEDmatch User **Categories:** Uncategorized --- ### [I Discovered Family in Belarus Thanks to GEDmatch And Their Reliable Results!](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/i-discovered-family-in-belarus-thanks-to-gedmatch-and-their-reliable-results/) **Published:** November 21, 2022 **Author:** GEDmatch Stories **Excerpt:** I found family in Belarus with GEDmatch and their reliable results! **Content:** I started using GEDmatch in 2021 because I was trying to build a family tree and we didn’t know who my great-great-grandfather was. My maternal great-grandfather arrived in Bosnia in 1895, but I didn’t know his parents or from where he arrived. The possibility of an exact 1:1 comparison of the genome made GEDmatch seem like a potential solution to my family mystery. I found out that it is very likely that I also have a family in Belarus! I could finally compare the results from other sites on Gedmatch to give a completely different picture of the family, and build my family tree. ## **My Advice For All Future GEDmatch Users** GEDmatch has reliable results and a large user base. In addition, the possibility of comparing the results in projects is invaluable. Upload your results to GEDmatch! Kamila – GEDmatch User **Categories:** Uncategorized --- ### [How To Find Your Biological Family With DNA Testing](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/how-to-find-your-biological-family-with-dna-testing/) **Published:** November 18, 2022 **Author:** GEDmatch Stories **Content:** Between 1945 and 1975, millions of children in the United States were placed into adoption. Formal adoptions peaked in 1970 at 175,000, but there were also many informal adoptions that were not documented in the courts. Many people who were adopted or do not know their parents turn to DNA testing in order to find and connect with their biological families or learn more about their ancestors. Although DNA testing does not always provide immediate results, it can be a helpful tool, especially when used in conjunction with traditional genealogy research. With some patience and perseverance, many people have been able to find the answers they are seeking. ## **DNA Testing and GEDmatch Result Comparison** Adoptees have many options when it comes to DNA testing. One of the best tests to take is an autosomal DNA test (atDNA). This type of test can be taken by males or females and will provide matches within 5 to 6 generations on both sides of the adoptee’s family. There are now several companies that offer genetic testing services to the public. These companies will not only provide you with an ethnicity report but also a list of DNA matches. The popular DNA testing companies are[ 23AndMe,](https://docs.google.com/document/d/13D-XN9OtUoe9S3gsAR7tetUTTa1uIdj87xmeEeRwMag/edit) [Ancestry,](https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Fsmuzm-3euzVsEg_9APwmNWZsl2EXMUGwfk30EKCWUs/edit?usp_dm=true) [tellmeGEN](https://docs.google.com/document/d/11WFBCWMyJD3zLwAc3h4kG3KUrCNc1nYmTwflIquEsCg/edit) and [MyHeritage DNA](https://docs.google.com/document/d/1yL_y6QulE0dTuQ6nvjofPagSivwbnFMBNDhY5R3XSlA/edit). Once you get your results from one of these companies, the best thing to do next is to upload your results to GEDmatch – where you can compare results with people who used one of the other DNA testing companies and thus widen your possibilities of finding your biological family. ## **Find Birth Parents Who Haven’t DNA Tested** When you take a DNA test in order to find your biological parents, you might get lucky and find them right away. However, sometimes it can be difficult to track down your matches. Although you may be matched with more distant relatives, don’t be discouraged. Even a cousin who shares only 3% of your DNA may be able to help you locate your birth parents. Reach out to us with any information you have about your birth and/or adoption, no matter how small. Every detail could help us verify the information, connect the dots, and ultimately help you find your birth parents. There is no one answer when it comes to searching for your birth parents. However, many of our users have found our ethnicity results to be helpful in their search. Knowing your own ethnicity can give you insights as to where your parents were from and may also help you narrow down DNA matches that could be most helpful to you. For example, let’s say you know your mother was African and your father European. In this case, a DNA match with African ethnicity could be more likely from your mother’s side. Keep this in mind as you continue your search – every piece of information helps! ![](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/ged-match-blog-how-to-find-your-biological-family-with-DNA-testing-1024x685.jpg)Photo by [Ekaterina Shakharova](https://unsplash.com/@minigirl?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText) on [Unsplash](https://unsplash.com/s/photos/happy-family-reunited?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText)## **Pedigree Charts Can Help You Find Common Ancestors** To find out whether you and your match are related, take a look at your pedigree charts. For example, second cousins share great-grandparents, so you’ll be able to tell that one set of your match’s great-grandparents is also your great-grandparent. By checking your pedigree charts, you can discover any common ancestors you may have. Your testing company determines your relationship with someone based on how much DNA you share with them, which is measured in centimorgans (cM). However, because DNA is inherited randomly, the amount of shared DNA can vary between different relatives. For example, two relatives who share 250 cM could be second cousins, first cousins twice removed, or have some other genetically equivalent relationship. To figure out your actual relationship, compare the number of shared centimorgans to a table like the one below, which shows ranges of shared centimorgans for known relatives who have done a DNA test. ## **Mentally Prepare For Your Results** Make sure you are ready for any possible outcome – sometimes the real story can be a harsh reality. Any discovery will affect the other person too, who likely doesn’t know you exist. You need to balance your right to know with their right to not know. There are no set rules on how this should work. Just try to keep your expectations minimal and emotions balanced. A good network of friends you can talk to is always a bonus, but you can find people to talk to in groups such as [DNAAdoption Community ](https://www.facebook.com/DNAAdoption/)and [Search Angels.](https://www.searchangels.org/searching) ## **Narrow Your DNA Results** Use [GEDmatch free tools.](https://www.gedmatch.com/applications) For example, The GEDmatch[ One-to-One tool](https://docs.google.com/document/d/1AAQhYjwuMS8iTBWqjomfk-lfDMR_9DzIKYyQFo4dumA/edit) lets you examine the details of your DNA and compare it to your matches by comparing chromosomes. The information One-To-One GEDmatch tool helps you learn just how closely related you are to your matches and demystify family tree questions! With the [One-to-Many GEDmatch Tool ](https://docs.google.com/document/d/1xxUqsP4p9Wzr6cyn6rwdrmirKBtXZLH4FMroZJr3gYg/edit#)You can find out exactly how much DNA you share with your match! Collecting a sample of your genetic material for testing is quick and easy. With just a swab of the inside of your cheek or a spit of saliva into a tube, you can open up a world of possibilities in terms of finding long-lost family members. Depending on the testing company you use, you could have results in as little as minutes. Once you have your results, to widen your search, upload your raw DNA data to GEDmatch for free, and compare results from other testing companies – good luck! [Join for free!](https://app.gedmatch.com/register.php) **Categories:** Uncategorized **Tags:** Education --- ### [The X Chromosome DNA in DNA Testing](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/the-x-chromosome-dna-in-dna-testing/) **Published:** November 16, 2022 **Author:** GEDmatch Stories **Content:** All testing organizations perform X-DNA screening, however not all of them conduct data analysis. Because of the particular inheritance pattern of X-DNA, it can occasionally be used to limit the potential nature of a link between two autosomal DNA matches. X-DNA can only be passed down to subsequent generations through a small number of distinct ancestors. ## **The X Chromosome Inheritance** The X and Y sex chromosomes are present in males. The X and Y are not regarded as homologous because they do not contain the same genes, unlike the 444444 autosomes (non-sex chromosomes). A human female has two X chromosomes rather than an X and a Y chromosome. There is a genuine homologous relationship between these X chromosomes. Sex chromosomes don’t always form homologous pairs, thus the genes they contain exhibit distinct, one-of-a-kind inheritance patterns. The X chromosome’s information about less likely relatives is one factor that makes it comparatively attractive. There are 128 autosomal predecessors at 7 generations, however few of them (21 for men and 34 for women) are X chromosome ancestors, potentially making analysis easier. Ancestry proportions are just one aspect of X chromosome analysis; there are other factors as well. A test taker and two relatives are used as an example. One of the cousins is a first cousin (1C), and the other is a first cousin once removed (1C1R). The X chromosome was passed on to each of the DNA testers, who are seen in variously colored boxes in the graph, from their paternal grandmother to their fathers, who were brothers. In comparison to the paternal 1C, the paternal 1C1R underwent a second X chromosome recombination with his mother, and as a result, he inherited a smaller proportion of the same X-DNA. ![](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/X-DNA-Inheritance-chart-3-1024x791.webp)Source: ## **What Can You Do With X-DNA?** The majority of genealogy problems cannot be resolved just by X-DNA. Together with other DNA evidence, it is used to bolster a claim. An assumption of a common ancestor, for instance, might be corroborated by atDNA, whereas X-DNA can demonstrate the ancestral line that the common ancestor belongs to. X-DNA focuses study on the ancestral lines that are most likely to have linked you to a certain person by eliminating other lines as potential candidates. A big size match does indicate that you are linked on an ancestral line through which X-DNA is passed down, but the absence of an X-DNA match due to random recombination does not prove that you are connected on a particular line. Due to the differing X-DNA inheritance patterns, many genealogists ignore X-DNA evidence. ## **X-DNA Test Results** Chromosomes 1 through 22 and the X chromosome are investigated in an autosomal DNA test. The X-DNA test outcomes are composed of raw DNA data. In certain online DNA testing tools, the raw autosomal and X-DNA data are combined into one file. Some companies, such as Family Tree DNA, keep the X-DNA data in a separate file. Make sure to download each file containing the raw DNA data on your own device if there are many ones. You should always verify the current standard to ensure you have all of your data because policies may change over time. With the exception of the fact that the chromosome is specified as X or 23 rather than 1 through 22, raw X-DNA data are quite similar to raw atDNA data. The X chromosome is represented by X in Family Tree DNA, 23andMe, and AncestryDNA while 23 is used in the other two tests. ## **Using X-DNA Test Results** An X-DNA inheritance chart focuses on the potential ancestral lines that may have contributed to a person’s X-DNA, but the basic techniques for using X-DNA are similar to those for atDNA. Make a pedigree chart and include information on your earliest known ancestors, such as a great-grandparent or a more recent generation that is no longer alive. Make an X inheritance chart for each person who has completed an autosomal DNA test. When the individual matches both the autosomal and X-DNA, locate a common ancestor on the ancestral lines indicated on the X inheritance chart. Look over any ancestry information that your DNA matches have provided, and consider contacting them if you want more information. **Categories:** Uncategorized **Tags:** Education --- ### [We Solved A Mystery And Found My Deceased Grandmother’s Adopted Family](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/finding-your-adopted-family-gedmatch-blog/) **Published:** November 16, 2022 **Author:** GEDmatch Stories **Excerpt:** Upload your DNA data for free and find your biological family with GEDmatch! **Content:** I do not really recall when I started using GEDmatch but I do remember why. My maternal grandmother was adopted in 1893 when she was nearly 2 years old. I was trying to build a family tree and solve the challenge that obviously came with this adoption. My grandmother died in the 1950’s so I could not test her either so I did what I could – I tested her sole surviving child, my aunt. Back in 2013 is used Family Tree DNA. Ancestry was around but had little useful information for my specific question. Unfortunately, my Aunt died shortly after testing. As a result, I cannot use her DNA now on Ancestry. Uploading her to GEDmatch, however, was a great workaround and I matched her to Ancestry testers, including several who proved instrumental in sorting out the various DNA lines. ## **The Process Was Simple** When I uploaded all the results to GEDmatch, I found the paternal biological line for my grandmother through an Ancestry match uploaded to GEDmatch! He also was searching for answers to his mother’s mysterious past. She changed her name and cut ties with her family I now know the most likely bio father for my grandmother and the match now knows his mother’s real name and how he and my family are related. This discovery also opened the path to sort out several other related matches on Ancestry who also had adoption in the background on this same line. Different generations and stories are tracking back down this same family line. Although none of us can answer the question “Why”, at least we know the answer to the question “Who”. Now I am moving on to examine my maternal great-grandfather’s Norwegian line. No adoption there, but few matches because it appears he was the sole surviving child of his family. ## **GEDmatch Exceeded My Expectations** I love being able to examine matches across various testing company platforms. I also have found the auto clustering very, very helpful, especially for my maternal grandmother’s only Southern US-based biological line that at some point crossed with my paternal grandmother’s line! I also love being able to email matches directly. Some have accounts at Ancestry but do not respond to emails through their system. Having their direct contact information helps tremendously! It is the only way to compare matches from all the testing companies in one place. Plus, you get a plethora of tools to use! ## **My Advice For All Future GEDmatch Users** Define the question you want DNA to answer. Test everywhere and upload your results to GEDmatch. Target test people if necessary and upload them to GEDmatch. Pinpoint the most useful matches at the various testing companies and ask them to upload them to GEDmatch. Watch the Family History Fanatics videos and go for it! I also would encourage them to opt-in to Law Enforcement use. Cathy – GEDmatch user **Categories:** Uncategorized --- ### [I Thought My Father Was Dead!](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/i-found-my-father-and-his-family-gedmatch-blog/) **Published:** November 16, 2022 **Author:** GEDmatch Stories **Excerpt:** Help your loved ones connect with their family with GEDmatch, find the missing answers! **Content:** I started using GEDmatch in 2018 because I had never met my father and knew absolutely nothing about him. My mother always told me he was dead. It was quite painful when teachers or professors assigned family trees and most of mine were blank. My genealogist friend who convinced me to do AncestryDNA really felt that it would be much more beneficial to upload the results to GEDMatch too. She prefers it as does a friend of hers who reunites adoptees with birth families. ## **My Life Changed Thanks to GEDmatch** And then a big life-changing surprise happened – We found my father and his family! He passed at the same time my mother did, sadly, so I missed meeting him. But I have connected with my first and second cousins who are so thrilled to know about me! I honestly never thought that I would ever know anything about my paternal side, but through GEDMatch, I not only know living relatives, but I’ve also been able to trace back to the 17th century so far! ## **My Advice For All Future GEDmatch Users** Give it a try. You WILL get answers, often to questions you didn’t know to ask. Michelle – GEDmatch user **Categories:** Uncategorized --- ### [A Whole New Family - I Found My Biological Brothers And a Sister](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/i-found-my-biological-siblings-gedmatch-blog/) **Published:** November 16, 2022 **Author:** GEDmatch Stories **Excerpt:** A niece found me through GEDmatch, which reunited us with four other half-brothers and one sister! **Content:** I started using GEDmatch in 2018 because I was hoping to find relatives. I am adopted – so you can see how that would have been a little bit more of a complex task. GEDmatch’s very comprehensive database got my attention because it seemed like I would have a higher chance of finding relatives. ## **A Niece Found me Through GEDmatch** In 2018 a niece found me via GEDmatch search tools. Her father and I are half-brothers. He is a year older than me. About 3 months later we connected with two other half-brothers and a sister. Suddenly I had a whole new family. Four siblings! We’ve had reunions every summer until Covid. Hopefully, we can have a reunion next summer. None of this would have been possible without DNA testing and websites like GEDmatch. I thank you. We thank you! I believed I was going to find some family through GEDmatch but wow – finding my brothers and sister exceeded my expectations! ## **My Advice For All Future GEDmatch Users** I have told many people about GEDmatch. I’ve encouraged them to upload their DNA tests and contribute their data to genetic genealogy – you have nothing to lose! David – GEDmatch user **Categories:** Uncategorized --- ### [I Cannot Begin to Express the Gratitude I Feel Because I Found My Birth Mother!](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/i-found-my-birth-mother-gedmatch-blog/) **Published:** November 16, 2022 **Author:** GEDmatch Stories **Excerpt:** I found my birth mother and you can find your family on GEDmatch! **Content:** I started using GEDmatch in 2020 because I and my twin brother are adopted and we had little to no information to go on concerning my attempts to locate biological relatives, specifically (hopefully) our birth parents. The ability to basically “compare” with info on other DNA sites made GEDmatch a logical choice for us. And the experience has been a whirlwind! After uploading our date, we successfully, and rather quickly might I add, located our birth mother! As well as a ton of other eager biological relatives. The sheer amount of DNA matches that I have “out there” was incredible! GEDmatch helps fill certain gaps one might have about their own origins. ## **My Advice For All Future GEDmatch Users** Just be sure to go into this as well as other sites with an open mind and understanding that your eagerness may not be mirrored by those you are wishing to seek out. And that is okay, just as well as your hopefulness of making connections is okay for you too. Keep your mind open and GO FOR IT! Natalie – GEDmatch user **Categories:** Uncategorized --- ### [How to Find And Use Adoption Records In Your Genealogy Research](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/how-to-find-and-use-adoption-records-in-your-genealogy-research/) **Published:** November 16, 2022 **Author:** GEDmatch Stories **Content:** There are many reasons why someone might want to search for their birth parents after being adopted. It can be a very emotional and difficult process, but it is important to understand the types of records that are available and what state and federal laws apply. This knowledge will help you to be prepared in case you encounter any difficulties during your search. # **How To Find Adoption Records** If you’re thinking about undertaking an adoption search, there are a few things you should know. First, gather as much information as possible from home sources, including interviews with extended family members. This will help you determine if the adoption records in your case are open or closed. You may also request the original birth certificate and court documents if allowed. In some states, you can sign up for an adoption registry or medical information exchange program. These programs can provide non-identifying information from the original birth certificate (OBC). ## **Original Birth Certificate** At the time of a baby’s birth, their original birth certificate is created. This document features the child’s birth name, as well as the date and place of their birth. The mother’s name is also included on the certificate, and in some cases, the father’s name may appear as well. Once a child is adopted, their birth certificate is amended to include the adoptive parents’ names and the child’s new name. In some cases, the child’s birthplace may be removed or changed. In states with closed records, the original birth certificate becomes sealed and unavailable. This might be permanent, or it may last until a legislatively prescribed benchmark, such as the adoptee’s 21st birthday. Sometimes adoptees have a copy of their original birth certificate if they request it before records are sealed. ## **Orphanage Records** Another way to get started is by requesting non-identifying information from the agency or court that handled the adoption or checking for orphanage records, which might provide some information about your birth family. In the case of Roman Catholic adoptions, adoptees can ask for baptismal information. Sacramental records are available to involved parties and sometimes contain identifying information on birth family members. ## **Court Records** The adoption process begins with the filing of a petition by the prospective parents, who must notify the court of their intention to adopt. The petition will include the child’s birth name as well as the name of their birth mother or guardian ad litem. In many cases, the birth mother will be listed as the “sole surviving parent,” even if the father is alive and well. The final court document confirming the adoption is known as the decree, which lists the child’s birth and new names, as well as the name of their birth mother in some cases. The length of time between filing the petition and receiving the decree varies depending on state law and other factors presented in court. Once finalized, copies of the decree are sent to the new parents. ![](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/adoption-records-research-GEDmatch-blog-1024x683.jpg)## **Maternity Homes** If your birth mother lived at a maternity home, there may be records there too. A maternity home was a place where pregnant women would go to live and sometimes work. It was common for unmarried women to be sent away from their homes during pregnancy in order to avoid judgement from others. You can check with local and state historical societies and archives to see if they have any preserved maternity home records. ## **Hospitals And Adoption Agencies** Adoptees can also try contacting the hospital where they were born to see if they have any personal medical information. Privately-arranged adoptions were often facilitated by physicians and/or attorneys, so their records may hold clues. Hospitals also sometimes retain birth registers or medical information on children born there. Another possibility is contacting an adoption agency; many agencies accept letters from family members to place in the adoption file. ## **Home Studies** Families that wish to adopt often go through a home study. This is where someone investigates the family and their home to see if they are suitable for adoption. Home studies have been used since the early 1900s in some states, and by the mid-20th century, many states were using them. The agencies that placed children for adoption in the mid-20th century routinely gathered extensive information on the birth mothers of those children. This information typically included her ethnic background, religion, health, family situation, siblings, talents, education, occupation (hers and her parents’), and interests. In addition, agencies would document any known medical issues and immediate family members’ causes of death. Similar information was often gathered on the birth fathers. There are a number of state laws that permit the release of non-identifying information from home studies. In privately-arranged adoptions, home studies may have been conducted by a rabbi, priest, doctor, lawyer, or court supportive services. In state-arranged placements, check with the county’s court supportive services department or the state’s child welfare agency. ## **How to Use Adoption Records in Your Genealogy Research** If you’re interested in adoption research, consider joining an online community focused on the topic. You’ll be able to connect with other people who are doing similar research and may be able to get helpful advice or information. Additionally, you can register on an adoption reunion registry. Some states have their own registry, but there are also several private ones. There are a number of experts who can help with researching adoption records, including adoption search coordinators, state and judicial archivists, and Registers of Deeds and/or Probate. It is important to be aware of the applicable laws relating to adoption records in the area being researched, as this will determine what information can be accessed. **Categories:** Uncategorized **Tags:** Education --- ### [With Almost No Information I Found My Husband's Father](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/finding-missing-relatives-gedmatch-blog/) **Published:** November 16, 2022 **Author:** GEDmatch Stories **Excerpt:** How I found my husband's father with GEDmatch, read our success story! **Content:** I started using GEDmatch in 2020 because I wanted to help my husband find his father. I got the results right away. I didn’t have to wait weeks to get results. And I was able to email the relative directly! The results were incredible – I found my husband’s father! He lived less than 20 miles away from us my husband’s entire life. The only thing that we knew about this man was his name was Randy, and that he had other children. My mother-in-law didn’t know the man’s last name, nor would she help us in the search for this man so we had very little to go on. We purchased 2 of the popular DNA kits that give you your ancestry reports and link you with other relatives that have taken the test. After we got one of the test results back, we were disappointed with the matches, so we never submitted the 2nd DNA test. Then I saw a news story about a free DNA matching site that helped catch a criminal. This got me interested again, so we submitted the 2nd DNA test, only to find out it takes 12 weeks to get results back. I decided I would try to find the website I heard about in the news story. GEDmatch.com was the first website that showed up on my search engine. ## **We Found Relatives in Less Than 2 Days** Once I uploaded the DNA profile, in less than 2 days we had several names that showed up as a cousin that we had never heard before, which could only mean those names are related to his father! I emailed the 2 closest family members, and we immediately got a reply back! A week later, we were meeting my husband’s biological father! We did do another DNA test to verify that 99.9% – he was the father! We now have a relationship with all of his father’s side of the family. Not only did he find his father, but he also gained 3 brothers and a sister! And weeks after we met everyone, we finally received the DNA ancestry report that showed a lot of the relatives we met! ## **My Advice For All Future GEDmatch Users** I can’t believe that GEDmatch is free and not hundreds of dollars! There are so many different DNA companies with different programs that don’t link with each other, you can’t get all the information that is out there unless you use GEDmatch.com Just do it! Stephanie – GEDmatch user **Categories:** Uncategorized --- ### [Announcing Our "Unlock Your Story" DNA Day Contest Winner](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/announcing-our-unlock-your-story-dna-day-contest-winner/) **Published:** May 19, 2025 **Author:** GEDmatch Stories **Excerpt:** We're thrilled to announce the winner of our DNA Day "Unlock Your Story" contest! With an overwhelming response of over 700 entries, our team was moved by the incredible family mysteries and genealogical journeys shared by the GEDmatch community. **Content:** We’re thrilled to announce the winner of our DNA Day “Unlock Your Story” contest! With an overwhelming response of over 700 entries, our team was moved by the incredible family mysteries and genealogical journeys shared by the GEDmatch community. ## Grand Prize Winner: Christen M. Our grand prize goes to **Christen M.** for their compelling story about uncovering their father’s adoption mystery and the ongoing search for his biological father. ### Christen M.’s Story For decades, a significant part of Christen M.’s family history remained shrouded in mystery. In 1968, their father was adopted as an infant, and while he was raised in a loving adoptive family, questions about his biological origins lingered throughout his life. When DNA testing became more accessible, Christen M. took on the challenge of uncovering their family roots. Their persistence paid off in 2022 when they successfully connected with their father’s biological mother’s side of the family. > “It was an emotional and meaningful discovery that connected us with relatives we never knew existed,” Christen M. shares. “They shared stories, photos, and welcomed us with open arms, giving my dad a clearer picture of his origins and identity.” However, the journey was only half complete. Uncovering information about their father’s biological father has proven much more challenging. DNA matches on the paternal side have been sparse and distant, making it difficult to establish clear connections. Despite numerous leads and research paths, this crucial piece of the family puzzle remains elusive. > “It has been a frustrating and emotional journey, as we are so close to completing the puzzle but still missing a crucial piece,” explains Christen M. What makes this story particularly compelling is the determination to complete their family history despite the challenges. Even when faced with sealed records, incomplete information, and genealogical brick walls, Christen M. has demonstrated remarkable resilience and hope. > “This journey has taught us patience and persistence, and regardless of the outcome, it has already brought a sense of connection and healing to our family.” It’s exactly this kind of perseverance and emotional connection that represents the heart of genetic genealogy research. The powerful combination of traditional records, DNA technology, and human determination can unlock stories that might otherwise remain hidden forever. ## The Journey Continues As our grand prize winner, Christen M. will receive a one-year GEDmatch Tier 1 subscription and a private consultation with a professional genealogist. This consultation will focus specifically on strategies for identifying biological fathers through DNA matching—exactly what’s needed to help solve the remaining half of their family mystery. With GEDmatch’s premium tools and expert guidance, we’re hopeful that Christen M. will be able to overcome the challenges of sparse paternal matches and finally complete their father’s origin story. The advanced segment comparison and triangulation tools available in Tier 1 are particularly useful for cases with limited or distant matches, making connections visible that might otherwise be overlooked. ## Runners-Up and Honorable Mentions We’d also like to congratulate our runners-up, who will each receive a 6-month GEDmatch Tier 1 subscription: - Edna M. - Katherine H. - Neil C. Additionally, five participants received honorable mentions and 3-month GEDmatch Tier 1 subscriptions: - John D. - Makita W. - Charlene S. - Sally-Anne H. - Karen L. - Nancy W. ## An Overwhelming Response With over 700 entries, this contest showcased the incredible diversity of genealogical journeys within our community. From adoptees finding biological relatives to history enthusiasts uncovering long-forgotten family secrets, your stories demonstrated the power of genetic genealogy to transform our understanding of who we are and where we come from. > “Reading through the entries was both moving and inspiring,” says Tom, GEDmatch Product Manager. “The dedication our users show to uncovering their family histories reminds us why this work matters.” Common themes emerged throughout the submissions: - Family separations healed through DNA connections - Mysteries spanning multiple generations finally solved - Historical events viewed through the personal lens of family experience - Adoptees discovering their biological origins - Immigration stories clarified through genetic connections ## Your Story Matters While we could only select one grand prize winner, every story submitted represented a unique and valuable genealogical journey. To acknowledge everyone who participated, we’re offering all contest entrants a special opportunity to try GEDmatch Tier 1 for 30 days for just $1. Check your email for this exclusive offer! If you missed our DNA Day webinar with Kitty Cooper, the recording is now available: . The session covers techniques for placing matches across different testing platforms and strategies for breaking through genealogical brick walls—perfect for addressing challenges similar to those described in many contest entries. ### Stay Connected For more inspiration and guidance on your genetic genealogy journey, follow us on Facebook and subscribe to our newsletter below. Thank you to everyone who participated in making our DNA Day celebration a success! **Categories:** Uncategorized --- ### [Steps to Verify DNA Matches Across Databases](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/steps-to-verify-dna-matches-across-databases/) **Published:** March 2, 2026 **Author:** GEDmatch Stories **Excerpt:** Learn essential steps to verify DNA matches across databases, ensuring accurate ancestry research and uncovering shared family connections. **Content:** **Verifying DNA matches across multiple databases ensures your research is accurate and reliable.** Each testing platform uses unique algorithms, so cross-referencing results is essential. Here’s how you can do it: - **Prepare Your DNA Data**: Download raw DNA data from platforms like [AncestryDNA](https://www.ancestry.com/dna/), [23andMe](https://www.23andme.com/), [MyHeritage](https://www.myheritage.com/), or [FamilyTreeDNA](https://www.familytreedna.com/?srsltid=AfmBOoqm8T3buaHwt_6u89XWmWCbGtyDTonyLY2dNu0etHU38wVG4ZX5). Ensure the file is formatted correctly (e.g., [23andMe](https://www.23andme.com/) format) and securely stored. - **Upload to** [**GEDmatch**](https://www.gedmatch.com/): GEDmatch allows you to compare DNA data across platforms. Upload your file, and use tools like [One-to-Many comparisons](https://www.gedmatch.com/applications/one-to-many/), Segment Search, and [Clustering Kits](https://www.gedmatch.com/education/clustering-kits/) to analyze matches. - **Analyze Key Metrics**: Focus on shared centimorgans (cM), number of segments, and largest segment size to assess relationships. For example, parent-child matches share 3,400-3,700 cM. - **Use Triangulation**: Confirm relationships by identifying shared DNA segments among three or more individuals. GEDmatch’s [Triangulation](https://www.gedmatch.com/education/how-to-triangulate-your-matches/) tool helps pinpoint overlapping segments. - **Document Everything**: Keep detailed records of kit numbers, shared DNA, segment data, and potential relationships. Use spreadsheets to organize and prioritize matches. ## How To Determine Relationships With DNA ## Preparing Your DNA Data for Cross-Database Analysis To get the most out of GEDmatch’s analysis tools, you’ll need to properly download, format, and upload your DNA data. Here’s how to get started: ### Downloading Raw DNA Data Raw DNA data comes as a text (.txt) or CSV file and is often compressed in a zip or gz archive. These files include key details like RSIDs, chromosome numbers, positions, and allele values. Before uploading to GEDmatch, make sure the file is formatted correctly. Here’s how to download your raw DNA data from major providers: - **AncestryDNA** 1. Log into your [Ancestry.com](https://www.ancestry.com/) account. 2. Navigate to "Your Results Summary" under the DNA menu. 3. Click the gear icon, select "Download DNA Data", and verify your account. 4. Use the link sent to your email to download the file. Check the provider’s instructions for specific timing. - **FamilyTreeDNA** 1. Sign into your [FamilyTreeDNA](https://www.familytreedna.com/) account. 2. Go to the "Results and Tools" section on your dashboard. 3. Select “Autosomal DNA.” 4. Finally, click “Download Raw DNA data.” - **MyHeritage** 1. Log into your MyHeritage account. 2. Hover over the DNA tab and select "Manage DNA Kits." 3. Click the three dots next to your kit, choose "Download kit", and accept the terms. 4. Use the email link to download your raw data. Note that raw DNA files are only available if you’ve taken a [MyHeritage DNA test](https://www.gedmatch.com/education/myheritage/). - **23andMe** 1. Visit [23andMe’s data download page](https://you.23andme.com/tools/data/download/). 2. Go to “Settings,” then “23andMe Data.” 3. Select “Download Raw Data.” Once formatted, organize your files for easy access. Create a specific folder for your DNA data and use a clear naming system – for example, include the testing company, your name or kit number, and the download date. If your file is compressed, ensure it’s unzipped or re-compressed appropriately before uploading. ### Uploading to [GEDmatch](https://www.gedmatch.com/) ![GEDmatch](https://assets.seobotai.com/gedmatch.com/689d27f08204a37d5f99286a/659cd9a54838421afc7c3779905b22b7.jpg) Now that your data is ready, head over to GEDmatch to upload it. Fill out the upload form, including the name of your testing company. Once uploaded, GEDmatch will assign a unique kit number to your file, which you’ll need for future analyses. Processing typically takes 24–48 hours. GEDmatch offers free and premium tools for analyzing your data, such as One-to-Many comparisons, Segment Search, and Clustering Kits. Keep track of your kit numbers and upload dates for reference. Lastly, remember to store secure backups of your DNA files. These files contain sensitive genetic information, so treat them with the same care as any personal health data. ## Finding and Analyzing DNA Matches Once your DNA data is processed on GEDmatch, you can begin identifying and analyzing matches to confirm relationships. This process involves carefully tracking key metrics and using analysis tools effectively to ensure accuracy. These steps lay the groundwork for deeper investigations, like triangulation and relationship verification. ### Key Metrics to Track When reviewing DNA matches, focus on three main measurements: **total shared centimorgans (cM)**, **number of segments**, and **largest segment size**. - **Shared centimorgans (cM)**: This measures the total amount of DNA you share with a match and is the primary indicator of how closely related you are. For example: - Parent-child relationships typically show 3,400-3,700 cM. - First cousins share around 680-1,150 cM. - Second cousins share between 75-360 cM. - **Number of segments**: This tells you how many separate pieces of DNA you share. While more segments often suggest a closer relationship, this metric is most meaningful when paired with total cM. For instance, 100 cM spread across 20 small segments suggests a distant connection, while 100 cM across 3 large segments hints at a closer relationship. - **Largest segment size**: This helps verify the validity of a match. Close relatives typically share at least one segment over 15 cM. Matches with only small segments (under 7 cM) might indicate distant connections or statistical noise. Always record the size of the largest shared segment for significant matches. ### Leveraging GEDmatch Tools GEDmatch offers several tools to help you analyze your DNA matches. Here’s how to use them effectively: - **One-to-Many Comparison**: This tool is your starting point. It lists all matches sharing over 7 cM, along with their total shared DNA and largest segment. Run this tool frequently, as new matches are added as more users upload their data. - **One-to-One Autosomal DNA Comparison**: Use this tool to dive deeper into specific matches. It provides a chromosome-by-chromosome breakdown, offering detailed segment information. This is especially useful for matches over 20 cM or when preparing for triangulation. - **Segment Search**: This premium tool identifies others who share the same DNA segments as you and a known match. By entering a chromosome, start and end positions, and a minimum cM threshold, you can find overlapping matches in that region. This is essential for triangulating relationships. - **Clustering Kits**: This tool groups matches based on shared DNA patterns, helping you identify family lines. Matches in the same cluster often descend from the same ancestral couple. It works best for matches between 20-200 cM and can uncover family groupings you might otherwise overlook. By systematically using these tools, you can build a clearer picture of your family tree. ### Keeping Detailed Records Accurate documentation is key to validating your findings and guiding further research. Use a master spreadsheet to log essential details, including: - **Kit number**: The unique identifier for each match. - **Total cM**: The total amount of shared DNA. - **Segment count**: The number of shared DNA segments. - **Largest segment**: The size of the largest shared segment. - **Relationship estimate**: Your best guess at how you’re related. Add additional columns for: - **Match origin**: The testing company they initially used. - **Contact status**: Whether you’ve reached out to them. - **Response received**: Whether they’ve replied to your outreach. Direct communication with matches can often lead to breakthroughs, so tracking your outreach efforts prevents duplicate contacts and helps you follow up effectively. Include a **notes section** for each match, where you can jot down relevant details like family surnames, geographic locations, or specific ancestors they’re researching. This information can be invaluable when tracing common ancestral lines or confirming suspected relationships. For matches over 50 cM, create **segment maps** to track which chromosomes and positions you share. Copy these details into your records, as they’re crucial for triangulation. Consider organizing your spreadsheet into separate worksheets for different **relationship categories** (e.g., immediate family, first cousins, second cousins). This makes it easier to focus on the most relevant matches for specific research goals and helps you prioritize your efforts. Lastly, keep track of **analysis dates** and **tool versions** used. GEDmatch occasionally updates its tools and algorithms, so this information ensures you’re working with the most current data and helps you decide when to revisit previous analyses. ## Confirming Relationships Through Triangulation Triangulation is one of the most reliable methods for confirming DNA relationships and uncovering shared ancestry. It goes beyond basic match comparisons by proving that three or more individuals share identical DNA segments inherited from a common ancestor. When used correctly, triangulation provides strong evidence of genetic connections and helps rule out misleading matches. ### What is Triangulation Triangulation happens when **three or more individuals share the exact same DNA segment on the same chromosome at identical positions**. This shared segment must originate from a mutual ancestor, making it a powerful tool for confirming genetic relationships. Imagine a triangle where the shared DNA segment ties all participants to a common lineage. For triangulation to hold up, certain criteria must be met. The shared segment should be **at least 7 centimorgans (cM)** to avoid random matches, though many researchers prefer segments over 10 cM for added confidence. If there’s any gap in the shared region, the triangulation is invalid. **True triangulation requires all participants to share DNA with one another**, not just with you. For example, if Person A shares a segment with you and Person B shares a different segment with you, but Persons A and B don’t share DNA with each other, this isn’t triangulation. This distinction is critical because it separates genuine ancestral connections from coincidental overlaps. The real strength of triangulation lies in its ability to **group matches by ancestral lines**. When multiple matches triangulate on the same segment, they’re likely descendants of the same ancestral couple. This helps you organize DNA matches into family groups and focus your research on specific branches of your family tree. To verify these overlaps, tools like GEDmatch’s chromosome browser come in handy. ### Using Chromosome Browsers GEDmatch offers chromosome browser tools that are essential for conducting triangulation analysis. The **One-to-One Autosomal DNA Comparison** tool is particularly useful, as it reveals exactly where you share DNA with a match, breaking it down chromosome by chromosome with precise start and end positions. Start by selecting a match with a total shared DNA of over 20 cM and run the One-to-One comparison. The results will show each shared segment, including its chromosome number, start and end positions, and size in centimorgans. Record the details for segments over 10 cM, as these are key for triangulation testing. The **Segment Search tool** is another vital resource. Enter the chromosome number, start, and end positions from your match data to pinpoint others in the database who share DNA in the same region. This minimizes the risk of false positives. The **Chromosome Browser visualization** allows you to see overlapping segments in a graphical format. When comparing multiple matches, look for segments that align perfectly on the same chromosome positions. These visual overlaps often signal triangulation opportunities worth exploring further. Once you’ve gathered your segment data, it’s time to cross-check it for confirmed triangulation. ### Cross-Checking Segment Data Cross-checking ensures that your triangulation results are accurate and reflect genuine shared ancestry. Consistent segment data across multiple comparisons strengthens the validity of your findings. After identifying potential triangulation groups using the Segment Search tool, use the **One-to-One comparison** to verify that all participants share overlapping segments. Pay close attention to **segment boundaries**. While true triangulation requires overlapping DNA, slight variations in start and end positions are normal due to recombination patterns. For example, a segment ranging from positions 45,000,000 to 65,000,000 can still triangulate with another segment from 47,000,000 to 63,000,000 if there’s enough overlap. Determine the **precise overlapping region** for each group. If three matches share segments that overlap from positions 50,000,000 to 60,000,000, this 10-million-base-pair region represents your triangulated segment. Convert this overlap into centimorgans to assess the strength of the evidence. Whenever possible, **cross-reference family tree information**. Triangulated matches should also show genealogical connections that align with their genetic relationship. For instance, if three matches triangulate on chromosome 12 and all have ancestors from the same region or share a common surname, this bolsters the credibility of your findings. Stay organized by **tracking triangulation groups in spreadsheets**. Include columns for chromosome number, start and end positions, segment size, and participant kit numbers. Add notes on potential common ancestors or family lines. This structured approach helps you identify patterns and focus your research on promising leads. Lastly, **regularly revisit your triangulation groups**. As new users join GEDmatch, additional matches may appear within your established groups. Re-run the Segment Search tool on your strongest triangulated segments to uncover new family connections and deepen your understanding of each ancestral line. ###### sbb-itb-65d4ad3 ## Reading and Troubleshooting DNA Match Results Once you’ve completed triangulation, the next step is to interpret your DNA match data and address any discrepancies. DNA matching can be tricky, but knowing how to categorize results and troubleshoot issues can make your family tree more accurate and reliable. ### Categorizing Match Results Organizing DNA matches into categories helps prioritize your research and gauge how confident you can be about certain relationships. - **Confirmed matches**: These are the most reliable connections, such as immediate family members. They should consistently appear in match lists across all major DNA testing platforms. - **Probable matches**: These relationships generally fall within expected shared DNA ranges but may lack full triangulation or complete genealogical evidence. - **Questionable matches**: These require further investigation. They often involve distant relatives where shared DNA is close to detection thresholds or where supporting records are missing. For each category, compare shared DNA against established thresholds to validate the connections. ### Fixing Mismatches After sorting your matches, you may encounter inconsistencies between your expectations and the results. A mismatch with a known relative can be frustrating, but careful troubleshooting often reveals the cause. Always double-check your data before jumping to conclusions. Start by confirming the reported relationship. Misclassifications are common – a second cousin might actually be a second cousin once removed or even a third cousin. Tools like [DNA Painter](https://dnapainter.com/) can help clarify shared DNA ranges and expected relationships. By systematically addressing mismatches, you can improve the accuracy of your cross-database comparisons. ### Staying Updated with Tools and Data Once you’ve resolved any mismatches, it’s essential to keep up with changes in DNA tools and databases. GEDmatch, for example, frequently updates its algorithms and features, which can impact your analysis. Revisiting your comparisons every six months ensures you benefit from new tools and expanded databases. Regularly monitor triangulated groups, as new uploads to GEDmatch can reveal additional matches that may strengthen or expand your ancestral connections. Stay informed about updates by checking GEDmatch’s user forums and help documentation. Finally, combine your DNA findings with genealogical records for a more robust understanding of your family history. With ongoing updates and careful analysis, your research will continue to evolve and improve. ## Conclusion: Key Steps for Verifying DNA Matches Verifying DNA matches across databases involves careful preparation, thorough analysis, and leveraging the right tools. Start by downloading your raw DNA data, ensuring it’s properly formatted, and uploading it to GEDmatch. This platform offers powerful comparison tools to help you analyze your genetic connections effectively. Accurate results depend on how well your data is prepared. Poorly formatted files or disorganized records can lead to incomplete or misleading outcomes, no matter how advanced the tools you use. Take time to understand GEDmatch’s features and tools to get the most out of your analysis. Using triangulation is a tried-and-true method for confirming DNA relationships. By employing chromosome browsers to identify shared segments among relatives, you can distinguish genuine genetic links from random overlaps. This technique strengthens your verification process when paired with well-organized data. Revisiting your analysis regularly is also essential. As GEDmatch’s database grows with new contributions, revisiting your comparisons can uncover new matches and provide deeper insights into your family connections. To achieve the most thorough verification, combine your DNA findings with traditional genealogical records. This approach ties genetic evidence to documented family history, creating a more complete picture of your ancestry. ## FAQs ### How do I make sure my raw DNA data is properly formatted before uploading it to GEDmatch? To get your raw DNA data ready for GEDmatch, make sure it’s saved as a **.txt** or **.csv** file and contains essential details like RSID, chromosome, position, and genotype information. Additionally, the file should match the **Build 37 concatenated raw data format**, as this is what GEDmatch supports. Don’t worry. These settings should occur by default. Before uploading, double-check that the file adheres to your DNA testing company’s formatting standards. This step helps prevent upload errors and ensures everything runs smoothly on GEDmatch. ### What should I focus on when analyzing DNA matches, and why does it matter? When diving into DNA matches, two critical metrics stand out: **shared centimorgans (cM)** and the **number of shared segments**. These figures give you a snapshot of how much DNA you share with a match and offer clues about how closely you’re related. The shared cM value reflects the total amount of DNA you have in common, while the number and length of shared segments provide additional context about the relationship. Generally, a higher cM count suggests a closer connection – think parent-child or siblings – whereas lower values often indicate more distant relatives. By understanding these metrics, you can better prioritize your research and uncover shared ancestry more effectively. ### What is triangulation in genetic genealogy, and how can it help confirm shared ancestry? Triangulation is a method used in [genetic genealogy](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/how-to-find-your-biological-family-with-dna-testing/) to confirm shared ancestry by pinpointing overlapping DNA segments between you and at least two other matches. When all three of you share the same DNA segment, it’s a strong indicator that you likely share a common ancestor. To make triangulation work, you’ll need tools that allow for detailed DNA segment comparisons. One popular option is **GEDmatch**, a platform where you can upload your DNA data, analyze shared segments, and map out connections. With tools like this, you can deepen your genealogical research and uncover meaningful family relationships. ## Related Blog Posts - [Building Family Trees with DNA Evidence: Beginner’s Guide](/blog/building-family-trees-with-dna-evidence-beginners-guide) - [Common Questions About Genetic Match Accuracy Answered](/blog/common-questions-about-genetic-match-accuracy-answered) - [What Are DNA AutoClusters?](/blog/what-are-dna-autoclusters) - [Ultimate Guide to GEDmatch One-to-Many Tool](/blog/ultimate-guide-to-gedmatch-one-to-many-tool) **Categories:** Uncategorized --- ### [Ultimate Guide to GEDmatch One-to-Many Tool](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/ultimate-guide-to-gedmatch-one-to-many-tool/) **Published:** February 16, 2026 **Author:** GEDmatch Stories **Excerpt:** Explore the GEDmatch One-to-Many tool for uncovering DNA matches, tracing family connections, and optimizing genealogical research. **Content:** The [GEDmatch One-to-Many tool](https://www.gedmatch.com/applications/one-to-many/) is a powerful feature for genealogical research, allowing you to find DNA matches across multiple testing platforms. By comparing your DNA data with others in [GEDmatch](https://www.gedmatch.com/)‘s database, it generates a detailed list of potential relatives, helping you trace family connections and refine your family tree. ### Key Highlights: - [**How It Works**](https://www.gedmatch.com/education/how-to-use-one-to-many-matching/): Enter your kit number to scan your DNA against the entire GEDmatch database. - **What You Get**: A match list with shared DNA amounts (centimorgans), largest segments, and contact info for potential relatives. - [**Free vs. Tier 1**](https://www.gedmatch.com/education/upgrading-your-one-to-many-matching-with-tier-1/): Free users access basic match lists, while Tier 1 ($10/month) unlocks advanced filtering, sorting, and visualization tools. - **Who Benefits**: Ideal for [adoptees](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/finding-your-adopted-family-gedmatch-blog/), genealogists, and anyone seeking to connect with relatives across different DNA testing companies. ### Quick Start: 1. Upload your [raw DNA file](https://www.gedmatch.com/education/23andme/) from services like [AncestryDNA](https://www.ancestry.com/dna/) or [23andMe](https://www.23andme.com/?srsltid=AfmBOop66AHhtj8XvpgejuSqGDuEOVc7oI5r-T3apR-M3uY1um3k2O5A). 2. [Use the One-to-Many tool](https://www.gedmatch.com/applications/one-to-many/) to view matches and shared DNA details. 3. Contact matches or explore linked family trees to trace shared ancestry. The tool is user-friendly, with options to refine your search by DNA segment size or relationship predictions. Advanced users can leverage premium features for deeper insights into family connections. ## How to Use One-to-Many Matching | [GEDmatch](https://www.gedmatch.com/) TUTORIAL for Genetic Genealogy ![GEDmatch](https://assets.seobotai.com/gedmatch.com/690be6cd77138b8e9cfbc8a2/40e9d8816ae5649785c692d40c211d52.jpg) ## Setting Up and Using the One-to-Many Tool Getting started with the One-to-Many tool involves a few simple steps: uploading your DNA data and learning how to run the analysis. While the process is straightforward, following the right steps ensures you get the most accurate results for your genealogical research. ### Uploading Your DNA Data To explore your genetic matches using the One-to-Many tool, you’ll first need to [upload your raw DNA data](https://www.gedmatch.com/education/ancestry/). The platform supports files from major testing companies like AncestryDNA, 23andMe, [MyHeritage](https://www.myheritage.com/), and [FamilyTreeDNA](https://www.familytreedna.com/?srsltid=AfmBOorBR2qvZd_VwtChFMjwbC2V4oqS6Z9AmW5_qWZwEwNEZMDaTJfw). This cross-platform compatibility is what makes GEDmatch so effective for connecting with relatives who may have used different DNA services. **Obtaining Your Raw DNA File** Start by downloading your raw DNA file from your testing provider. These files, typically in .zip or .txt format, contain millions of genetic markers essential for analysis. **The Upload Process** Log into GEDmatch and head to the upload section. Select your raw DNA file, configure your privacy settings, and let GEDmatch process the file. Once the upload is complete, you’ll receive a unique kit number. Keep this kit number handy – it’s your key to running tools like the One-to-Many report. **Privacy Settings** For added security, consider using a dedicated email for your genealogical research. Adjust privacy options based on your comfort level with sharing genetic data. ### Running the One-to-Many Report Once your data is uploaded, you can dive into the One-to-Many tool. The interface is user-friendly and offers several ways to customize your search for better results. **Accessing the Tool** From your GEDmatch dashboard, you can either click on your kit number or navigate to "One-To-Many Limited Version" under the Free Tools section. **Setting Your Parameters** To get a comprehensive match list, select autosomal DNA. You can tweak settings like the [minimum segment size](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/understanding-segment-overlap-in-genetic-genealogy) and overlap cutoff to refine your results. For example, if you suspect endogamy (where relatives intermarry within a community), adjusting the minimum segment size can help filter out less meaningful matches. Higher overlap values often result in more reliable matches, but they may exclude some distant relatives. If you’re new to this, stick with the default settings first and experiment with adjustments later as you become more familiar with the tool. **Generating Results** After setting your parameters, hit the search button. The tool will compare your DNA against every kit in the GEDmatch database and present the results in a table. This table includes details like kit numbers, names, email addresses, total shared centimorgans (cM), and links to any uploaded family trees. With your match list in hand, you’re ready to dig deeper into your genetic connections and uncover new insights. ### Free vs. Tier 1 Access Differences GEDmatch offers a freemium model, meaning the basic One-to-Many tool is available for free, while advanced features require a Tier 1 subscription. **Free Access** As a free user, you can access both the standard One-to-Many tool and the Beta version. You’ll get a complete match list with essential details such as kit numbers, contact information, shared DNA amounts, and links to family trees. **Tier 1 Premium Features** For those who opt for Tier 1 membership, additional features become available. These include advanced filtering, visualization tools, and the ability to sort columns. Premium users also gain access to the **"Select" column**, which offers more customization options like filtering by centimorgans, haplogroups, X-DNA presence, or GEDCOM file availability. FeatureFree AccessTier 1 PremiumBasic match list✓✓Beta version access✓✓Column sorting✗✓Advanced filteringLimitedFull accessVisualization tools✗✓Select column options✗✓Knowing the differences between free and premium access helps you decide how to approach your analysis. Once your first One-to-Many report is ready, you’ll have a detailed list of genetic matches to explore. Clicking on any kit number allows you to start a new comparison and uncover connections across various family lines. ## Reading and Understanding Your Results When your One-to-Many report is ready, you’ll see a detailed table showcasing your genetic matches. Understanding the information in each column is key to uncovering meaningful genealogical connections. This report can help you pinpoint close relatives, verify family ties, and refine your research approach. Here’s a breakdown of the key elements to help you get the most out of your results. ### Understanding Key Columns and Data The One-to-Many report includes several essential columns, each serving a specific purpose in evaluating potential family connections. - **Kit Number**: This is a unique identifier for each match, making it easy to explore related results and trace interconnected family networks. - **Name & Email**: Displays the contact details provided by each match. This allows you to reach out and collaborate on family research with promising connections. - **Total cM**: Represents the total amount of shared DNA, which is a strong indicator of relationship closeness. For instance, parent–child or full sibling relationships typically share between 2,300 and 3,400 cM, while third cousins might share around 75–150 cM. - **Largest Segment**: Highlights the size of the largest shared DNA segment. Close relatives often share at least one segment over 30 cM, while distant matches usually have smaller segments under 10 cM. - **Testing Company**: Identifies where the original DNA test was conducted (e.g., AncestryDNA, 23andMe, or MyHeritage). This is important because different companies use varying technologies, which can influence segment detection and match accuracy. - **GEDcom/**[**WikiTree**](https://www.wikitree.com/) **Links**: These links connect to uploaded family trees or WikiTree profiles, offering direct access to documented family histories. They’re invaluable for identifying shared ancestors and confirming relationships. - **Age**: Indicates how long a kit has been in the GEDmatch database. This can help you assess data quality and determine how active a user might be. ### Sorting and Filtering Your Matches The Beta version of the tool lets you sort and filter your matches, which is especially helpful when dealing with hundreds – or even thousands – of entries. - **Column Sorting**: Organize matches by any data field. For example, sorting by **Total cM** brings your closest genetic matches to the top, while sorting by **Largest Segment** highlights matches with significant shared DNA blocks. - **Setting Minimum Thresholds**: This feature helps filter out very distant or less reliable matches. For example, setting a minimum total cM of 30 ensures you focus on closer relatives while excluding less meaningful connections. This is particularly useful in populations with high levels of endogamy. - **Match Limits**: Control how many results appear in your report, such as displaying only the top 50 or 100 matches. This makes it easier to concentrate on connections most likely to advance your research. - **Segment Size Filtering**: Exclude matches with very small shared DNA segments (typically under 7–10 cM) to reduce false positives. You can also use overlap cutoff filters to refine your list further, which is helpful in filtering out minimal shared DNA in endogamous populations. These tools allow you to focus on the most relevant matches and prepare for deeper analysis. ### Working with Relationship Predictions The report also provides relationship predictions, which are especially useful for Tier 1 subscribers. These predictions use shared cM values and segment data to suggest possible family connections, such as "2nd cousin" or "3rd cousin once removed." - **Prediction Accuracy**: These estimates rely on statistical models and are not definitive proof of genealogical relationships. Factors like endogamy, population-specific DNA sharing patterns, and data quality variations can affect accuracy. - **Cross-Referencing with Family Trees**: The best way to validate predictions is by comparing family trees. If a match has uploaded a GEDcom file or linked their profile to WikiTree, you can look for shared ancestors. For example, finding a common great-grandparent in both trees would support a second cousin prediction. Here’s a practical example: Suppose a top match shares 250 cM of total DNA, with a largest segment of 38 cM, and both kits are from a reputable testing company. By reviewing their GEDcom link, you might discover a shared great-grandparent, confirming the second cousin prediction. This combination of DNA evidence and documented family history provides a strong foundation for drawing genealogical conclusions. For [Tier 1 users](https://www.gedmatch.com/education/upgrading-your-one-to-many-matching-with-tier-1/), advanced visualization tools can further enhance your analysis. These tools often reveal clusters of related matches, helping you identify family groups and connections that might not be immediately obvious from the raw data. ###### sbb-itb-65d4ad3 ## Advanced Features and Research Methods Once you’ve mastered the basics of report analysis, diving into advanced features can take your research to the next level. These tools are designed for experienced users tackling intricate family mysteries, overcoming genealogical roadblocks, and making full use of GEDmatch’s analytical capabilities. ### Applying Advanced Filters The **One-to-Many Beta tool** introduces robust filtering options that go far beyond the basic version, making it indispensable for handling large match lists or analyzing data from populations with high endogamy. One standout feature is **segment size filtering**. Typically, the minimum segment size is set to 7 cM, but you can adjust it to suit your research needs. For instance, increasing the threshold to 10–15 cM helps eliminate weaker matches, allowing you to concentrate on more meaningful shared DNA connections. The **tagging feature** is another game-changer. It lets you organize matches by creating tags for specific family lines or research projects. This is particularly helpful when juggling multiple genealogical investigations, as it streamlines the process of identifying which matches align with particular research goals. Additionally, **autosomal and X-DNA filtering** options enable you to focus on specific inheritance patterns. X-DNA analysis, for example, is especially effective for tracing maternal lines or testing specific relationship theories. Armed with these refined tools, you can zero in on your Most Recent Common Ancestors (MRCA). ### Identifying Most Recent Common Ancestors Finding your MRCA involves combining DNA evidence with documented family trees. While the One-to-Many tool lays a solid genetic foundation, pinpointing specific ancestors often requires additional steps. Start by prioritizing matches with **attached GEDcom files or WikiTree links**, as these often include family trees you can compare to your own. For matches sharing 100–200 cM of DNA, look for overlapping surnames, locations, or time periods that align with your known ancestry. **Segment analysis** is crucial here. Large shared segments – those over 20 cM on the same chromosome – often point to a shared ancestral pair. When multiple matches share the same chromosomal region and reference the same documented ancestors, you’ve likely identified your MRCA. The **triangulation method** further refines this process. By identifying groups of matches who share DNA with both you and each other on the same chromosomal segments, you can trace these shared segments back to a common ancestral couple. This method narrows down which ancestor passed down the shared DNA. Once these strategies are in place, Tier 1 premium features can take your research even further. ### Using Premium Features for Better Results Tier 1 membership unlocks tools designed for advanced research, offering deeper insights and access to more comprehensive data. With **expanded match limits**, Tier 1 users can view a much larger pool of matches compared to free users. This broader list often includes distant relatives who could provide the missing pieces to your genealogical puzzle. The **visualization options** in the "Select" column present match data in easy-to-understand graphical formats. These visual tools uncover patterns and relationships that might not stand out in raw data, helping you identify clusters of related matches tied to specific family groups. > "I love being able to examine matches across various testing company platforms. I also have found the auto clustering very, very helpful." > – Cathy, GEDmatch User **Auto clustering tools** automatically group your matches based on shared DNA segments. These clusters often represent genetic networks corresponding to different family branches, making it easier to see how your matches are interconnected and which branch of your family they belong to. For those looking to dive even deeper, **advanced segment analysis** tools allow detailed chromosome mapping and comparisons. These tools show exactly where you share DNA with your matches, pinpoint the chromosomes containing shared segments, and enable comparisons across multiple matches. The **enhanced search and filtering capabilities** available in Tier 1 provide more precise sorting options and let you save custom filters. This is especially useful for long-term projects where consistent analysis parameters are critical. Lastly, **detailed relationship predictions** use advanced algorithms to account for population-specific DNA sharing patterns, offering more accurate relationship estimates. These predictions help you prioritize which matches to explore first and set realistic expectations for uncovering family connections. Together, these advanced features and premium tools create a powerful research environment, making it possible to solve even the most challenging genealogical puzzles and uncover hidden family connections in your match data. ## Advantages, Limitations, and Practical Tips GEDmatch’s One-to-Many tool is a powerful resource for uncovering DNA matches across the globe. By understanding its strengths and weaknesses, you can fine-tune your research strategy and make the most of your subscription. ### Free vs. Tier 1 Feature Comparison Deciding between the free version and the Tier 1 plan ($10/month) can significantly influence your research experience. As mentioned earlier, Tier 1 membership offers advanced tools like enhanced sorting, filtering, and visualization, which are especially helpful for those working through complex family histories or extensive DNA match lists. If you have ancestry from endogamous populations, these advanced filtering options can be particularly handy in weeding out less meaningful matches. For those deeply invested in genealogy, the $120 annual cost can be a worthwhile expense, particularly when tackling intricate family puzzles or large volumes of matches. > "I love being able to examine matches across various testing company platforms. I also have found the auto clustering very, very helpful." – Cathy, GEDmatch User ### Common Problems and How to Fix Them After analyzing your results, you might encounter a few common hurdles. Managing large numbers of DNA matches can feel overwhelming, so focus on matches with higher shared DNA amounts, as these typically represent closer relationships. Small shared DNA segments often indicate distant connections that might not offer much actionable information, especially for beginners. Tier 1 users can fine-tune filtering settings to hide less significant matches and streamline their analysis. For those with endogamous ancestry, shared DNA results may appear inflated due to historical intermarriage within the population. Raising the threshold for shared DNA and focusing on triangulated matches can help identify meaningful connections. New users might find the interface or terminology confusing at first. Start with the basic tools, use a genealogy glossary to understand key terms, and gradually familiarize yourself with metrics like shared DNA amounts and segment sizes. To stay organized, consider using a simple spreadsheet to track your progress. Record contacted matches, their responses, and any family tree connections you uncover. ### Privacy and Data Security While navigating these challenges, it’s essential to protect your genetic data. GEDmatch employs strong encryption and authentication protocols to safeguard your DNA files during both storage and transmission. The platform allows you to control the visibility of your DNA kit. Public settings enable collaboration with other researchers, while private settings limit access and direct communication. U.S. users also have the option to opt out of law enforcement matching, ensuring their data is excluded from criminal investigations while still being available for genealogical research. Keep in mind that when your kit appears in someone else’s match list, your registered email address is automatically shared. Many users create a dedicated email account specifically for genealogy purposes to maintain privacy. Although GEDmatch generally resists third-party data requests, it may be required to comply with valid legal demands. It’s a good idea to review the platform’s privacy policy periodically, as updates may occur in response to changes in legal standards. Balancing privacy with the benefits of data sharing is crucial. By managing these considerations thoughtfully, you can integrate the One-to-Many tool into a broader, more effective genealogical research strategy. ## Summary and Next Steps The One-to-Many tool is your gateway to uncovering genetic connections by comparing your DNA with thousands of profiles across multiple testing platforms. It’s a powerful way to identify potential relatives, trace shared ancestry, and build family connections that might otherwise remain out of reach. To get started, focus on your top matches. Prioritize those with substantial shared DNA and multiple segments – these often indicate closer relationships and offer the best opportunities for meaningful discoveries. Dive into linked family trees to pinpoint possible common ancestors and strengthen your research. > "Thank you! I believed I was going to find some family through GEDmatch but wow – finding my brothers and sister exceeded my expectations!" – David, GEDmatch User Keep track of your progress by organizing match details, contact information, and correspondence notes in a spreadsheet. This system becomes a lifesaver as your research grows and spans multiple family lines. Once you’ve identified promising matches, take it a step further with the One-to-One Autosomal DNA Comparison tool. This tool provides a detailed segment analysis, helping you confirm shared DNA amounts before reaching out to potential relatives. It ensures your efforts are focused on authentic family connections. For **Tier 1 subscribers** ($10/month), additional features like advanced filtering options, visualization tools, and access to the Beta version with enhanced functionality can make a big difference. These tools are especially helpful for managing extensive match lists or navigating the complexities of researching families with endogamous backgrounds. Stay up-to-date on new tools and research techniques by subscribing to the GEDmatch newsletter. It’s a great way to learn about platform updates, expert tips, and the latest advancements in the genealogy community. The Beta version, in particular, continues to improve with new features and a more user-friendly interface. Genealogical research thrives on patience and a systematic approach. Start with your closest matches, keep your records well-organized, and gradually broaden your search as you become more familiar with the platform. Over time, these methods will help you unlock the full potential of your family history journey. ## FAQs ### How can I protect my privacy and ensure the security of my DNA data when using the GEDmatch One-to-Many tool? GEDmatch prioritizes privacy and security, giving you control over how your DNA data is shared. To safeguard your information, take a moment to review and update your privacy settings in your GEDmatch account. You can decide whether to make your data visible to others or keep it completely private. It’s also essential to avoid including sensitive personal details in your profile or while interacting with matches. Protect your account by using strong, unique passwords and enabling two-factor authentication if the option is available. Staying up to date with GEDmatch’s privacy policies and any changes they announce ensures you can make the best choices for your data’s safety. ### What’s the difference between the free and Tier 1 versions of the GEDmatch One-to-Many tool, and how does it affect genealogical research? The GEDmatch One-to-Many tool comes in two versions: free and Tier 1 (paid). Each version caters to different needs in genealogical research. The free version offers basic tools, letting you view a list of genetic matches and examine shared DNA segments. It’s a great starting point for beginners or those exploring genetic genealogy casually. For those seeking more robust features, the Tier 1 version, available through a subscription, provides advanced options. These include detailed match filtering, access to larger match lists, and additional analytical tools. These features can help you dig deeper into distant family connections, trace ancestral links, and refine your research. If you’re serious about genealogy, the Tier 1 version might be worth considering for its added capabilities. ### How can I use the One-to-Many tool to identify and verify family connections, especially in communities with high endogamy? The **One-to-Many tool** is a powerful feature that lets you compare your DNA with a large database of users, potentially uncovering relatives from various testing companies. This can be especially helpful for individuals from populations with high levels of endogamy, where shared DNA segments are more common and can complicate relationship estimates. To get the best results, prioritize matches with higher percentages of shared DNA and fewer shared segments. These are usually stronger indicators of close familial ties. For those from endogamous backgrounds, it’s crucial to look at additional shared segments and verify potential connections by cross-referencing family trees or other genealogical records. This extra step can help confirm relationships and sort through the complexities of shared ancestry. ## Related Blog Posts - [Understanding Segment Overlap in Genetic Genealogy](/blog/understanding-segment-overlap-in-genetic-genealogy) **Categories:** Uncategorized --- ### [What Are DNA AutoClusters?](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/what-are-dna-autoclusters/) **Published:** February 3, 2026 **Author:** GEDmatch Stories **Excerpt:** Learn how DNA AutoClusters simplify genetic analysis by visually organizing DNA matches into color-coded groups, revealing family connections. **Content:** DNA AutoClusters simplify complex DNA match data by organizing it into visual, color-coded clusters. These clusters group DNA matches based on shared genetic material, helping you identify family lines and ancestral connections quickly and effectively. **Key Benefits:** - **Organizes Matches**: Groups DNA matches into manageable clusters. - **Reveals Family Lines**: Highlights shared ancestors and distinct family branches. - **Saves Time**: Automates analysis of large DNA match lists. **How It Works:** 1. **Data Filtering**: Focus on matches that surpass a preset threshold. 2. **Matrix Creation**: Analyze shared DNA segments to identify connections. 3. **Cluster Formation**: Group matches into visual, color-coded clusters. **Uses:** - Identify related match groups. - Manage large DNA match lists. - Map out family lines and confirm relationships. You can enhance your results by combining AutoClusters with traditional genealogy methods and tools like [GEDmatch](https://www.gedmatch.com/) for deeper insights. This tool is especially useful for anyone looking to simplify and streamline their genetic genealogy research. **Where to start:** Several tools at [GedMatch](www.gedmatch.com) use AutoClusters: - **Clusters With AutoTree:** Groups your matches by how they match each other, forming clusters likely to share a common ancestor. - **AutoKinship:** Reconstructs kinship/ancestor relationships among the clusters and your matches. - **AutoSegment:** Groups matches into clusters based on shared segments. ## Visualizing Ancestral Lines with DNA AutoClusters ## How AutoClusters Process DNA Data AutoClusters organize DNA data into visual groups, making it easier to interpret genetic connections. Here’s how the system works. ### Steps in DNA Clustering The process involves several key steps to organize DNA matches: - **Data Collection and Filtering** The system collects DNA match data, focusing on matches that surpass a threshold of shared DNA. This ensures the inclusion of meaningful genetic relationships while excluding smaller, less useful matches. - **Matrix Creation** A matrix is created to analyze shared DNA segments and their positions on chromosomes. These patterns help the system identify and group related matches. - **Cluster Formation** Matches sharing common ancestors are grouped into clusters. Each cluster represents a unique ancestral line. ### Reading Cluster Charts AutoCluster results are displayed in an interactive matrix, making it easier to understand relationships. Here’s what to look for: - **Color-Coding System** Each cluster is assigned a distinct color. Matches appearing in multiple clusters are shown in gray, while white spaces indicate little or no shared DNA. - **Matrix Navigation** Matches are listed along both the vertical and horizontal axes. The colored cells show relationships between pairs, with darker colors indicating stronger shared DNA connections. ## Main Uses of AutoClusters ### Finding Related Match Groups AutoClusters help pinpoint groups of matches that share a common ancestor. By grouping matches based on shared DNA segments, you can focus on the most genetically connected clusters first. Each cluster highlights a specific family line, making it simpler to explore individual branches of your ancestry without getting bogged down by unrelated matches. ### Managing Large Match Lists DNA testing often results in hundreds or even thousands of matches, which can be overwhelming to analyze manually. AutoClusters simplify this process by organizing these matches into clear, structured groups based on shared genetic traits. This makes it easier to: - **Prioritize Research**: Focus on the most relevant groups of matches. - **Save Time**: Quickly identify which connections are worth exploring first. - **Simplify Analysis**: Break large, confusing match lists into smaller, logical sections. ### Mapping Family Lines Clusters not only organize matches but also help visualize distinct family branches. With AutoClusters, you can: - **Spot Ancestral Groups**: Identify groups sharing specific DNA patterns. - **Verify Connections**: Confirm relationships by checking shared DNA amounts. - **Trace Family Lines**: Map out how different branches of your family tree connect. Each cluster represents a separate ancestral line, offering a clear view of how your family lines intersect and branch out. The visual tools provided by AutoClusters make it easier to interpret these relationships. ###### sbb-itb-65d4ad3 ## Reading Your Results This section helps you interpret your AutoCluster results, building on insights from the clustering charts. ### Color Codes and Groups The AutoCluster visualization uses different colors to highlight unique genetic groups. Each colored block represents matches who share DNA with one another. Pay attention to the size of clusters, the intensity of the colors, and how patterns are distributed to understand the strength of these connections. ### Finding Ancestor Groups To figure out which ancestral lines are represented in each cluster, start with your largest and most well-defined groups. - **Identify known relatives** in the clusters to create a starting point for your analysis. Use the [One-to-One Autosomal DNA Comparison tool](https://www.gedmatch.com/applications/one-to-one-autosomal-dna-comparison/) to confirm relationships. - Look for **recurring surnames, geographic connections, or time periods** within the clusters to narrow down specific ancestral groups. - Keep track of which clusters correspond to particular family lines to create a detailed genetic ancestry map. These steps help you connect the visual data to meaningful family history insights. ### Solving Common Problems Once you’ve identified ancestral groups, you might encounter a few challenges: - **Overlapping Clusters**: Intermarriage or distant common ancestors can cause overlap. Use One-to-One comparisons to sort out these overlaps. - **Unassigned Matches**: Some matches may not fit neatly into clusters, often because they share DNA with very few others or have distant relationships. - **Missing Information**: Clusters without enough data to identify common ancestors may require reviewing external matches or reaching out to matches for more details. ## Limits and Tips ### Effects of Related Ancestors AutoCluster tools can have limitations, especially when ancestors are linked through multiple family lines. This often results in overlapping or merged groups that are tricky to interpret. This issue is more common in populations with a history of intermarriage or close-knit communities, where relatives may appear in several clusters. For example, second cousins might show up across different clusters, making it harder to pinpoint specific family lines. To address this, use the [**One-to-One Autosomal DNA Comparison tool**](https://www.gedmatch.com/applications/one-to-one-autosomal-dna-comparison/) to confirm exact relationships and untangle these overlapping connections. Pair these findings with other research approaches to strengthen your conclusions. ### Combining with Traditional Methods AutoClusters are most effective when paired with classic genealogy techniques. Here are a couple of ways to enhance your research: - Use admixture tools to pinpoint your biogeographical ancestry and verify family roots. - Compare one-to-one autosomal DNA results to confirm specific relationships. - Find documentary evidence to confirm predicted relationships. ### Handling Unmatched DNA Not all DNA matches fit neatly into clusters. Some remain unassigned, which can be frustrating. Focus on matches with larger amounts of shared DNA and verify their relationships using one-to-one autosomal comparison tools. Additionally, digging into your family tree and documented ancestry can help make sense of these unmatched results. This extra effort can provide clarity when clusters don’t tell the full story. ## [GEDmatch](https://www.gedmatch.com/) AutoCluster Tools ![GEDmatch](https://assets.seobotai.com/gedmatch.com/67e0a53da2808c1172f2c5e3/821c8da2daabb225e4659bb231b7f34c.jpg) - **Clusters With AutoTree:** Groups your matches by how they match each other, forming clusters likely to share a common ancestor. - **AutoKinship:** Reconstructs kinship/ancestor relationships among the clusters and your matches. - **AutoSegment:** Groups matches into clusters based on shared segments. ### Uploading Your DNA to GEDmatch To start using AutoCluster analysis, follow these steps: - **Download your raw DNA file** from your testing service. GEDmatch supports files from providers like [23andMe](https://www.23andme.com/), Ancestry, [LivingDNA](https://livingdna.com/), and [MyHeritage](www.myheritage.com). - **Upload your file to GEDmatch** and check its processing status on your dashboard. Uploads typically take around 24 hours to process. ### Advanced Features for Premium Users GEDmatch’s Tier 1 membership offers extra tools for deeper insights into your DNA. Features like **AutoSegment** and **AutoKinship** provide more detailed information about your genetic connections. These tools can help you map out relationships and trace family lines with greater precision. ## Summary ### Main Benefits AutoClusters simplify genetic genealogy by organizing large sets of DNA match data into easy-to-understand groups. Here’s how it helps: - **Organizes Matches**: Automatically sorts hundreds or even thousands of DNA matches into groups. - **Recognizes Patterns**: Uses visual clustering to reveal shared ancestor lines. - **Saves Time**: Automates grouping, cutting down on the need for manual analysis. GEDmatch’s tools make it easy to incorporate these steps into your research. By following these tips, you can make your AutoClusters analysis much more effective. ## Related Blog Posts - [DNA Match Analysis: A Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners](/blog/dna-match-analysis-a-step-by-step-guide-for-beginners) - [Common Questions About Genetic Match Accuracy Answered](/blog/common-questions-about-genetic-match-accuracy-answered) - [Manual DNA Clustering: Step-by-Step Guide](/blog/manual-dna-clustering-step-by-step-guide) - [Ultimate Guide to GEDmatch One-to-Many Tool](/blog/ultimate-guide-to-gedmatch-one-to-many-tool) **Categories:** Uncategorized --- ### [Join GEDmatch at RootsTech 2026](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/join-gedmatch-at-rootstech-2026/) **Published:** January 20, 2026 **Author:** GEDmatch Stories **Excerpt:** Are you ready to make new discoveries in your family history research? GEDmatch is thrilled to announce our participation as a Bronze Sponsor at RootsTech 2026! Join us from March 5–7, whether you’re attending in person in Salt Lake City or joining the global community online for the world’s premier family history event. **Content:** Are you ready to make new discoveries in your family history research? GEDmatch is thrilled to announce our participation as a Bronze Sponsor at RootsTech 2026! Join us from March 5–7, whether you’re attending in person in Salt Lake City or joining the global community online for the world’s premier family history event. This is your opportunity to connect with fellow genealogy enthusiasts, learn from experts, and see how GEDmatch can help you break through brick walls and uncover your roots. We are excited to connect with our incredible community of researchers! ## Unlock Your Family History with GEDmatch For years, genealogists have trusted GEDmatch to take their research to the next level. Our platform provides powerful, accessible tools designed to help you make sense of your genetic data. By uploading your DNA test results from various consumer testing companies, you can unlock a new world of connections and insights. Here’s how GEDmatch empowers your research journey: - **Compare DNA Kits:** Have you and your relatives tested with different companies? No problem! GEDmatch allows you to compare autosomal DNA kits from services like AncestryDNA, 23andMe, FamilyTreeDNA, and more, all in one place. - **Analyze Your Segments:** Go beyond simple relationship predictions. Our advanced tools, like Segment Search and triangulation features, allow you to dive deep into shared DNA segments to confirm ancestral lines and map your genetic heritage with greater precision. - **Connect with Relatives Worldwide:** Our database includes more than two million profiles from users around the globe. The One-to-Many DNA Comparison tool helps you find genetic relatives you never knew you had, opening up new branches of your family tree. ## What’s New at the GEDmatch Booth? RootsTech is all about what’s next in genealogy, and we’re bringing that spirit to our booth. This year, we are incredibly excited to offer you an exclusive sneak peek of our brand-new user interface and experience (UI/UX), set to launch later in 2026! Be among the first to see the future of GEDmatch. Stop by our booth for: - **Live Demos:** Get a firsthand look at our upcoming UI/UX and see how we’re making our powerful tools even more intuitive and user-friendly. We’ll also be showcasing the new AutoSegment Split tool, launched at the end of October 2025! This innovative addition streamlines your workflow by automatically determining which overlapping DNA segments are on opposite sides of the family tree—helping you make breakthroughs faster than ever. Our team will walk you through these new features and answer your questions. - **Expert Tips & Tricks:** Whether you’re a new user or a seasoned pro, our team can show you how to get the most out of GEDmatch. Learn new strategies for your research and get personalized advice. - **Class Session Insights:** Be sure to attend our class session where we’ll be sharing what’s new and what’s coming for GEDmatch. This is a fantastic opportunity to get an in-depth look at our product roadmap and future innovations. ## Join Us at RootsTech 2026! RootsTech is more than a conference; it’s a celebration of connection and discovery. We are proud to support this amazing event and the passionate community it brings together. Your next big breakthrough could be waiting for you. We can’t wait to see you there! Be sure to visit the GEDmatch booth to say hello, see what’s new, and take your genealogy research to new heights. Ready to join the excitement? Visit [the official RootsTech site](https://www.familysearch.org/en/rootstech/) to register today! **Categories:** Uncategorized --- ### [DNA Match Analysis: A Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/dna-match-analysis-a-step-by-step-guide-for-beginners/) **Published:** August 26, 2025 **Author:** GEDmatch Stories **Excerpt:** Learn how to analyze DNA matches effectively to uncover family connections through shared genetic information. **Content:** DNA match analysis helps you uncover family connections by examining shared DNA, measured in centimorgans (cM). For example, 3,400 cM indicates a parent-child relationship, while 229 cM points to a second cousin. This guide simplifies the process into **5 key steps**: - **Understand genetic concepts**: Learn about centimorgans, DNA match types (autosomal, Y-DNA, mtDNA), and how to interpret relationship probabilities. - **Use analysis tools**: Platforms like [AncestryDNA](https://www.ancestry.com/dna/), [MyHeritage](https://www.myheritage.com/dna), and [GEDmatch](https://www.gedmatch.com/) offer features like clustering, chromosome browsers, and cross-platform comparisons. - **Organize matches**: Sort DNA matches by shared cM, group them using methods like the Leeds Method, and validate relationships with tools like [DNA Painter](https://dnapainter.com/). - **Build family trees**: Combine DNA data with traditional records to trace ancestry and verify connections. - **Handle unexpected results**: Use tools like WATO (What Are The Odds?) to evaluate relationship scenarios and clarify unknown matches. **Quick Tip:** Focus on matches with over 400 cM for closer relatives. Use tools like GEDmatch for cross-platform analysis and chromosome browsers for segment comparison. Always document findings to stay organized. Analyzing DNA matches takes patience and careful research, but it can reveal connections traditional records miss. Let’s break it down further. ## Make the Most of Your Match List ## DNA Match Core Concepts To make sense of genetic data, understanding a few key principles is crucial. These concepts lay the groundwork for interpreting DNA matches effectively. ### Understanding Centimorgans (cM) Centimorgans (cM) measure the amount of DNA shared between individuals. A higher cM value typically means a closer biological relationship. Here’s how it breaks down for common family connections: RelationshipAverage Shared cMTypical RangeParent/Child3,4002,900-3,700Full Sibling2,5502,100-3,000Grandparent1,7001,300-2,200First Cousin880540-1,300These numbers can vary due to the randomness of genetic inheritance. This variability plays a key role in methods like the Leeds Method and chromosome analysis, which will be covered later. ### DNA Match Types: Autosomal, Y-DNA, mtDNA Different DNA tests uncover unique aspects of your ancestry: - **Autosomal DNA (atDNA)**: This test looks at DNA from all 22 pairs of chromosomes, revealing information about both maternal and paternal lines over about 5-6 generations. - **Y-DNA**: Focuses on the direct paternal line and is available only to males. - **Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)**: Tracks the direct maternal line through DNA passed from mothers to all their children. Both males and females can take this test. ### Reading Relationship Probability Charts The Shared cM Project, created by Blaine Bettinger, is widely used to estimate relationships based on shared DNA. **Key Points to Keep in Mind**: - **Overlapping Ranges**: Some relationships, like a grandparent and a half-sibling, may share similar cM values (around 1,700 cM). Additional context, such as family trees or shared matches, is needed to clarify the relationship. - **Endogamous Populations**: In populations with high intermarriage rates (e.g., Ashkenazi Jewish or French Canadian), cM values can appear inflated. Specialized charts for these populations can help refine the analysis. When analyzing relationships, consider multiple factors beyond cM values, such as shared matches and family tree connections. Segments smaller than 7 cM are often coincidental and less reliable. These concepts set the stage for organizing and interpreting your DNA matches, which will be discussed in the next section. ## How to Analyze Your DNA Matches Now that you know the basics, let’s dive into how to review your DNA matches effectively. This involves carefully sorting through your match list and organizing the details to uncover meaningful family connections. ### Sorting Matches by Shared DNA Start by sorting your matches based on the total shared cM using the filters available on your [DNA testing](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/how-to-find-your-biological-family-with-dna-testing/) platform. Focus on matches with **more than 400 cM**, as these are likely to be second cousins or closer relatives. This list will act as your guide for identifying key ancestral links. ### Grouping Matches into Clusters Use the [Leeds Method](https://dna-explained.com/2018/09/26/the-leeds-method/) to organize your matches into four groups, each representing one of your grandparental lines. Assign a unique color to each group and include matches who share DNA with others in the same group. This step often results in four distinct clusters, making it easier to trace connections to your grandparents. ### Visualizing DNA with Chromosome Browsers Chromosome browsers are great tools for confirming shared DNA segments. For example, MyHeritage’s browser lets you compare up to seven matches at once, making it easier to spot overlapping segments that confirm relationships. If you’re working across platforms: - Upload your DNA data to GEDmatch. - Use the "One-to-One" comparison tool. - Exclude segments smaller than 7 cM. Pay attention to segment size, location, and triangulation patterns. Overlapping segments among multiple matches often point to a shared ancestor and can help validate family groupings. ### Keeping Track of Key Details Document important information for each match, such as shared cM, surnames, locations, and cluster colors. This helps connect raw genetic data to real family ties, paving the way for building your family tree in the next steps. ###### sbb-itb-65d4ad3 ## DNA Analysis Tools Once you’ve organized your matches, these tools can help you dive deeper into your DNA analysis: ### DNA Platform Comparison Each major DNA platform offers different features for analyzing matches. Here’s a quick breakdown: PlatformBest ForUnique Tools**AncestryDNA**Building family treesThruLines, Genetic Communities**MyHeritage**Cluster analysisAutoClusters, Theory of Family Relativity[**23andMe**](https://www.23andme.com/)Health insightsDNA Relatives, Ancestry Composition### [GEDmatch](https://www.gedmatch.com/) Cross-Platform Analysis ![GEDmatch](https://assets.seobotai.com/gedmatch.com/67b297a80d4a761ccc992d65/659cd9a54838421afc7c3779905b22b7.jpg) If you’re working with matches from multiple DNA services, **GEDmatch** is a game-changer. It allows you to compare results across platforms using features like: - **One-to-Many Matching**: Compare your DNA with entries from all participating databases. - **Ethnicity Comparisons**: See how different services estimate your ancestry. - **Paid Features**: Includes tools like **Lazarus** with ancestor DNA reconstruction for more advanced insights. GEDmatch is especially helpful for combining data from platforms that don’t normally interact. ### DNA Segment Analysis Third-party tools, such as **DNA Painter**, are excellent for visualizing how DNA is inherited. When analyzing segments, focus on large shared segments and groups of matches sharing identical DNA. These often point to shared ancestors. Key areas to focus on during segment analysis: - **Segment Size**: Larger shared segments typically indicate closer relationships. - **Inheritance Patterns**: Track how segments are passed down through generations. Triangulated groups – where three or more people share the same DNA segment – are especially useful for identifying common ancestors. Tools like DNA Painter make this process much easier to understand and map out. ## Creating Family Trees with DNA Evidence ### Combining DNA and Records Once you’ve organized your DNA matches using clustering tools or chromosome browsers, it’s time to merge this genetic information with traditional research. Start by verifying DNA matches with close relatives you already know. This helps establish a reliable starting point. Then, cross-reference vital records with the family trees of your shared matches. Pay special attention to shared matches – they often reveal clusters of relatives connected to a common ancestor. ### Handling Unexpected DNA Results Unexpected matches can be puzzling, but a structured approach can help. First, confirm the match is accurate by comparing the shared cM amount to the expected range for the relationship. Use your cluster groupings, such as those from the Leeds Method, to pinpoint which family branch needs further investigation. Create a research tree for unknown matches to uncover possible connection points. Keep detailed notes at every step to ensure your process stays clear and organized. ### Using WATO Analysis If documentary evidence leaves gaps, tools like [DNAPainter’s WATO (What Are The Odds?)](https://dnapainter.com/tools/probability) can help assess relationship probabilities based on shared cM data and family connections. To get the most out of WATO: - Input shared cM values from your key matches. - Compare different relationship possibilities. - Focus on hypotheses with the highest probability scores. > “\[WATO is} A free tool that uses an easy, mathematical approach to figuring out where someone belongs in a tree.. ## Summary and Next Steps DNA match analysis is a process that evolves over time. As databases expand, it’s essential to revisit your matches and refine your approach. After using methods like WATO analysis and other tools, consider these strategies to improve your skills: - **Join communities and diversify platforms**: Engage with groups like [ISOGG](https://isogg.org/) and upload your data to various platforms. This broadens your reach and increases your chances of finding meaningful matches. Keep track of your progress with dated notes about key matches and hypotheses. - **Stay organized**: As your match list grows, maintain clear and detailed records of your findings to avoid confusion later on. **Keep up with new tools and technology.** DNA analysis platforms are starting to use AI-based tools for relationship predictions and tree building. These tools can help uncover patterns in your genetic connections that might not be immediately obvious. When dealing with unexpected results, it’s crucial to maintain ethical standards by: - Respecting the privacy preferences of your matches. - Ensuring your genetic data is secure. - Being mindful of how unexpected discoveries might affect living relatives. For those looking to deepen their expertise, consider exploring specialized resources or attending genealogy conferences. These can provide advanced techniques for tackling complex genetic relationships. Finally, don’t forget to revisit earlier matches as new tools and insights become available. Over time, patterns often become clearer with better analysis and experience. ## Related Blog Posts - [Building Family Trees with DNA Evidence: Beginner’s Guide](/blog/building-family-trees-with-dna-evidence-beginners-guide) - [Common Questions About Genetic Match Accuracy Answered](/blog/common-questions-about-genetic-match-accuracy-answered) - [Understanding Segment Overlap in Genetic Genealogy](/blog/understanding-segment-overlap-in-genetic-genealogy) - [Steps to Verify DNA Matches Across Databases](/blog/steps-to-verify-dna-matches-across-databases) **Categories:** Uncategorized --- ### [Manual DNA Clustering: Step-by-Step Guide](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/manual-dna-clustering-step-by-step-guide/) **Published:** August 12, 2025 **Author:** GEDmatch Stories **Excerpt:** Learn how to manually cluster DNA matches for better family connections using a step-by-step guide and essential tools. **Content:** **Want to organize your DNA matches and uncover family connections?** Manual DNA clustering is a hands-on method to group genetic matches based on shared DNA and ancestors. Here’s why it matters and how to get started: - **Why Manual Clustering?** - Full control over the process. - Combine data from multiple DNA companies. - Learn genealogy skills while organizing matches. - **What You’ll Need:** - DNA test results (e.g., [AncestryDNA](https://www.ancestry.com/dna/), [23andMe](https://www.23andme.com/?srsltid=AfmBOoohTQ2fU5d-x2ddBXkeLV0Xueb6u9RT30KjFMglJSD4Mt_2YGvD)). - Spreadsheet software like [Excel](https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/excel) or [Google Sheets](https://workspace.google.com/products/sheets/). - Tools like [GEDmatch](https://www.gedmatch.com/) for advanced analysis. - **How It Works:** 1. Organize data in a spreadsheet (e.g., match names, shared DNA, known relationships). 2. Use the [Leeds Method](https://dna-explained.com/2018/09/26/the-leeds-method/) to color-code and group matches. 3. Refine clusters with tools like GEDmatch for segment analysis. **Quick Tip:** Start small by focusing on close matches (higher shared DNA) and work your way out to distant connections. Ready to build your family tree? Keep reading for detailed steps, tools, and techniques to master manual DNA clustering. ## Setting Up Your Match Data Getting your DNA match data organized is a key step in clustering. Here’s how to prepare your data for analysis. ### Creating Your Spreadsheet Set up a spreadsheet with the following columns: Column NamePurposeExample DataMatch NameIdentifierJ. SmithTesting CompanySource platformAncestryDNAShared cMAmount of shared DNA125 cMMatch GroupClustering categoryGroup AKnown RelationshipVerified connection2nd CousinNotesAdditional informationMatches mother’s sideIf you’re working with data from multiple sources, consider creating separate worksheets for each testing company or match group. This keeps everything organized and easy to navigate. ### Important Match Details When collecting match data, focus on these key points: **Primary Details:** - Shared DNA (cM) - Estimated relationship - Shared matches - Known family connections **Secondary Details:** - Family trees - Geographic locations - Ethnicity estimates - Contact information For GEDmatch users, include the kit numbers of your matches. This makes referencing and comparing data much simpler during clustering. Once your match data is organized, you’re ready to explore the Leeds Method for clustering. ## Leeds Method Step-by-Step ### Leeds Method Basics The [Leeds Method](https://dna-explained.com/2018/09/26/the-leeds-method/) helps you visually group DNA matches into family clusters using color coding. This approach makes it easier to see genetic connections and trace distinct family branches. ### Color-Coding Your Matches Start by assigning a specific color to a key DNA match. If other matches seem connected to this person, use the same color for them. For matches that aren’t linked, assign new colors. Once you’ve color-coded your matches, look for patterns that might point to family groups. ### Finding Family Groups When the color coding is complete, you’ll notice clusters forming. Each cluster typically represents a different family branch. If a match shows up in more than one color group, it could mean overlapping family lines or intermarriages. Matches that don’t fit into any group might indicate distant connections. To dig deeper, tools like GEDmatch can compare shared DNA segments. These tools might uncover hidden relationships between groups. Documenting each group’s shared traits – like surnames, locations, time periods, or known ancestors – can help you piece together your family history more effectively. ###### sbb-itb-65d4ad3 ## Advanced Clustering Methods Building on the Leeds Method, these advanced techniques help refine and confirm your DNA clusters for more accurate results. ### Shared Match Analysis By focusing on shared matches across multiple DNA tests, you can verify relationships and discover new connections. Pay special attention to matches with a high amount of shared DNA, as they are more likely to indicate close relationships. Clusters with multiple shared DNA links strengthen the likelihood of a relationship. If a match appears in several clusters, it could point to overlapping family branches. Tools like GEDmatch’s [One-to-Many DNA Comparison tool](https://www.gedmatch.com/applications/one-to-many/) can assist in identifying these patterns. For further confirmation, review individual DNA segments to ensure accuracy. ### DNA Segment Review GEDmatch’s [One-to-One Autosomal DNA Comparison tool](https://www.gedmatch.com/applications/one-to-one-autosomal-dna-comparison/) provides detailed information about DNA segments, helping you validate your clusters. Key factors to assess include: - **Segment Size**: Larger segments often signal closer relationships. - **Distribution**: Segments spread across several chromosomes can indicate broader connections. - **Overlap**: Shared segments in the same locations among matches can confirm relationships. Reviewing these details reduces errors and boosts confidence in your family groupings. ### Addressing Endogamy Endogamy, where interrelated matches are common, can make clustering tricky. Here’s how to manage it: - **Adjust Thresholds**: Prioritize matches with higher shared DNA amounts to filter out weaker connections. - **Combine with Traditional Records**: Use GEDmatch tools alongside genealogical records for a fuller picture. - **Form Subgroups**: Break clusters into smaller groups based on location or time period to address overlaps. - **AutoCluster Endogamy**: This Tier 1 tool cluster, designed for those with endogamous matches, clusters your matches together GEDmatch is particularly helpful for navigating endogamy, as it allows comparisons across different testing companies and provides tools tailored to complex genetic relationships. These strategies can help you tackle even the most intricate family connections. ## Using Cluster Results ### Connecting Clusters to Ancestors Identify how clusters align with ancestors by focusing on shared surnames, geographical locations, and generational patterns. Tools like GEDmatch’s comparison features make it easier to find links across different DNA testing platforms. When examining clusters, pay attention to: - Overlapping locations tied to ancestral origins - Common surnames within the cluster - Generational distances - DNA segment sizes, which indicate how closely related individuals are These connections can sometimes uncover entirely new branches of your family tree. ### Finding New Relatives With GEDmatch’s extensive global database, you can uncover previously unknown family connections by analyzing shared DNA amounts. The Admixture tool is particularly helpful for comparing biogeographical ancestry, making it an excellent resource for matches from various ethnic backgrounds. > "GEDmatch offers a free DNA site built for [genetic genealogy](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/how-to-find-your-biological-family-with-dna-testing/) research. With a global database of autosomal DNA data and unmatched utility, we make this data accessible and effective." – GEDmatch ### Merging DNA Data with Traditional Records Combining genetic cluster analysis with historical records provides a more solid foundation for confirming relationships. GEDmatch supports this process by enabling users to: - [Compare DNA results](https://www.gedmatch.com/education/ancestry/) across multiple platforms - Validate relationships through segment analysis - Build family trees using both genetic and documentary evidence - Cross-check records with DNA data for added accuracy Using GEDmatch’s tools to verify relationships suggested by traditional records helps reinforce findings and tackle challenging research obstacles. This combined approach ensures stronger and more reliable family connections. ## [GEDmatch](https://www.gedmatch.com/) Tools for Clustering ![GEDmatch](https://assets.seobotai.com/gedmatch.com/67d222b0233d3a01105fb828/659cd9a54838421afc7c3779905b22b7.jpg) GEDmatch offers specialized tools to help refine your manual DNA clustering efforts. ### GEDmatch Basic Tools GEDmatch simplifies the clustering process with its range of tools. Start with the **One-to-Many DNA Comparison** tool, which displays matches from its database of over 1 million profiles. This is particularly helpful for identifying possible relatives who may have tested with different DNA companies. The **One-to-One Autosomal DNA Comparison** tool allows you to analyze shared DNA segments between two individuals, confirming genetic relationships. For exploring ancestral origins, the **Admixture tool** groups matches based on heritage, making it easier to trace diverse family backgrounds. With these tools ready to use, setting up your data on GEDmatch is simple. The **Clusters with AutoTree** tool automatically sorts your matches into clusters based on shared DNA between your matches. This tool helps you visualize the various subsets of matches on your list, allowing you to take a closer look at your clusters of interest. ### DNA Upload Guide Here’s how to get started with GEDmatch’s clustering tools: - **Get Your Raw DNA Data** Download your raw DNA file from your testing service. GEDmatch supports files from all major DNA testing providers. - **Create a** [**GEDmatch Account**](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/category/uncategorized/) Sign up for a free account on GEDmatch.com. This account gives you access to the essential clustering tools. - **Upload Your DNA File** Follow the instructions in the upload section to add your DNA data. Once uploaded, your file is ready for analysis. ### GEDmatch Advantages GEDmatch offers features that make it a standout option for manual DNA clustering, especially when compared to individual testing companies. Its global database allows you to match DNA across platforms, giving you access to a larger pool of potential relatives. Here are some of the key benefits: FeatureHow It Helps with ClusteringCross-Platform MatchingCompare DNA results from different testing providersAdvanced Segment AnalysisDive deeper into shared DNA segmentsGlobal DatabaseAccess a wide range of profiles for broader comparisonsFree Basic ToolsUse clustering features at no costThese tools and features make GEDmatch a powerful resource for confirming relationships and discovering new connections in your genetic research. ## Wrap-Up and Future Steps ### Main Points Review Manual DNA clustering helps organize and understand genetic connections. When paired with modern tools, it broadens the possibilities for tracing ancestry. This guide has covered techniques to uncover meaningful insights from DNA matches. Effective clustering depends on a structured and methodical approach. Using comparison tools across platforms allows for better cross-referencing of matches. Clustering ComponentBenefitManual OrganizationControl over match groupingCross-Platform AnalysisWider access to potential matchesSegment MappingVerifies relationships in detailAdvanced ToolsIdentifies patterns more effectivelyWith these tools and methods in mind, you can take steps to refine and expand your research. ## Related Blog Posts - [How to Upload DNA Data from 23andMe, Ancestry and other Testing Companies](/blog/how-to-upload-dna-data-from-23andme-ancestry-and-other-testing-companies) - [DNA Match Analysis: A Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners](/blog/dna-match-analysis-a-step-by-step-guide-for-beginners) - [Understanding Segment Overlap in Genetic Genealogy](/blog/understanding-segment-overlap-in-genetic-genealogy) - [Steps to Verify DNA Matches Across Databases](/blog/steps-to-verify-dna-matches-across-databases) **Categories:** Uncategorized --- ### [Building Family Trees with DNA Evidence: Beginner's Guide](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/building-family-trees-with-dna-evidence-beginners-guide/) **Published:** July 29, 2025 **Author:** GEDmatch Stories **Excerpt:** Unlock your family history with DNA testing, learn about types of tests, privacy tips, and how to incorporate results into your genealogy research. **Content:** **Want to grow your family tree using DNA evidence?** [DNA testing](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/how-to-find-your-biological-family-with-dna-testing/) adds a scientific layer to genealogy, helping you confirm family tree details, find new relatives, and overcome gaps in historical records. Here’s what you need to know: ### Key Points: - **Types of DNA Tests**: - **Autosomal DNA**: Broad ancestry view from both parents. Great for finding relatives. Starts at $79. - **Y-DNA**: Male-only test for paternal lineage. Starts at $119. - **Mitochondrial DNA**: Tracks maternal lineage. Costs around $159. - **Top DNA Testing Companies**: - [**AncestryDNA**](https://www.ancestry.com/dna/): Best for relatives and document research. - [**23andMe**](https://www.23andme.com/?srsltid=AfmBOoohTQ2fU5d-x2ddBXkeLV0Xueb6u9RT30KjFMglJSD4Mt_2YGvD): Includes health insights and family tree predictions. - [**FamilyTreeDNA**](https://www.familytreedna.com/?srsltid=AfmBOorU-g0DQ1aBClygRwZ9GGRX3GwF3DRqCUj7gU9dyBctnt14D1C9): Specialized in Y-DNA and mtDNA for lineage tracing. - **Privacy Tips**: - Use strong passwords and enable two-factor authentication. - Opt-out of data sharing with law enforcement if preferred. - Review privacy policies for each company. **Quick Comparison Table**: **Test Type****Purpose****Cost****Best For**Autosomal DNABroad ancestry, both parents$79Finding relatives, ethnic originsY-DNADirect paternal line (males)$119Paternal haplogroups, male ancestorsMitochondrial DNADirect maternal line$159Maternal ancestryDNA testing is a powerful tool to uncover your family history. Start with the right test, secure your data, and connect with relatives to build a richer family tree. ## Getting Started with DNA Testing ### DNA Testing Companies When it comes to building your family tree, picking the right DNA testing service is a key step. Here’s a quick comparison of the three major players in [genealogical DNA testing](https://www.gedmatch.com/education/ancestry/): CompanyKey FeaturesBest For**AncestryDNA**Offers Ancestry Hints and ties to historical recordsFinding relatives and document research**23andMe**Provides automated family tree predictions and health insightsDNA-based tree building**FamilyTreeDNA**Includes Y-DNA and mtDNA testing optionsSpecialized lineage tracingFamilyTreeDNA stands out for its focus on Y-DNA and mtDNA testing, which is ideal for tracing direct paternal or maternal lines. They also exclude certain medical markers from autosomal tests, ensuring the analysis stays focused on genealogy. Once you’ve chosen a service, follow the guidelines below for accurate sample collection. ### DNA Sample Collection Steps Getting reliable results starts with proper sample collection. Follow the steps provided by your testing company carefully. They may include: - **Avoid eating, drinking, or smoking for 30 minutes before swabbing**. - **Swab the inside of your cheeks for 30 seconds**, using a rolling motion to collect cheek cells rather than saliva. Other tests involve spitting in a tube. - **Let the swab air-dry for 60 seconds**, then place it in the provided paper envelope. ### DNA Test Privacy Guide Protecting your genetic information is just as important as collecting it. The recent 23andMe breach, which exposed data from 7 million users, highlights the importance of securing your DNA data. Here’s how to keep your information safe: - Use strong, unique passwords for your DNA testing accounts. - Enable two-factor authentication whenever possible. - Store raw DNA data only on devices that are secure and password-protected. The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA) offers some protection, preventing employers and insurers from misusing your genetic data. Additionally, states like Arizona, New York, and California have enacted their own laws to safeguard genetic privacy. > "Our genetic data is not something we can change if it’s stolen, like as a credit card number, so protecting this information is crucial." > – Leah Larkin, The DNA Geek Review each company’s privacy policies before committing. For example, FamilyTreeDNA allows users to opt out of sharing their data with law enforcement, giving you more control over how your information is used. Once your sample is collected and your privacy measures are in place, you’re ready to dive into your DNA results and uncover your family history. ## Reading Your DNA Results ### Using DNA Test Websites If you’ve taken a DNA test, platforms like AncestryDNA and 23andMe make it easy to dive into your results. Here’s how to navigate their features: - **On AncestryDNA**: - The dashboard shows your ethnicity estimates front and center. - Use the "DNA Matches" tab to explore connections with relatives. - Organize these matches by family lines with their colored dot system. - **On 23andMe**: - The "DNA Relatives" section helps you find genetic connections. - Sort your matches by how closely related they are. - Filter results based on the percentage of shared DNA. These tools are designed to simplify your exploration of genetic relationships and heritage. ### DNA Ethnicity Results Ethnicity estimates are fascinating but require a critical eye. As Jonathan Marks explains: > "People need to realize that genomics companies are a mix of science and corporate hucksterism. You need to think about the difference between the product they are selling, and the product you are buying." For example, AncestryDNA offers detailed insights into European and African-American ancestry but may lack precision in East and South Asian heritage. Some regions, like Northwest Europe and England, are grouped together, which can blur distinctions. Also, keep in mind that results showing less than 2% for a particular ethnicity are often unreliable. Once you’ve reviewed your ethnicity breakdown, focus on organizing your DNA matches to uncover family connections. ### Finding DNA Matches Your DNA matches generally fall into three groups: - **Immediate Family**: These are your closest relatives, sharing a large amount of DNA. - **Close Relatives**: They share a moderate amount of DNA. Use tools like Smart Matches™ at MyHeritage to compare family trees and overlapping surnames. - **Distant Cousins**: These matches share smaller amounts of DNA. Look for shared ancestral surnames or geographic origins, using ethnicity estimates for additional context. As one expert puts it: > "What’s important to understand is that genetics can guide answers about ancestry. There’s no time machine, no crystal ball." For deeper analysis, consider uploading your DNA data to GEDmatch. This platform allows you to compare results across different testing services, offering more advanced tools for exploration. ## Building Trees with DNA Evidence ### Adding DNA Data to Family Trees To incorporate genetic evidence into your family tree, start by uploading your raw DNA data to genealogy platforms. Here’s how to get started: - Download your raw DNA file from your testing provider. - Save secure backup copies of your DNA data. - Upload your data to multiple platforms to increase the chances of finding matches. Make sure to document DNA-based connections in your family tree. Use notes and tags to clearly differentiate between genetic confirmations and traditional research findings. Once you’ve added DNA information, focus on reaching out to your DNA matches to verify and strengthen these connections. ### Working with DNA Matches Reach out to your closest DNA matches and compare family trees to identify shared ancestors. This process builds on your earlier DNA research and helps deepen the accuracy of your family tree. To make the most of this step, try the following: - Review shared matches to identify common connections. - Compare surnames and locations to spot patterns. - Use the platform’s messaging tools to exchange research details and collaborate. ### [GEDmatch](https://www.gedmatch.com/): DNA Analysis Tools ![GEDmatch](https://assets.seobotai.com/gedmatch.com/67c8e6b308fcceb00021d35c/659cd9a54838421afc7c3779905b22b7.jpg) GEDmatch is a powerful tool for analyzing DNA data across different testing companies. It offers features that help validate and explore genetic connections further, making it a valuable resource for genealogical research. Key tools include: - [**One-to-Many DNA Comparison**](https://www.gedmatch.com/applications/one-to-many/): Discover matches from various testing companies. - [**One-to-One Autosomal Comparison**](https://www.gedmatch.com/applications/one-to-one-autosomal-dna-comparison/): Pinpoint the exact amount of shared DNA with a match. - **Admixture Analysis**: Explore detailed ancestry estimates based on biogeographical data. > "GEDmatch offers a free DNA site built for [genetic genealogy](https://www.gedmatch.com/join-the-genetic-witness-program/) research. With a global database of autosomal DNA data and unmatched utility, we make this data accessible and effective." The platform provides free basic tools, with premium options available for those seeking more advanced analysis features. ###### sbb-itb-65d4ad3 ## [AncestryDNA](https://www.ancestry.com/dna/) Shared Matches to Solve Genealogy Research Questions ![AncestryDNA](https://assets.seobotai.com/gedmatch.com/67c8e6b308fcceb00021d35c/399a191b4f51d9858b1b1e0d924906d2.jpg) ## Common DNA Research Problems DNA testing can bring its own set of challenges, but addressing them carefully is key to successful family research. ### Handling Surprise DNA Results Unexpected DNA findings can reshape your family story. If you come across surprising results, here are some steps to consider: - **Reach out to support groups**: Seek help from genetic genealogy groups that specialize in unexpected DNA outcomes. - **Consider professional counseling**: A counselor can help you process any emotional reactions to the findings. - **Document your discoveries**: Keep detailed notes on unexpected results for future reference. > "Information concerning living persons should be treated with appropriate discretion." – International Association of Jewish Genealogical Societies (IAJGS) Taking these steps can help you navigate initial surprises and prepare for more complex research challenges. ### Solving DNA Research Blocks When DNA matches are limited or progress slows, a systematic approach can help break through research barriers. **Building Evidence Networks** - Look into shared matches among genetic cousins to trace connections to unresolved lines. - Build family trees for DNA matches to pinpoint common ancestors. - Combine DNA data with traditional records like deeds, tax rolls, or court documents to strengthen your findings. **Research Strategies** - Keep detailed research logs to organize your evidence. - Regularly review and update your information. - Reach out to extended family members for additional insights or context. ### DNA Research Ethics Ethics play a crucial role in handling surprises and overcoming research blocks. Following ethical practices ensures privacy and trust. **Privacy Protection** - Always get clear consent before sharing DNA results. - Keep details about living individuals private. - Honor privacy settings and sharing limits chosen by DNA testers. > "Genealogists respect all limitations on reviewing and sharing DNA test results imposed at the request of the tester… genealogists do not share or otherwise reveal DNA test results… or other personal information… without the written or oral consent of the tester." – Genetic Genealogy Standards **Ethical Guidelines** - Be transparent about how family information will be used. - Record consent for sharing or publishing personal details. - Think carefully about the impact on living family members before sharing sensitive discoveries. - Follow the ethical codes set by recognized genealogical organizations. Genetic genealogy involves real people and relationships. By approaching your research with care and respect, you can maintain trust within the genealogy community while safeguarding the privacy of everyone involved. ## Next Steps ### Basic DNA Research Tips Keep your DNA research organized and well-documented with these simple strategies: - **Maintain Detailed Research Logs** Use tools like Google Sheets or Airtable to track your progress. Log DNA matches, family tree connections, shared match reports, and source citations. - **Use Consistent Formatting** Stick to a standard format for your records. For example, use MM/DD/YYYY for dates, write locations as Town, County, State, Country, and include full source citations. Once you’ve nailed the basics, you’ll be ready to dive into more advanced tools and methods. ### Advanced DNA Research Take your research to the next level with these advanced approaches: - **Leverage Advanced Tools** Explore tools like chromosome browsers, autocluster reports, and segment triangulation to uncover deeper genetic links. - **Tap into Community Expertise** Join platforms like GEDmatch, [RootsChat.com](https://www.rootschat.com/), or [Family Tree Forum](https://www.familytreeforum.com/) to connect with experienced researchers. > "GEDmatch offers comprehensive tools to compare your DNA test results internationally, free of charge." - **Invest in Specialized Software** Consider tools like Evidentia to streamline source organization, manage citations, and analyze evidence more effectively. ## Related Blog Posts - [Common Questions About Genetic Match Accuracy Answered](/blog/common-questions-about-genetic-match-accuracy-answered) - [Manual DNA Clustering: Step-by-Step Guide](/blog/manual-dna-clustering-step-by-step-guide) - [What Are DNA AutoClusters?](/blog/what-are-dna-autoclusters) - [Understanding Segment Overlap in Genetic Genealogy](/blog/understanding-segment-overlap-in-genetic-genealogy) **Categories:** Uncategorized --- ### [Common Questions About Genetic Match Accuracy Answered](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/common-questions-about-genetic-match-accuracy-answered/) **Published:** July 15, 2025 **Author:** GEDmatch Stories **Excerpt:** Explore the accuracy of DNA matches, factors influencing them, and methods for verifying relationships through genetic genealogy. **Content:** **How accurate are DNA matches?** Most DNA tests boast over 99% marker accuracy, but interpreting results depends on factors like shared DNA segments, database size, and testing methods. Larger DNA segments (over 15 cM) are highly reliable, while smaller ones (under 10 cM) can have false match rates of up to 85%. **What impacts match accuracy?** - **Segment Size**: Bigger segments mean better reliability. - **Database Size**: Larger databases improve match chances. - **Endogamy**: Shared DNA in endogamous populations can inflate match counts. **How to verify matches?** Use tools like triangulation, segment analysis, and family tree integration to confirm relationships. Platforms like [GEDmatch](https://www.gedmatch.com/) help compare results across testing companies for better accuracy. **Key Shared DNA Ranges**: RelationshipShared DNA (cM)Confidence LevelParent-Child~3,400Extremely HighFirst Cousin~850HighFourth Cousin20–85ModerateTo ensure accuracy, combine DNA results with traditional genealogy research and tools like chromosome browsers or family tree data. ## DNA Match Accuracy Basics ### DNA Match Process DNA matching focuses on the 0.1% of our genetic code that varies between people. [MyHeritage](https://www.myheritage.com/dna) analyzes around 700,000 SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) to find relatives. The system compares DNA segments in its database, and when identical segments are detected, it measures their length in centimorgans (cM) to estimate relationships. Here’s a quick look at typical shared DNA amounts for different relationships: RelationshipShared DNA (cM)Parent-Child3,400Full Siblings2,550Half-Siblings1,700First Cousins850> "DNA Matching is the process of sequencing your DNA and comparing it to the DNA of other people in a database. When a person with a significant amount of DNA that is identical to yours is found, that can indicate that you have a common ancestor." – MyHeritage Knowledge Base ### Match Accuracy Factors Several factors impact the accuracy of DNA matches: - **Database Size**: The bigger the database, the better the chances of finding relatives. - **Segment Size**: Larger shared DNA segments (especially those over 15 cM) are more reliable for determining relationships. - **Testing Method Quality**: Modern genotyping arrays are extremely precise, with an error rate of about 0.1%. These factors highlight both the strengths and the limitations of autosomal DNA testing. ### Known Match Limits Autosomal DNA testing is most reliable for tracing relationships up to five or six generations back. Beyond that, shared DNA becomes too diluted to draw clear conclusions. Algorithms can also struggle with populations that are genetically similar, leading companies to provide relationship ranges instead of exact matches. Differences in reference populations can further complicate match accuracy, especially for those from regions with less representation in databases. To get the best results, [genetic genealogy](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/how-to-find-your-biological-family-with-dna-testing/) often combines DNA testing with traditional family tree research. ## Why False Matches Happen ### Endogamy Effects Endogamy – marrying within a specific group over many generations – can significantly increase reported shared DNA, making relationship predictions more challenging. People from endogamous populations often have inflated match counts compared to the usual 30,000 matches. For example, a study on Easter Island revealed that between 1937 and 1965, 96.5% of births came from endogamous marriages, demonstrating how geographic isolation can intensify this effect. > "Prolonged endogamy in particular leads to elevated DNA sharing among descendants of a much larger group that may not be very closely related in real time." This situation makes it essential to distinguish between Identical by Descent (IBD) and Identical by State (IBS) matches. ### IBS vs. IBD Matches The size of a DNA segment plays a critical role in determining match accuracy: Segment Size (cM)Probability of a True IBD MatchReliabilityUnder 6 cM~1%Very Low6–16 cM15–50%ModerateOver 45 cM99%+Very HighOne [Family Tree DNA](https://www.familytreedna.com/?srsltid=AfmBOoqSqPSUIO0ic9xOEit9lMyLoM74jFQadIadZkdv9Pa-9HinwLfp) customer conducted a study using manually phased data from 14 relatives. It showed that 85% of segments under 5 cM were false matches. These technical details highlight why testing companies refine their methods to address such challenges. ### Testing Company Match Rules To improve match accuracy, DNA testing companies use specific thresholds and algorithms to manage these complexities. > "The algorithm says, ‘Let’s try to put ancestors together in different combinations, to get a similar variation \[of SNPs\] that you have.’" – Yaniv Erlich, MyHeritage In endogamous populations, a 30 cM match may appear as multiple smaller segments, whereas in non-endogamous groups, it typically appears as a single segment. Testing companies are increasingly prioritizing the size of individual segments, as segments over 45 cM almost always indicate genuine relationships. ## Checking Match Accuracy ### DNA Triangulation Methods DNA triangulation helps confirm genetic connections by comparing shared DNA segments across three individuals. Think of it as forming a triangle: you (Point A), a close match (Point B), and a shared match (Point C). This setup helps verify relationships through overlapping DNA segments. Here’s how you can use triangulation effectively: - Pinpoint your "Best Match" with a known genealogical link. - Use shared match tools to identify potential Point C matches. - Analyze DNA segments in chromosome browsers. - Look for overlapping segments that confirm the relationship. > "Triangulation is a strategy genealogists can use to determine how [genetic matches](https://www.gedmatch.com/applications/) are related." – Diahan Southard For instance, Edward used triangulation among cousins to confirm his maternal grandfather’s identity. A second cousin match, verified through shared DNA, provided the link he needed. This method works best when paired with other techniques, like integrating family tree data, as detailed below. ### Match Groups and Family Trees Combining genetic data with family tree research makes DNA matches easier to interpret. Shared DNA is measured in centimorgans (cM), which helps estimate relationship distances and directs your research. Relationship LevelAction StepsVerification MethodClose MatchesReview immediate family treesCompare direct ancestorsDistant MatchesBuild simple family treesLook for surname patternsUnknown MatchesCheck shared matchesIdentify family sidesBy grouping matches, you can organize your research and confirm relationships more accurately. ### DNA and Paper Trail Research Pairing genetic data with historical records strengthens match verification. This approach not only confirms documented family ties but also uncovers hidden connections in your genealogy. An example comes from Diahan Southard’s work on her third great-grandfather, Richmond Claunch. By combining [AncestryDNA](https://www.ancestry.com/dna/) results with historical records, she discovered new matches with the Claunch surname. Examining these matches’ family trees helped confirm Richmond’s parentage. Using these methods together provides a thorough way to confirm DNA match accuracy. ###### sbb-itb-65d4ad3 ## DNA Match Analysis Tools ### [GEDmatch](https://www.gedmatch.com): Cross-Platform DNA Analysis ![GEDmatch](https://assets.seobotai.com/gedmatch.com/67ce3684eee5df99f490ae1f/659cd9a54838421afc7c3779905b22b7.jpg) GEDmatch is a free platform that allows users to compare DNA results from different testing companies. With a database of over 2 million DNA profiles and family tree data from more than 400 million individuals, it offers extensive tools for finding and analyzing matches. Here’s a quick look at some of GEDmatch’s key features: ToolPurposeWhat It Does[One-to-Many Comparison](https://www.gedmatch.com/applications/one-to-many/)Finds matches across multiple testing servicesExpands your pool of potential matches[One-to-One Autosomal](https://www.gedmatch.com/applications/one-to-one-autosomal-dna-comparison/)Confirms shared DNA amountsHelps verify relationshipsAdmixture AnalysisIdentifies biogeographical ancestryProvides insights into heritageSegment SearchTracks shared DNA segmentsHelps validate matches> "GEDmatch offers a free DNA site built for genetic genealogy research. With a global database of autosomal DNA data and unmatched utility, we make this data accessible and effective." – GEDmatch In addition to basic match comparisons, GEDmatch provides advanced tools for analyzing DNA segments in greater detail. ### DNA Segment Tools Chromosome browsers and segment analysis tools allow users to dive deeper into genetic connections. With GEDmatch, you can: - Compare specific DNA regions across matches. - Identify overlapping segments shared by multiple individuals. - Map shared DNA patterns across family lines. - Validate potential relationships by examining segment size. These tools are especially useful for analyzing distant matches or unraveling complex family relationships. They work hand-in-hand with comparisons from multiple tests to refine and confirm genetic connections. > "I love being able to examine matches across various testing company platforms. I also have found the auto clustering very, very helpful." – Cathy, GEDmatch User ### Using Multiple DNA Tests Testing with multiple companies can increase your chances of finding matches and improve the accuracy of your results. By downloading raw DNA data files from different services and uploading them to GEDmatch, you can utilize its specialized tools to compare results across platforms. Here’s how it works: Download your raw DNA data, upload it to GEDmatch, and use the platform’s tools to analyze matches from various testing companies. This approach not only broadens your match pool but also improves the reliability of your findings. For instance, a GEDmatch user named David successfully located his siblings by combining results from multiple testing companies. Since each company uses its own algorithms and databases, GEDmatch provides a more complete view of genetic connections by consolidating data from different sources. ## DNA Match Confidence Levels ### Understanding centiMorgans CentiMorgans (cM) are used to measure the shared genetic segments identified in DNA testing. To put it simply, one centiMorgan represents about 1 million base pairs in human DNA. **Shared cM Ranges and Confidence Levels** RelationshipShared cM RangeConfidence LevelParent/Child3,475 cMExtremely HighFull Siblings2,400–2,800 cMExtremely HighGrandparent/Aunt/Uncle1,450–2,050 cMVery HighFirst Cousin680–1,150 cMHighSecond Cousin200–620 cMGoodFourth Cousin20–85 cMModerateThese ranges are key to understanding how DNA match scores are interpreted. ### Reading Match Scores DNA tests use shared cM to calculate confidence scores for potential relationships. These scores are determined by the amount of shared DNA and where those segments are located. Here’s how confidence levels align with shared DNA: - **Extremely High** (60+ cM): Almost 100% certainty - **Very High** (45–60 cM): Roughly 99% confidence - **High** (30–45 cM): Around 95% confidence - **Good** (16–30 cM): Greater than 50% confidence - **Moderate** (6–16 cM): 15–50% confidence ### Strong vs. Weak Matches After determining match scores, the next step is evaluating the strength of these matches. This involves looking at both the total shared cM and how continuous the DNA segments are. For example, AncestryDNA’s 2020 algorithm update excluded matches with less than 8 cM to minimize false positives. **What Defines a Strong Match?** - High-confidence segments consistently appearing across multiple genome regions - Large, continuous DNA segments instead of smaller, scattered ones - Matches verified on multiple testing platforms - Clear alignment with expected relationship ranges **Signs of a Weak Match** - DNA segments below 8 cM - Fragmented patterns without continuity - Matches found on just one testing platform - Similarities that might stem from shared population traits rather than direct relationships As Ann Turner explains: > "I think of the cM as being a unit of ‘effective’ distance… We’re more interested in the probability that a segment will be passed on intact than the size of the segment in Mb." This highlights the importance of focusing on segment integrity and probability when assessing DNA matches. ## Are Ancestry DNA Results Accurate? ## Conclusion Achieving accurate DNA match results requires blending genetic evidence with traditional genealogy techniques. A case study by [Legacy Tree Genealogists](https://www.legacytree.com/services) on Frank M. Stanley highlights how DNA matches can help resolve conflicting historical records. ### Key Tools and Methods for Validating Matches: - **GEDmatch**: Enables cross-platform analysis to confirm DNA matches. - [**DNA Painter**](https://dnapainter.com/): Offers chromosome mapping for visualizing patterns. - **Match Clustering**: Groups matches by family branches for deeper insights. These tools demonstrate how combining modern technology with historical records improves the accuracy of genealogical research. > "At Legacy Tree Genealogists, we understand that, as powerful as DNA can be in identifying ancestors, it is only effective when combined with traditional document research." To strengthen genealogical conclusions, it’s crucial to align different types of evidence, such as: - DNA segment data - Historical documents - Family tree connections - Geographic links - Surname trends ## Related Blog Posts - [How to Upload DNA Data from 23andMe, Ancestry and other Testing Companies](/blog/how-to-upload-dna-data-from-23andme-ancestry-and-other-testing-companies) - [DNA Privacy Settings: Essential Checklist for Genealogists](/blog/dna-privacy-settings-essential-checklist-for-genealogists) - [Manual DNA Clustering: Step-by-Step Guide](/blog/manual-dna-clustering-step-by-step-guide) - [Ultimate Guide to GEDmatch One-to-Many Tool](/blog/ultimate-guide-to-gedmatch-one-to-many-tool) **Categories:** Uncategorized --- ### [DNA Privacy Settings: Essential Checklist for Genealogists](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/dna-privacy-settings-essential-checklist-for-genealogists/) **Published:** July 7, 2025 **Author:** GEDmatch Stories **Excerpt:** Protecting your DNA privacy is essential in an era of data breaches and genetic discoveries. Learn how to secure your genetic information effectively. **Content:** Your DNA is unique and permanent, making its privacy critical – not just for you, but for your family. With over 26 million people sharing their DNA through testing platforms, risks like data breaches, law enforcement access, and unintended family discoveries are growing. ### Key Actions to Secure Your DNA Data: 1. **Review Consent Forms**: Understand how your data is stored, shared, and deleted. 2. **Control Data Sharing**: Adjust who can access your results and limit research participation. 3. **Secure Your Account**: Use strong passwords, two-factor authentication, and pseudonyms. 4. **Check Law Enforcement Policies**: Know how platforms handle government requests. 5. **Monitor Settings Regularly**: Stay updated on privacy policy changes and permissions. **Quick Tip**: Most platforms allow you to delete your data, but some details may still be retained for legal or research purposes. Always double-check policies and ask for physical sample destruction if needed. Your DNA privacy decisions impact not just you, but your relatives. Take control of your settings today to safeguard sensitive information. ## Is DNA Testing Safe From a Genetic Genealogy Company? ## DNA Privacy Settings Checklist Here’s a step-by-step guide to help you secure your DNA privacy settings and manage your genetic data effectively. ### Read and Verify Consent Forms DNA testing services typically provide two types of consent: one for the basic test and another for optional research participation. Before agreeing to anything, take the time to carefully review the consent forms and privacy policies. For example, AncestryDNA explains: > "Your consent to participate in this research is completely voluntary and is not required to use any of our products or services. Even if you consent to participate in the research, you may withdraw your consent at any time, but your information will not be removed from research that is in progress or completed." Make sure you understand: - How your biological samples are handled - Where your genetic data is stored - Who can access your information - What happens to your data if you delete your account ### Set Data Sharing Options Platforms like AncestryDNA allow you to control how your genetic data is shared. According to AncestryDNA: > "You decide who can see your DNA results, how much they can see, and what they can do with them." **Access Level****Permissions****Use For**ViewerSee shared DNA matchesDistant relatives, casual connectionsCollaboratorCompare results, suggest updatesTrusted genealogy partnersManagerFull access to results and settingsLegal guardians, primary researchers### Protect Personal Information Take extra steps to safeguard your DNA data: - Secure your account with a strong password and two-factor authentication. - Regularly review who has access to your DNA results. - For extra security, use a pseudonym and/or set your family tree to Private. ### Check Law Enforcement Access Rules Policies on law enforcement access differ between platforms. For example, AncestryDNA states: > "Ancestry does not voluntarily cooperate with law enforcement. To provide our Users with the greatest protection under the law, we require all government agencies follow valid legal process." GEDmatch, on the other hand, permits DNA uploads by law enforcement, but only under specific conditions. ### Monitor Privacy Settings Changes DNA testing platforms often update their features and policies. To stay on top of these changes: - Review your privacy settings every few months. - Adjust your email notification preferences. - Double-check your data-sharing permissions. - Confirm your research participation choices. - Update your account security settings. ###### sbb-itb-65d4ad3 ## Privacy Tools by DNA Platform Here’s a closer look at privacy tools offered by DNA platforms to help you manage your data effectively. ### [AncestryDNA](https://www.ancestry.com/dna/) Privacy Controls ![AncestryDNA](https://assets.seobotai.com/gedmatch.com/67bbd77be5225d66b7094c64/fa4e38cec527728fe44d7d65016e1823.jpg) On dna.ancestry.com, you can adjust settings like your display name, ethnicity visibility, and participation in research. These controls let you decide how much of your genetic information is shared and with whom. ### [GEDmatch](https://www.gedmatch.com/) Privacy Options ![GEDmatch](https://assets.seobotai.com/gedmatch.com/67bbd77be5225d66b7094c64/659cd9a54838421afc7c3779905b22b7.jpg) GEDmatch offers a detailed four-tier system for managing DNA data sharing: - **Public + Opt-in**: Your DNA kit will be compared to all other kits in the GEDmatch database to find your matching genetic relatives. Kits in the database include those submitted by users undertaking personal genetic genealogy research, adoptee searches, users (including law enforcement) attempting to identify unidentified human remains, and law enforcement attempting to identify perpetrators of violent crimes. Your kit WILL be compared with kits submitted by law enforcement to identify perpetrators of violent crimes. The operators of GEDmatch encourage everybody to select this option. - **Public + Opt-out**: Your DNA kit will be compared to all other kits in the GEDmatch database to find your matching genetic relatives. Kits in the database include those submitted by users undertaking personal genetic genealogy research, adoptee searches, and users (including law enforcement) attempting to identify unidentified human remains. Your kit WILL NOT be compared with kits submitted by law enforcement to identify perpetrators of violent crimes. - **Personal Research**: Your DNA kit will be compared to all other kits in the GEDmatch database to find your matching genetic relatives. However, your DNA kits will not be shown in match result reports generated for other kits (including kits submitted by or on behalf of law enforcement). Genealogy and genetic genealogy require the sharing of information, and choosing this option will not allow your matches to see your DNA kit in their match results. This option may be used for regular uploads if you have specific reasons for doing so. - **Private**: Your kit is not available for comparisons with any other kits. No comparison results will be shown unless you change this setting to another privacy category. These settings provide flexibility, but it’s important to compare privacy features across platforms to find the best fit for your needs. ### DNA Platform Privacy Comparison Each DNA testing service approaches privacy and data protection differently. Here’s how some of the major players stack up: FeatureAncestryDNA23andMeMyHeritageLaw Enforcement AccessRequires court orderRequires court orderRequires valid subpoenaData DeletionFull deletion availableComplete account removal optionData removal on requestResearch ParticipationOpt-in requiredSeparate consent neededOptional participationThird-party SharingLimited to consented researchStrict consent requirementsResearch consent optionalTo strengthen your privacy on any platform, experts suggest the following: - Use a pseudonym for your account. - Regularly check and update your privacy settings. - Be cautious about participating in research programs. - Understand each platform’s data retention policies. - Monitor permissions for third-party data sharing. Taking these steps ensures that your DNA privacy settings align with your personal preferences and concerns. ## Advanced DNA Privacy Topics ### DNA Data Deletion Facts Deleting your genetic data is more complex than it seems. Each platform has its own retention policies, and while your DNA profile can be erased, some non-genetic details like your birth date or sex might still be kept for legal or research reasons. Here’s how deletion works for two major platforms: - **23andMe**: After confirming via email, 23andMe deletes your genetic data but keeps minimal details to comply with legal requirements. You’ll need to contact their support team if you also want your physical DNA sample destroyed. - **AncestryDNA**: You can delete your DNA test results and revoke consent through the "DNA Settings" menu. To ensure your physical DNA sample is destroyed, you’ll need to reach out to Member Services. Deleting your data is a vital step, but ethical considerations about how genetic information is handled remain just as important. ### DNA Research Ethics When working with genetic data, privacy isn’t the only concern. Ethical responsibility plays a huge role in how this information is managed and shared. Beyond technical safeguards, clear guidelines are essential for ethical handling. Some key principles: - **Informed Consent**: Always get clear permission before sharing DNA results. - **Protecting Living Relatives**: Anonymize names and contact details unless you have explicit consent. - **Handling Family Secrets**: Think carefully about the potential consequences of revealing sensitive genetic information. The [National Genealogical Society](https://www.ngsgenealogy.org/) provides clear advice on this topic: > "Genealogists respect all limitations on reviewing and sharing DNA test results imposed at the request of the tester. For example, genealogists do not share or otherwise reveal DNA test results (beyond the tools offered by the testing company) or other personal information (name, address, or email) without the written or oral consent of the tester." When managing DNA data, keep these ethical considerations in mind: Ethical ConsiderationRequired ActionImpactData SharingObtain explicit consentProtects individual privacy rightsResearch ParticipationProvide comprehensive informationEnsures informed decision-makingFamily ImpactEvaluate disclosure consequencesMaintains family relationshipsLiving RelativesRedact personal informationPreserves privacy of living individualsGenetic genealogy can reveal surprising connections and sensitive information. Always prioritize the privacy and emotional well-being of living individuals over research objectives. ## Conclusion: DNA Privacy Protection Steps Protecting your DNA data requires a mix of secure account settings and staying informed about policy updates. Since your genetic information is permanent and deeply personal, taking the right precautions is essential. Here are some practical steps to help safeguard your DNA privacy: **Privacy Action****Steps to Take****Why It Matters****Account Security**Use multi-factor authentication and strong, unique passwordsBlocks unauthorized access**Data Management**Keep raw DNA files on a password-protected deviceProtects highly sensitive information**Regular Monitoring**Check privacy policies every few monthsKeeps you informed about changes**Consent Control**Double-check sharing settings after updatesEnsures your preferences are respectedThese steps are essential for keeping your genetic data safe. Keep in mind that privacy policies don’t retroactively affect previously collected data, and companies are required to notify you of changes. One more thing to consider: your genetic data doesn’t just impact you – it can also reveal information about your relatives. That makes your privacy decisions important for your entire family. To stay on top of your DNA privacy, make it a habit to: - Secure your raw DNA data on a protected device - Use a password manager to create strong, unique passwords - Pay attention to updates from DNA testing platforms - Push for stronger laws to safeguard genetic information Your vigilance today can make a big difference in protecting your genetic data for years to come. ## Related Blog Posts - [How to Upload DNA Data from 23andMe, Ancestry and other Testing Companies](/blog/how-to-upload-dna-data-from-23andme-ancestry-and-other-testing-companies) - [DNA Match Analysis: A Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners](/blog/dna-match-analysis-a-step-by-step-guide-for-beginners) - [Building Family Trees with DNA Evidence: Beginner’s Guide](/blog/building-family-trees-with-dna-evidence-beginners-guide) - [Manual DNA Clustering: Step-by-Step Guide](/blog/manual-dna-clustering-step-by-step-guide) **Categories:** Uncategorized --- ### [Genealogy Resources and Money-Saving Tips](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/genealogy-resources-and-money-saving-tips/) **Published:** January 17, 2023 **Author:** GEDmatch Stories **Content:** Genealogy research can be an expensive hobby, as you probably know if you’ve researched your family history recently. From buying actual physical books to paying money to access online databases, your wallet can take quite a hit before you even get started on the actual research itself. If you’re looking for genealogy resources and ways to save money on your research without having to resort to the most expensive option, here are some genealogy resources you should consider: ## [GEDmatch](https://app.gedmatch.com/register.php) Free genealogy resources can be hard to come by, but GEDmatch is one of the best free tools out there. If you’re not familiar with our website, we are essentially an open-source database where you can upload and store your DNA information, and then compare your data with other users. You can use GEDmatch to find distant relatives who may have shared a recent common ancestor with you or to gain insight into the ethnic makeup of your DNA in order to connect with genetic communities around the world. ## Subscribe to Newsletters to Get Discounts As you may know, DNA tests can be quite expensive. However, many companies offer discounts on their tests, especially around holidays. For example, you can often find AncestryDNAs and MyHeritage DNAs autosomal tests for $59 or $69 during sales. Companies such as these typically offer discounts around Thanksgiving and Christmas, as well as on “DNA Day” (April 25th). To make sure you don’t miss out on any deals, it can be helpful to sign up for each testing company’s newsletter and follow their blog. Additionally, many companies offer discounts to those who attend genealogy conferences – so keep an eye out for their booths when you’re at events! ## Watch Free Webinars and Tutorials Many genealogy websites have free content on how to build your family tree or research your family history. Watching free webinars and tutorials on genealogy can be a great way to get advice and tips from experts. There are so many different ways to learn about family history, so it’s important to be as informed as possible before starting any project. Webinars are a great way to hear from professionals who know their stuff. Plus, some companies offer discounts or special deals for those who attend a webinar in person! Even here at GEDmatch, we have an education page where you can learn about genealogy for free! ## Join Genealogy Groups Online If you’re on the hunt for new ancestors to add to your family tree, you’ve probably already heard about the importance of joining genealogy groups online. Genealogy groups can be an amazing source of information and support, but it’s important to choose one that meets all your needs. Genealogy groups online make it easier than ever to connect with other people who share your passion for genealogy, and this can save you lots of money! Not only do these groups help connect you with other people who want to exchange information, but they can also provide great tips on new products to use and ways to save money while doing so. If you’re a GEDmatch user, for example, you can join our massive [GEDmatch community](https://www.facebook.com/groups/gedmatchuser/) on Facebook! ![](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/ged-match-blog-geneaology-money-saving-tips-1024x683.jpg)Photo by [Alexander Grey](https://unsplash.com/@sharonmccutcheon?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText) on [Unsplash](https://unsplash.com/s/photos/money-saving?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText)## Use Free Archives [The United States Census Bureau](https://www.census-online.com/) provides detailed information on all federal census years, including access to original forms and questions. The site also includes links to state censuses, research tools, and calculators to convert the year of birth. [The Library of Congress](https://www.loc.gov/) and [New York Public Library](https://www.nypl.org/) have a directory of all known copyrighted newspapers and historical materials. [Research Guides for Ship Passenger Lists and Immigration Records](http://www.researchguides.net/immigration/index.htm) has links to passenger lists from the 1820s to the 1950s with useful suggestions for finding ports of arrival and immigration records. [WorldGenWeb](http://www.worldgenweb.org/) Project is a volunteer-based project for research resources around the world. [Freedman’s Bureau](https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/initiatives/freedmens-bureau-records) is a federal agency that helped slaves who were set free after the Civil War, you can find names in their records. [Allen County Public Library](http://www.genealogycenter.org/Databases/FreeDatabases.aspx) in Indiana has a collection of African American and Native-American military records and surname databases. [JewishGen ](http://www.genealogycenter.org/Databases/FreeDatabases.aspx)has a good surname-based search facility for Jewish and Eastern European surname searches. [BillionGraves ](https://billiongraves.com/search/)and [Find A Grave ](https://www.findagrave.com/)have gravesite and memorial collections, photos and even GPS locations of graves. [Legacy](http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/local) is a fantastic source of online obituaries and they partner with funeral homes all over the world. [Afrigeneas](http://www.afrigeneas.com/slavedata/) is a great resource for African American genealogy with directions on finding slave data, communities you can join and a guide on African American record search. Genealogy is a fun hobby, but it can cost a lot of money. There are some things you can do to save money on your research, like using online databases or buying books or[ joining GEDmatch for free!](https://app.gedmatch.com/register.php) **Categories:** Uncategorized **Tags:** Education --- ### [Understanding Segment Overlap in Genetic Genealogy](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/understanding-segment-overlap-in-genetic-genealogy/) **Published:** April 16, 2025 **Author:** GEDmatch Stories **Excerpt:** Explore how overlapping DNA segments can reveal ancestral connections and enhance your genealogical research using powerful tools. **Content:** **Shared DNA segments can reveal your ancestors.** When two people share overlapping DNA, it often points to a common ancestor. Tools like [GEDmatch](https://www.gedmatch.com/) make it easier to analyze these overlaps and uncover family connections. ### Key Takeaways: - **What is Segment Overlap?** Overlapping DNA segments are inherited from shared ancestors and help confirm relationships. - **Why It Matters:** Larger segments (7+ cM) are more reliable for identifying relatives. - **How to Analyze:** Use tools like GEDmatch’s One-to-Many and One-to-One comparisons to map matches, verify connections through triangulation, and avoid false positives. - **Be Aware of Pile-Up Regions:** These areas may show many matches but often indicate population-level ancestry, not close relatives. **Tip:** Focus on larger DNA segments and use triangulation to confirm relationships. GEDmatch provides powerful tools to help you compare DNA results and build accurate family trees. ## Basics of Segment Overlap ### What Are DNA Segments and Overlap? DNA segments are portions of genetic material passed down from your ancestors. Imagine your DNA as a long string of genetic code, broken into smaller sections called "segments." In [genetic genealogy](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/how-to-find-your-biological-family-with-dna-testing/), identifying matching segments between people can help uncover family connections. Segment overlap occurs when two individuals share the same DNA sequence in the same spot on a chromosome. This overlap often points to a shared ancestor, making it a key tool for exploring family relationships. ### How It Helps in Family Research Studying overlapping DNA segments can provide solid evidence of genetic ties. By identifying these overlaps in databases like GEDmatch, you can: - Confirm documented family relationships by linking them to genetic evidence. - Find previously unknown relatives through shared DNA. - Create more accurate family trees by verifying and expanding existing connections. ## How DNA Segments Overlap ### DNA Inheritance Patterns DNA inheritance happens as genetic material is passed down from parents to children. You inherit about 50% of your DNA from each parent. Through a process called recombination, parental DNA is shuffled into a unique mosaic, creating a one-of-a-kind genetic profile. During recombination, chromosomes from each parent can swap segments before being passed on. When segments overlap between two individuals, it means they inherited the same DNA piece from a shared ancestor, even if it came through different family branches. These inheritance patterns interact with other factors that influence how segments overlap. ### Factors That Influence Segment Overlap Several elements affect how DNA segments overlap between relatives: - **Generational Distance** Parent-child pairs share large, continuous DNA segments. As you go further out in the family tree, these segments become smaller and more scattered. For example: - Parent-child pairs share large, unbroken segments. - First cousins share fewer, but still noticeable, segments. - Distant relatives share smaller, more fragmented segments. - **Random Inheritance** The DNA you inherit is partly a matter of chance. While you get roughly 50% of your DNA from each parent, the specific segments you inherit are random. This explains why siblings can have different DNA profiles. - **Population History** Historical patterns, like migration and marriage within specific groups, can make certain DNA segments more common in particular populations. These shared segments might appear among people with similar ancestral origins, even if they aren’t closely related. These factors help explain why overlapping DNA segments appear in genealogical research. Tools like GEDmatch allow researchers to analyze these overlaps, confirm relationships, and trace shared ancestors. ## Analyzing DNA Segment Overlap ### Using DNA Visualization Tools Visualization tools help map [genetic matches](https://www.gedmatch.com/applications/) along chromosomes, offering a clear way to identify shared DNA segments. On GEDmatch, the [**One-to-Many Comparison**](https://www.gedmatch.com/applications/one-to-many/) tool highlights potential matches, while the **One-to-One Comparison** tool narrows these down, showing detailed matching patterns and relationships. These tools provide an essential starting point for verifying genetic links. ### Confirming Matches Through Triangulation Triangulation involves checking whether three or more individuals share the same DNA segment. This can be done using GEDmatch’s tools and cross-referencing the results with family trees to confirm shared ancestry. ### Measuring Segment Overlap To determine the relevance of overlapping segments, consider factors like segment size, chromosomal location, and the total amount of shared DNA. The [**One-to-One Autosomal DNA Comparison**](https://www.gedmatch.com/applications/one-to-one-autosomal-dna-comparison/) tool is particularly useful for analyzing these details, helping you zero in on matches that are worth deeper genealogical investigation. ###### sbb-itb-65d4ad3 ## Common Segment Overlap Questions ### Do Overlapping Segments Indicate a Connection? Overlapping DNA segments hint at a genetic connection, but their importance depends on factors like where they occur, their size, and how they appear across chromosomes. Here’s what matters most when evaluating overlaps: - **Location**: The specific chromosomal position of the shared segment. - **Size**: Larger segments (generally over 7 centimorgans) carry more weight. - **Pattern**: Segments overlapping across multiple chromosomes can suggest stronger links. The size of these overlaps often plays a big role in determining the strength of the genetic relationship. ### How Big Should Overlapping Segments Be? The size of the DNA segments is crucial for assessing their relevance in genealogical research. The table below breaks down segment sizes and their reliability for identifying relationships: Segment Size (cM)Reliability LevelRelationship Indication1–5 cMLowCould be coincidental5–7 cMModeratePossible distant relation7–15 cMHighLikely a genuine connection15+ cMVery HighStrong evidence of a relationshipFor more accurate results, focus on segments larger than 7 centimorgans. This reduces the chance of false positives and helps pinpoint meaningful genetic ties. Additionally, understanding the density of matches in specific regions can provide more context. ### What Are Pile-Up Regions? Certain parts of chromosomes, known as pile-up regions, often show a high number of overlapping segments. However, these areas don’t always point to a recent shared ancestor. Instead, they may reflect broader population-level ancestry. Key points about pile-up regions: - They occur frequently in specific chromosomal areas. - They show an unusually high number of matches. - They often indicate shared ancestry within a population rather than close familial ties. When using tools like GEDmatch, it’s important to account for these regions. [GEDmatch comparison tools](https://www.gedmatch.com/education/23andme/) can display match patterns across multiple individuals, helping refine your analysis of genetic connections. ## [GEDmatch](https://www.gedmatch.com/) Segment Analysis Tools ![GEDmatch](https://assets.seobotai.com/gedmatch.com/67e9e280283d21cbd67b8b67/821c8da2daabb225e4659bb231b7f34c.jpg) ### GEDmatch DNA Comparison Tools GEDmatch offers tools designed to analyze DNA segment overlap and confirm genetic connections. Two key tools include: - **One-to-Many DNA Comparison**: This tool scans GEDmatch’s extensive database to find potential genetic matches. It provides details like match strength, total shared DNA, segment sizes, and estimated relationships. - **One-to-One Autosomal DNA Comparison**: Once you’ve identified potential matches, this tool allows for a closer look. It shows where overlaps occur, measures segment sizes in centimorgans, compares multiple matches at once, and identifies triangulation patterns. These tools go beyond basic comparisons, offering advanced features for deeper segment analysis. ### GEDmatch DNA Research Features GEDmatch also includes specialized tools for more in-depth research: FeaturePurposeHow It Helps**Segment Search**Finds specific DNA segments across matchesTracks inheritance patterns**Triangulation**Identify common ancestors by analyzing shared DNA segments among three or more peopleCan help break through "brick walls" in genealogical research[**Clustering Kits**](https://www.gedmatch.com/education/clustering-kits/)Organizes matches into genetic groupsAutomates relationship clusteringGEDmatch works with results from major DNA testing companies, allowing users to upload their data and access over 45 specialized analysis tools. These features let users compare results across companies, find shared ancestors through segment matching, verify relationships with triangulation, and analyze inheritance patterns over time. For best results, start with the One-to-Many tool to identify matches, then move to the One-to-One tool for a closer look at segment details. This step-by-step approach helps confirm relationships and create more accurate family trees. ## How to Triangulate DNA Matches | GEDmatch TUTORIAL … ## Summary This section emphasizes important practices for analyzing DNA segment overlaps to uncover genetic connections. By examining overlapping DNA segments, researchers can uncover genetic relationships. GEDmatch provides tools that allow users to: - Compare DNA results from different testing companies to broaden their match pool. - Study segment sizes and locations to confirm potential relationships. - Use triangulation to identify shared ancestors. - Track inheritance patterns through multiple generations. > "GEDmatch offers a free DNA site built for genetic genealogy research. With a global database of autosomal DNA data and unmatched utility, we make this data accessible and effective." ### Tips for Effective Segment Overlap Analysis 1. Begin with broad comparisons using the One-to-Many tool. 2. Dive deeper into specific segments with the One-to-One comparison tool. 3. Use triangulation features to verify relationships. 4. Keep detailed records of segment patterns to support your findings. Pairing segment overlap analysis with traditional genealogy methods can greatly improve the accuracy of your research. While overlapping segments can indicate genetic ties, their size, location, and patterns provide critical insights into family relationships. GEDmatch offers specialized tools like Segment Search, Q-Matching, and Clustering Kits to help researchers organize and validate these connections. These tools simplify the process of building family trees and understanding complex genetic links across generations. ## Related Blog Posts - [DNA Privacy Settings: Essential Checklist for Genealogists](/blog/dna-privacy-settings-essential-checklist-for-genealogists) - [Common Questions About Genetic Match Accuracy Answered](/blog/common-questions-about-genetic-match-accuracy-answered) - [What Are DNA AutoClusters?](/blog/what-are-dna-autoclusters) - [Steps to Verify DNA Matches Across Databases](/blog/steps-to-verify-dna-matches-across-databases) **Categories:** Uncategorized --- ### [GEDmatch at RootsTech 2025 - Discover Your Roots](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/gedmatch-at-rootstech-2025-discover-your-roots/) **Published:** February 20, 2025 **Author:** GEDmatch Stories **Content:** **GEDmatch Joins RootsTech 2025 as a Proud Bronze Sponsor** Curious about your roots? Excited to connect with others who share your passion for genealogy? GEDmatch is thrilled to announce our participation as a Bronze sponsor at RootsTech 2025, the world’s premier family history and technology convention, happening March 6-8, 2025. Whether you’re a devoted genealogist or someone exploring their family tree for the first time, this event is an unmissable opportunity to learn, connect, and grow. Here’s why GEDmatch at RootsTech is something you don’t want to miss. **What is GEDmatch and How Does It Work?** GEDmatch is your partner in discovery, making genetic genealogy accessible and incredibly effective. Our platform allows users to upload DNA test results from services like AncestryDNA or 23andMe, compare their data across a database of over 2 million profiles worldwide, and uncover exciting connections with relatives they didn’t even know existed. Here’s how you can get started with GEDmatch: 1. Upload your DNA test results—it’s fast and easy. 2. Use our free tools like One-to-Many DNA Comparison or Admixture Analysis to explore connections and biogeographical ancestry. 3. Enjoy advanced analytics with our premium tools, such as Segment Search and AutoClusters, for detailed genealogical research. Every day, GEDmatch bridges the gap between technology and personal history for our users. **GEDmatch at RootsTech 2025** RootsTech isn’t just a genealogy event. It’s THE genealogy event. With RootsTech 2025, expect cutting-edge insights into technology’s intersection with family history, engaging workshops, and access to brilliant minds in genetics and genealogy. For GEDmatch, this sponsorship is a chance to connect with our community and share the strides we’ve made in genetic genealogy. At RootsTech, you’ll find the GEDmatch booth buzzing with excitement as you: - Meet our team and discuss your DNA research goals. - Test-drive features such as our MultiKit Analysis or AutoKinship tools right at the booth. - Attend a session hosted by our product manager, where we’ll discuss the latest GEDmatch tools and features. Learn more and register to attend right here: **Advancing Genealogy Through Sponsorship** GEDmatch exists to make discovering your roots easier, faster, and more insightful. Our sponsorship at RootsTech 2025 complements our mission perfectly. By participating in the event, we aim to: - Highlight the role of technology and data in advancing genealogical research. - Showcase our tools, which empower users to *find family fast* while preserving privacy and data security. - Inspire conversations about how genetic genealogy can continue to make a difference, from personal discoveries to even helping solve mysteries like long-lost parentage or missing family lines. **A User’s Testimony** Wondering why our users love GEDmatch? Here’s what a passionate GEDmatch enthusiast had to say: *“Without a doubt, GEDmatch is the best for helping locate and PROVE genetic familial matches. Through their excellent DNA matching, I’ve solved family mysteries and even helped others determine and locate their bio fathers. I HIGHLY recommend using them!”* It’s stories like these that underscore our mission and drive us to keep innovating for the genealogy community. **Your Next Steps in Genetic Genealogy** GEDmatch’s vision for the future goes beyond data and tools—we’re committed to making genealogy a vibrant, connected community. RootsTech 2025 is your chance to join a global network of genealogy enthusiasts, uncover cutting-edge insights, and take your family history research to new heights. **Why Join Us at RootsTech?** When you attend RootsTech with GEDmatch, you’ll gain access to: - **Expert Tips** on maximizing GEDmatch’s free and premium tools. - **Workshops and Resources** tailored to everyone from beginners to pro genealogists. - **Community Connections** with others who share your passion for genealogy and DNA testing—who knows, your next conversation might even reveal a new relative! Not attending in person? No problem! You can attend RootsTech virtually! **Start Your Journey with GEDmatch Today** The path to uncovering your past begins with a single step. Start your genetic genealogy adventure by signing up for a free GEDmatch account today. Upload your results and begin exploring a world of discovery through our expert tools and resources. And if you’re joining us at RootsTech 2025, get ready for an unforgettable experience. Together, we’ll continue to revolutionize the world of genetic genealogy—one connection at a time. [Sign Up for GEDmatch Now](https://www.gedmatch.com) We can’t wait to see what discoveries await you at RootsTech 2025. **Categories:** Uncategorized --- ### [How to Upload DNA Data from 23andMe, Ancestry and other Testing Companies](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/how-to-upload-dna-data-from-23andme-ancestry-and-other-testing-companies/) **Published:** February 13, 2025 **Author:** GEDmatch Stories **Excerpt:** Learn how to upload your DNA data from 23andme, Ancestry and other testing companies to enhance your genetic research and find more matches. **Content:** Uploading your DNA data to multiple platforms like [GEDmatch](https://www.gedmatch.com/), [FamilyTreeDNA](https://www.familytreedna.com/?srsltid=AfmBOorVfVCvaLF3GZ1EopBJn7sFCrJKc6e6qvbRYMcaVW5n30Ai-O9O), and [MyHeritage](https://www.myheritage.com/dna) helps you find more [genetic matches](https://www.gedmatch.com/applications/) and use advanced genealogy tools. Each DNA testing company has unique strengths – [AncestryDNA](https://www.ancestry.com/dna/) excels in North American research, [MyHeritage](https://www.myheritage.com/dna) focuses on European connections, and [23andMe](https://www.23andme.com/) provides detailed ethnicity comparisons. Follow these steps to get started: 1. **Download your raw DNA files**: - [AncestryDNA](https://support.ancestry.com/s/article/Downloading-DNA-Data?language=en_US): Go to *DNA > Settings > Download Raw Data*. - [23andMe](https://customercare.23andme.com/hc/en-us/articles/212196868-Accessing-Your-Raw-Genetic-Data): Navigate to *Browse Raw Data > Download Raw Data*. - [MyHeritage](https://www.myheritage.com/help-center?a=How-do-I-download-my-raw-DNA-data-file-from-MyHeritage---id--TcyMs9SCRpe9xXSv1UGPHg): Select *Manage DNA kits > Download Raw Data*. 2. **Prepare your files**: - Ensure the file format is .txt or .csv and includes RSID, chromosome, position, and genotype data. 3. **Upload to platforms**: - **GEDmatch**: Free and paid tools for cross-platform analysis. - **FamilyTreeDNA**: Free matching, $19 for advanced tools. - **MyHeritage**: Free matching, $29 for detailed reports. ### Quick Comparison PlatformStrengthFree FeaturesPaid FeaturesCostGEDmatchCross-platform analysisBasic matching, admixtureAdvanced tools$10/monthFamilyTreeDNALegacy data matchingBasic matchingChromosome browser$19 one-timeMyHeritageInternational matchesMatching, AutoClustersChromosome browser$29 one-time**Tip**: Always review privacy settings and get family consent before sharing DNA data. Cross-platform uploads can boost match potential by up to 82%. ## Upload your DNA to GedMatch, FamilyTreeDNA, & MyHeritage ## Getting Your DNA Files Ready To [upload your DNA](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/finding-your-adopted-family-gedmatch-blog/) data to other platforms, you first need to download and prepare your raw DNA files. ### How to Download Your DNA Files Here’s how you can download your DNA data from major providers: - **AncestryDNA**: Log in, go to *DNA > Your DNA Results Summary > Settings*, and select "Download Raw Data." - **23andMe**: Log in, navigate to *Browse Raw Data* under your profile, and choose "Download Raw Data." - **MyHeritage**: Log in, select *DNA > Manage DNA kits > three dots menu*, and click "Download Raw Data." Once you request the download, you’ll likely need to confirm with your account password. Check your email for the download link – it usually expires within 30–60 minutes, so download promptly. ### Confirming File Format and Contents Before uploading your file, make sure it meets the following criteria: - **Accepted Formats**: Most platforms accept .txt or .csv files, typically between 10–30MB in size. - **File Check**: Open the file in a text editor and look for these key components: - *RSID* (reference SNP cluster ID) - Chromosome information - Position data - Genotype details It’s important to verify these details to ensure the file is complete and ready for upload. Once your files are downloaded and checked, you’re all set to use the cross-platform tools covered in the next section. ## DNA Upload Guide for Major Platforms Now that your DNA files are ready, here’s how to upload them to three popular platforms: GEDmatch, FamilyTreeDNA, and MyHeritage. Each one provides specific tools to help with your [genetic genealogy](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/how-to-find-your-biological-family-with-dna-testing/) research. ### GEDmatch Upload Process GEDmatch is great for comparing data across companies. Here’s how to upload your DNA: 1. Go to [**app.gedmatch.com**](https://app.gedmatch.com) and create a free account. 2. In the navigation, click on **Upload DNA**. 3. Fill in the test-taker’s details, select the original testing company, and set your privacy preferences. 4. Upload your DNA file. Uploads are processed within 24–48 hours. GEDmatch offers both free and paid tools: **Feature Type****Included Tools****Cost**Free ToolsOne-to-many matching, one-to-one comparison, basic admixture analysis, archaic DNA matching$0Premium ToolsMatching segment search, triangulation, AutoKinship, Autocluster, AutoSegment, Lazarus tool, multiple kit analysis; 45+ tools$10/month### FamilyTreeDNA Transfer Steps If you want to expand your matches while keeping legacy data intact, FamilyTreeDNA is a solid choice: 1. Go to **familytreedna.com/autosomal-transfer**. 2. Create an account. 3. Select your original testing company and upload your file. 4. Agree to the terms of service. Processing takes about 24–48 hours. Basic matching is free, but advanced features like the chromosome browser and advanced matching tools require a one-time payment of $19. ### MyHeritage Data Transfer For connecting internationally, MyHeritage is a great option: 1. Visit **myheritage.com/dna/upload**. 2. Set up an account. 3. Click **Upload DNA Data**, choose your testing company, and upload your file. 4. Accept the terms and conditions. MyHeritage provides free matching and their AutoClusters tool. For a one-time fee of $29, you can access the chromosome browser and detailed ethnicity reports. ###### sbb-itb-65d4ad3 ## DNA Data Privacy and Ethics Before diving into your expanded matches, it’s essential to understand the privacy policies of DNA testing platforms and the importance of obtaining family consent. As home DNA testing becomes more popular, safeguarding your genetic information is more important than ever. ### Platform Privacy Rules Every DNA testing platform has its own approach to handling genetic data. Here’s a quick overview of the policies for some major platforms: PlatformData Sharing PolicyLaw Enforcement AccessResearch Participation23andMe & AncestryDNARequires a court order for data releaseNever shared voluntarilySeparate opt-in requiredFamilyTreeDNAAllows law enforcement matchingUsers can opt outOptional participationGEDmatchUpdated policies after 2018 forensic useExplicit opt-in requiredNoneMyHeritageLimited sharingRequires valid legal processOptional participation**Before uploading your DNA data:** - **Review platform policies:** These terms can change, so stay up-to-date. - **Enable security features:** Strong passwords and two-factor authentication are essential. - **Adjust sharing settings:** Only share data with third parties if you’re comfortable doing so. Interestingly, only 74% of DNA testing companies clearly explain their data-sharing practices. ### Family DNA Sharing Guidelines Sharing genetic data from family members requires thoughtful consideration of both privacy and consent. **Guidelines for Managing Family DNA:** - Always get explicit consent and discuss potential outcomes before uploading a relative’s DNA. - Wait until minors are old enough to provide informed consent themselves. **Best Practices for Shared Data:** - **Document permissions:** Keep a clear record of who has consented. - **Stay transparent:** Notify family members about policy updates. - **Respect privacy:** Remove data if requested by a family member. ## Problem-Solving and Results ### Fixing Upload Problems Transferring DNA data between platforms can sometimes be tricky. Knowing the common issues and how to address them can save you time and frustration. **File Format Issues** One of the most common problems is mismatched file formats. For instance, a 23andMe file won’t work on platforms designed for AncestryDNA formats. The fix? Use third-party tools to convert the file into the required format. **Size and Corruption Issues** If you see a "File size too large" error, try using compression software to shrink the file size. For corrupted files, download a fresh copy of your raw data directly from the original testing company. Error TypeCauseFixFormat IncompatibilityDifferent platform standardsUse DNA file conversion tools File Size LimitUncompressed raw dataCompress the fileIncomplete UploadUnstable internet connectionRe-download and retry with a stable connection### DNA Analysis Tips Once your DNA data uploads successfully, you can maximize its use by applying smart analysis techniques. **Advanced Analysis Strategies** - Use chromosome browsers to visualize shared DNA segments and identify family groupings. - Compare ethnicity estimates across different platforms to get a broader perspective. **Platform-Specific Tools** [DNA Painter](https://dnapainter.com/) is a great resource for mapping chromosomes using data from various sources. It also leverages the Shared cM Project to improve relationship predictions. For the best insights: - Use tools that [analyze triangulated matches](https://www.gedmatch.com/education/how-to-triangulate-your-matches/). - Cross-check results across multiple platforms for a more complete picture. ## Steps for Successful DNA Uploads Preparing well is key to seamless DNA uploads across platforms. Make sure your file formats meet the specific requirements of your chosen platform before proceeding with the upload process. Following detailed guides for GEDmatch, FamilyTreeDNA, and MyHeritage can help ensure everything goes smoothly. ### Preparing Your Files Start by organizing your DNA files. Create a folder specifically for these files, with subfolders for each testing company. This setup keeps things tidy and minimizes mistakes. Before uploading, double-check that your raw DNA file matches the format required by the platform you’re using. ### Choosing the Right Platform Pick platforms that align with your research goals. Here are a few factors to consider: - **Database size and regional focus**: Larger databases may offer more match opportunities. - **Analysis tools**: Evaluate what tools each platform provides for your needs. - **Cost vs. features**: Balance your budget with the features you’ll actually use. ### Staying Secure Keep track of your upload dates and settings in a secure document. Regularly review and adjust privacy settings on all platforms. Be cautious when agreeing to research participation or DNA matching options. Uploading to multiple platforms boosts your chances of finding genetic matches as new users join each month. Over time, cross-platform analysis can uncover even more connections, expanding your research possibilities. ## FAQs Here are answers to some common questions about cross-platform DNA uploads: ### Can you transfer [AncestryDNA](https://www.ancestry.com/dna/) to [23andMe](https://www.23andme.com/)? ![AncestryDNA](https://assets.seobotai.com/gedmatch.com/67ad5e9d971060b04c7443de/fa4e38cec527728fe44d7d65016e1823.jpg) No, you can’t directly transfer data between AncestryDNA and 23andMe. To use 23andMe’s matching features, you’ll need to purchase their test. This limitation stems from technical differences between the two companies and the single-platform restrictions mentioned earlier. ### What platforms accept DNA data transfers? Third-party platforms like **GEDmatch**, **FamilyTreeDNA**, and **MyHeritage** allow uploads from major testing services. ### How long does DNA data processing take? Processing times differ depending on the platform: PlatformProcessing TimeGEDmatch24-48 hoursMyHeritage24-48 hoursFamilyTreeDNA24-72 hours### What if my upload fails? Check that your file meets the platform’s requirements. If the problem continues, reach out to the platform’s support team. ### Is my DNA data secure across multiple platforms? Security measures vary by platform. Look for platforms with clear policies on data control and encryption, as highlighted in the Privacy section. ## Related Blog Posts - [DNA Match Analysis: A Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners](/blog/dna-match-analysis-a-step-by-step-guide-for-beginners) - [Building Family Trees with DNA Evidence: Beginner’s Guide](/blog/building-family-trees-with-dna-evidence-beginners-guide) - [Understanding Segment Overlap in Genetic Genealogy](/blog/understanding-segment-overlap-in-genetic-genealogy) - [Steps to Verify DNA Matches Across Databases](/blog/steps-to-verify-dna-matches-across-databases) **Categories:** Uncategorized --- ### [A Historical Overview of European Immigration to the United States](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/a-historical-overview-of-european-immigration-to-the-united-states/) **Published:** January 23, 2023 **Author:** GEDmatch Stories **Content:** The history of European immigration to the United States is long and diverse, with people from all corners of the continent coming to the New World in search of a better life. From the early days of colonisation to the present, European immigrants have had a significant impact on the growth and development of the United States. In this blog post, we will take a look at the history of European immigration to the United States, from its earliest beginnings to its present day. ## Early European Immigration to The United States Settlers from England started coming to the United States back in the colonial era, motivated by employment and land ownership. Most of the immigrants were from **England, Ireland and Germany** but among the many, there were Europeans from **Italy, Poland, Scandinavia and Russia**. The first Europeans to establish a permanent colony in the territory that would embrace the arrived in the region of present-day Virginia in 1607. In honour of their king, James I of England, the early settlers began building their colony 30 miles inland from the mouth of the river – **Jamestown, Virginia.** When they first arrived, things were very tough for the new colonists. They had hoped to find gold and silver, as Spanish colonists had in Central and South America, as well as large groups of native people who they could easily conquer. However, what they found instead was neither valuable minerals nor an easy route to Asia. Additionally, while the native inhabitants were willing to trade with them, they resisted any attempts at subjugation. Since 1620, English travelers have been colonizing America in order to create settlements that resemble England as much as possible in terms of demographics and economic activity. The first settlers in the New England colonies were the Pilgrims, arriving at **Plymouth in 1620 on** the coast of present-day Massachusetts southeast of Boston. By the 1640s, more than 20,000 people had migrated to **Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire.** Colonists were not attracted to Virginia because of its harsh regimes and often lacked the skills and knowledge that would have been necessary to help them thrive. Not only did they find little value in Virginia, but they also struggled to even feed themselves—resulting in high numbers of death due to disease, unsanitary conditions, and malnutrition. In contrast, during this same time period, potential colonists were much more attracted to locations such as the West Indies and Bermuda. The Dutch men that arrived in 1619 with a group of captive Africans foreshadowed the ultimate answer to the labor problem in Virginia. By the end of the century, African slave labor would become the colony’s economic and social foundation. The last of England’s North American colonies was founded in the 1730s under the guidance of James Oglethorpe. A former army officer, Oglethorpe had devoted himself to helping London’s poor and debt-ridden after leaving the military. His choice of **Georgia** as a settlement site, named after the new King, was motivated by the desire to create a defensive buffer for South Carolina against potential enemies such as the **Spanish (Florida), French (Louisiana/Mississippi River)**, and their Indian allies throughout the region. ## The Journey to Ellis Island For European Immigrants ![](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/ellis-island-european-immigration-to-usa-gedmatch-blog-1024x588.jpg)The period between **1880 and 1920** is often referred to as the era of mass immigration, as millions of people left Europe for America in search of a better life. During this period, **Ellis Island** became the premier gateway for immigrants entering the United States, it processed approximately 500,000 people a year. By 1907, that had increased to 1.25 million. The vast majority of those processed were from Europe, with **Germany, Italy, and the Russian Empire** accounting for the largest numbers. The journey to Ellis Island often began with a gruelling ocean voyage lasting anywhere from one to three weeks. Many of the immigrants traveled in steerage, cramped quarters in the lower levels of ships that were often overcrowded and lacked basic amenities. It was during this time that many immigrants faced illnesses, including **cholera, typhus, smallpox, and tuberculosis**, and some even died en route. Arriving at Ellis Island was a daunting experience for many of the European immigrants – the process typically lasted about three to five hours. During this time, immigrants had to answer a series of questions about their backgrounds and intentions in the US. This process was intended to identify those who were medically or mentally fit to enter the country. Once the inspection process was complete, immigrants received a card indicating they had passed their inspections and were cleared for admission into the US. This card symbolized the hope of a new life and a fresh start in the land of opportunity. The peak period of Ellis Island’s immigration operation ended in 1914 with the outbreak of **World War I.** From this point onward, immigration numbers began to decline as economic conditions worsened in Europe and the United States entered into a period of isolationism. Nevertheless, Ellis Island remained an important symbol of America’s immigrant heritage and its importance to US history cannot be overstated. ## The Great Depression And its Impact on European Immigration The Great Depression of 1929 had an immense impact on the United States, particularly on the millions of European immigrants living in the country. This period of economic hardship caused a drastic decrease in the number of European immigrants entering the United States as many could no longer afford the cost of passage. As a result, **from 1929 to 1932, the number of European immigrants arriving in the US dropped by 90 percent.** For those immigrants who had already arrived in the US, the Depression created a range of challenges. The high levels of unemployment meant that jobs were difficult to find, leaving many Europeans struggling to make ends meet. This was further compounded by the fact that immigrants were often the first to be laid off when layoffs occurred, due to their lack of English skills and the perceived threat they posed to the employment opportunities of native-born Americans. During this period, many states implemented stricter immigration policies in an effort to reduce labor competition and protect domestic jobs. The[ **Immigration Act of 1924**](https://history.state.gov/milestones/1921-1936/immigration-act#:~:text=The%20Immigration%20Act%20of%201924%20limited%20the%20number%20of%20immigrants,of%20the%201890%20national%20census.) limited how many people from each country could come to America. They were based on a census from 1890 that showed what percentage of people in America were from each country. In addition, some states imposed special taxes or educational requirements on those applying for citizenship or residence in order to discourage immigration. The Great Depression had a profound impact on European immigration to the United States, drastically reducing the number of new arrivals and creating a hostile environment for those already living in the country. Although some European immigration did occur throughout this period, it was significantly reduced until the economy began to recover in the mid-1930s. ## European Immigration to the United States After World War II World War II left much of Europe in ruins. Families were torn apart, homes destroyed, and resources severely depleted. As a result, millions of Europeans fled their homes in search of a better life. Many saw the United States as the ultimate destination for opportunity and prosperity, making it the main destination for European immigrants after the war. Other reasons for Europeans seeking refuge in the US included political and religious persecution. For example, many Jews escaping Nazi Germany sought to build new lives in America. Even after the war ended, countries across Europe were still struggling with oppressive governments, prompting many to seek asylum in the United States. To help with this humanitarian crisis, the United States developed a policy of immigration that allowed Europeans to come to the United States. The first step in immigrating was obtaining a visa and often times that required sponsorship from an American citizen or organization. Once they had a visa, they had to pass an inspection by the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) at an American port of entry. Then they were admitted as legal immigrants and became eligible for green cards. US immigration policies were more lenient during this period, allowing even more people to come and seek a better life. After being accepted as legal immigrants, many Europeans had to face further hardships such as adjusting to a new culture, learning a new language, and finding employment. Despite the difficulties, many immigrants had a strong desire to make a new life in the United States and persevered. European immigrants helped build America’s post-war economy, bringing their unique skills and experiences to the US workforce. They also enriched American culture, contributing to arts and music in ways that would not have been possible without their presence. The experience of being a European immigrant in the United States in the post-World War II era was a mixed one. On one hand, there were many opportunities that did not exist in Europe, including better wages and greater social and economic freedom. On the other hand, many immigrants faced discrimination, both on an institutional level and from other citizens. This was especially true for those who were considered “undesirable” by some native-born Americans. The influx of European immigrants to the United States following World War II had an immense impact on the country. One of the most significant impacts was the revitalization of urban areas and the development of suburbs. The large number of immigrants coming to the United States resulted in a housing shortage, which prompted the development of new housing developments and the expansion of existing ones. This, in turn, led to economic growth in many areas as businesses set up shops to meet the needs of these new immigrants. ## Modern European Immigration to the United States ![](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/modern-european-immigration-to-united-states-gedmatch-blog-1024x683.jpg)In the 21st century, the United States is becoming a modern melting pot, as immigrants from all over the world continue to arrive in search of the American Dream. One group of newcomers that has made a significant impact on the country is contemporary European immigrants. The push factors driving European immigration to the United States can be traced back to a combination of economic, political and social pressures that are unique to each country. For instance, in the wake of the 2008 financial crisis, many southern European countries such as **Spain, Italy and Greece** have seen a surge in unemployment and a decrease in the standard of living that has led to an increase in emigration. Furthermore, **the political instability and war in Ukraine** and other parts of Eastern Europe have forced many people to seek safety and security outside their home countries. When did your ancestors immigrate to the United States of America? Do you want to learn more about your ancestors’ journey to the United States? GEDmatch can help you discover information about your family history and find relatives who came to America during different European immigration waves. [Join for free!](https://app.gedmatch.com/register.php) **Categories:** Uncategorized **Tags:** Education --- ### [Tracing Your Ancestors' Lives: A Guide to Social History for Family Historians Summary](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/tracing-your-ancestors-lives-a-guide-to-social-history-for-family-historians-summary/) **Published:** January 23, 2023 **Author:** GEDmatch Stories **Content:** [Tracing Your Ancestors’ Lives ](https://www.amazon.com/Tracing-Your-Ancestors-Lives-Historians/dp/147387971X)is a book that provides research advice and resources to help family historians go beyond the names, dates and places of their pedigree to learn about their ancestors’ lives, families, and societies. It covers topics such as family and society, domestic life, birth, life, death, work, wages and economy, community, religion, and government. The book encourages family historians to immerse themselves in their ancestors’ time and place for a deeper understanding. Here is our summary: In the early days of census taking, enumerators would walk the streets of their assigned area, calling each household to record details about the residents. This was before census data was gathered electronically. Between 1801 and 1851, the population density of England increased significantly. In 1801, there was an average of one person for every 153 yards. However, by 1851, that number had decreased to one person for every 108 yards. In other words, someone visiting 100 houses in 1801 would have to travel 20.6 miles, but in 1851, the same person would need to travel only 14.3 miles. The data collected in these early censuses provides valuable insight into the lives of our ancestors and their neighbors. ## Immigration in Britain Britain has a long and varied history of immigration, with different groups settling in different periods. Some of the earliest known immigrants were Celts and Picts, who settled before written history. Later, Romans invaded in 55 BC, followed by Angles, Saxons and Jutes in increasing numbers after Roman withdrawal around the 5th century. Vikings also came later, with the earliest recorded Viking invasion in the late 8th century. Finally, in 1066 Duke of Normandy William Conqueror invaded Britain. He is perhaps most remembered for his great survey of England in 1086, which resulted in the Doomsday Book. In 1670, a group of French Protestants known as Huguenots arrived in Britain to escape religious persecution. It is estimated that between 40,000 and 50,000 people settled primarily around London. Many Huguenots became involved in textile manufacturing, and large silk workshops were established in Spitalfields. At about this same time, several other groups of immigrants came to Britain. Italian exiles arrived in the early nineteenth century after Napoleon’s Wars destroyed Northern Italy’s agriculture. Indians began arriving aboard vessels of the East India Company; some would stay behind when their ship left, becoming servants to the British gentry. In the early 1800s, many African Americans were brought to England against their will as slaves. However, some of them were able to escape and find work as servants or nursemaids for wealthy families. Others came to England with their slave owners when the children were sent back to England for their education. By 1770, there were about 14,000 black people living in England. In 1772, a legal case called Somerset v Stewart was heard, and it was ruled that slavery was not supported by Common Law. This effectively emancipated the black population of England, although slavery would not be abolished throughout the Empire until 1833. A new wave of immigrants arrived in England in 1830, fleeing poverty and famine in Ireland. These Irish immigrants were not welcomed by many English people, as they were willing to work for very low wages, taking jobs away from English workers. To make matters worse, many of these Irish workers would send their earnings back to Ireland to support their families, leaving them without any savings by wintertime. This often resulted in them having to rely on parish relief, which was expensive and typically involved returning to Ireland. ![](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/ged-match-blog-tracing-your-ancestors-guide-1024x683.jpg)Photo by [Roman Kraft](https://unsplash.com/@iamromankraft?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText) on [Unsplash](https://unsplash.com/s/photos/history?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText)## Environment, Land And Property For many of our ancestors, owning land was nothing more than a dream. They longed for a piece of the earth to call home, land that could be passed down to future generations. This longing may have been what drove many of them to emigrate to one of the British colonies where they could realize their dream. After the Norman Conquest of 1066, William the Conqueror granted estates to lords who, in turn, forced their tenants to farm the land for a place to live – a scheme known as feudalism. In the aftermath of the Black Death in the 14th century, England’s feudal system began to unravel. The landowners who survived the plague were desperate for labor, and tenants who had also survived started petitioning for freedom from their lords. They wanted to pay rent in money instead of being forced to work on the land. The last vestiges of feudalism were wiped out by the Tenures Abolition Act passed in 1660, following the end of the Civil War. By 1680, as much as a third of the land was owned by small proprietors who mostly farmed their own land. The Victorian era saw a number of changes that made it easier for people to buy and sell property. Several Acts of Parliament, including the Real Property Act of 1845 and the Conveyancing Acts of 1881 and 1882, were passed which made the process simpler. At the same time, succession duty was imposed on freehold estates valued at over £100 in 1853. This inheritance tax became a burden on many families, forcing some to sell their properties in order to pay it. Larger properties were often split into smaller ones, making it possible for the middle classes to afford to purchase them. They would then lease the property to those less fortunate, providing them with an income from the rent. ## Birth, Life and Death In the past, giving birth was incredibly dangerous. Maternal death rates were as high as 5%, even well into the 20th century. It wasn’t until the 1930s that the use of antibiotics finally started to reduce the number of maternal deaths from things like puerperal pyrexia, haemorrhage, convulsions and illegal abortions. Infant mortality rates were also very high, with as many as 170 deaths per 1,000 live births recorded in England before 1900. For our ancestors, the chance of a healthy life was complicated by many factors. Some had poor diets, while others were affected by their environment. Overall, they had less knowledge of what was good for them and what was not. The dangers of substance abuse were not yet known, and the benefits of nutritious food, clean water and clean air were not given the same consideration as they are today. It is impossible to know how many more of our ancestors’ children were stillborn. Registration of stillbirths was not a requirement in England and Wales until 1926 or in Scotland until 1938. There may be clues in the form of gaps between living children, but more likely there will be no evidence left to mark the sad event. In many cases, it was the mother who died during childbirth, leaving the baby to survive. This was often due to puerperal pyrexia (childbed fever) or another maternal complication. These cases are easier to identify because we often find a record of the child’s birth followed by the mother’s death a few days later. The first lying-in hospital was opened in London in 1767, but it was not until the early 1800s that childbirth began to be seen as a problem that needed to be fixed. Doctors started to intrude on the process, pushing aside families and midwives. However, this intrusion ironically led to a higher incidence of maternal death from childbed fever. This is because the idea of clean hands and sterilized medical instruments did not gain traction until well into the second half of the nineteenth century, thanks to the research of Joseph Lister. ![](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/ged-match-blog-tracing-your-ancestors-1024x680.jpg) Photo by [Mr Cup / Fabien Barral](https://unsplash.com/@iammrcup?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText) on [Unsplash](https://unsplash.com/s/photos/history?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText)## The Evolution of Medicine Back in the day, medical care was a bit of a gamble. Some practitioners were knowledgeable and experienced, while others were nothing more than frauds who did more harm than good with their ineffective and dangerous treatments. In England during the early 1800s, medical care was quite primitive by today’s standards. There were few regulations governing medical practice, and most physicians had little formal training. As a result, many people did not trust doctors and preferred to rely on home remedies instead. However, things began to change in 1858 when Parliament passed a new Medical Act. This legislation combined with clinical training and education led to a more well-rounded breed of medical doctors. These new doctors brought their services to middle-class families in England, particularly in northern England. As the 19th century came to a close, more and more people were turning to medical professionals for help with their health problems. This was a far cry from earlier times when home remedies and back-alley cures were the norms. And instead of going to the local shop for a bottle of tonic or elixir, people were now visiting apothecaries and chemists for advice on the latest medications. In the mid-nineteenth century, tuberculosis was the leading cause of death. Also known as consumption, phthisis or scrofula, tuberculosis was a slow and often painful way to die. The disease spread quickly in crowded and poor areas of industrial cities. Dysentery and cholera were both widespread diseases in the nineteenth century, largely due to the unsanitary conditions that prevailed during that time. These same unwholesome conditions also made these diseases easy to spread, leading to global pandemics on several occasions. ## Tracing Your Ancestors’ Lives: A Guide to Social History for Family Historians Our family history is not just about names, dates, and places. It’s about understanding the lives of our ancestors and the world they lived in. Barbara J. Starmans’s Tracing Your Ancestors’ Lives explores the various aspects of social history that are of particular interest to family historians. Through research advice, resources, and case studies, readers can learn about their ancestors, their families, and the society they lived in. Each chapter highlights an important area of study, including topics such as family and society; domestic life; birth life and death; work, wages, economy; community, religion, and government. This handbook encourages family historians to immerse themselves more deeply in their ancestors’ time and place, giving them a fascinating insight into what their lives were like. If you want to know more about the lifestyle of your ancestors – we suggest you give it a read, you might some find useful information that will help you in building your family tree! How did your ancestors live their day-to-day lives? Maybe you can find out by exploring your family tree at GEDmatch – GEDmatch offers a free DNA site built for genetic genealogy research. With a global database of autosomal DNA data and unmatched utility, we make this data accessible and effective. [Join for free!](https://app.gedmatch.com/register.php) **Categories:** Uncategorized **Tags:** Education --- ### [Meet Briton Nicholson](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/4-questions-with-briton-nicholson/) **Published:** January 23, 2023 **Author:** GEDmatch Stories **Content:** GEDmatch has just launched a new relationship predictor tool, thanks to a partnership with Briton Nicholson. Here, we get to know the mathematician who is helping to lead the charge in genetic genealogy breakthroughs. **What is your background?** I had been doing traditional genealogy and genetic genealogy for about four years before it really hit me how ripe genetic genealogy was for mathematical and scientific innovation. As a budding field, it really shouldn’t be surprising how much there is to learn about genetic genealogy. I think it’s fascinating that people managed to develop calculus over 400 years ago, despite how complicated it is, and then we have these other fields that have barely been studied. Tens of millions of people have had their DNA genotyped in the past decade and they’re very successfully using the tools available to them to corroborate or fill in their family trees. The tools are great, but there was a lot of room for improvement. And that’s a dream opportunity for someone who’s just come out of doing research in a few different fields. I had recently gotten a B.S. in applied mathematics. I had a lot of experience in the natural sciences, getting an M.S. in geophysics/geological oceanography. A lot of data science, programming, and even some modeling and simulation experience came along with that. Then I ran ocean climate models doing Ph.D.-level oceanography work for two years, followed by two more years in the modeling and simulation department where I worked on models for all different fields. All the while I was taking courses in statistics and using that information to solve problems. So, whenever I had a question about how we can improve genetic genealogy, I was able to figure it out. I was clustering my matches in Gephi until 2018 when AutoClusters became available at MyHeritage. That was developed by my now-friend Evert-Jan Blom at Genetic Affairs (who also partnered with GEDmatch on its Autotree and Autocluster tools). I found AutoClusters to be very impressive, and so I stopped working on clustering. **Tell us how you are applying math and science to genealogy.** I tried modelling genetic inheritance. I started out with very simple models and eventually made them much more realistic. From the start, I made a point to use statistics from peer-reviewed papers to train my models. I also began using known properties of inheritance, such as recombination interference. One of the most interesting is the differences in paternal and maternal recombination rates, which result in wider ranges of shared DNA for paternal relationships and narrower ranges for maternal relationships. Also interesting is the high variability of grandparent/grandchild relationships compared to other relationship types. This results in high probabilities of paternal and or grandparent/grandchild relationships at certain centiMorgan (cM) values. Simulations can generate probability curves for relationship types relative to others, which can then be used for relationship prediction. This would be much more difficult and less accurate with empirical data. Developing simulations turned out to be a great idea because they can be used to answer almost any question in genetic genealogy. Nobody will ever have enough error-free empirical data for 3/4 siblings or pedigree collapse cases to compete with simulations. Having a math and statistics background is very handy. I’ve been able to come up with equations to describe a lot of properties of genetic inheritance. Usually I did so because I needed them for simulations. This includes questions like · How many different types of 1st cousins can a person have depending on the sex of the intermediate relatives? (4) · What’s the expected split of DNA that I get from a grandparent pair? (22%/28%) Recently, I needed a formula for the amount of distinct DNA that can be found in multiple siblings’ kits. I realized that, for the first time, the formula I needed for genetic genealogy was likely already well-known. And it was true. I did a search for the equations I was coming up with along with the key phrase “mathematical set theory” and, sure enough, there was already an equation for that. What’s required to build new tools and make discoveries is a whole lot of time and work. The early years of genetic genealogy — I’d say prior to 2018 — were dedicated mostly to figuring out what the genotyping companies have to offer. During that time influential bloggers came to the forefront to show people how to use the tools. But now we’re starting to have real scientific development in genetic genealogy. This took a dramatic turn in 2021 as our understanding of what’s possible has grown by leaps and bounds. Despite that, I don’t think we’ve even come close to realizing the potential of genetic genealogy. **Can you elaborate on your relationship predictor tools?** The genotyping companies have been giving relationship predictions for years. People usually recommend going to a third-party predictor to get the full list of possible relationship values for any cM value. I describe the process for generating relationship prediction probabilities here (). I believe that this was the first time anyone had described the process of relationship prediction. All relationship predictors, including mine, are currently made by simulations. This allows calculating probabilities based on an equal number of matches from each relationship type. In the case of my relationship predictor, I used 500,000 data points for each relationship type. I believe that using a large number such as that will provide much more accurate and smoother probability curves. This can be contrasted with the curves from the Ancestry white paper, which appear to have only a few data points plotted. The next step is to place counts for each relationship type into 1 cM bins. Plots of these frequencies at this stage will show very fuzzy curves. The next step, which is to smooth the data, is probably the most time-consuming and arduous process that I’ve undertaken as a data scientist. I’ve now had to do this over a dozen times, for multiple testing sites and multiple different relationship predictor tools. But this is a huge advantage that my predictors have over others. I ensure that the probability data are smoothed to the point of being monotonic over the appropriate intervals, but without flattening the curves. I plot the smoothed probability curves over the unsmoothed curves for each relationship type, ensuring that the fit is reasonable. These probabilities are calculated by dividing the count of each relationship type in each bin by the total number of individual pairs from all relationship types. Once these probabilities have been appropriately smoothed, a file is generated containing the probabilities to be used in a relationship predictor. Two months after releasing my first relationship predictor, I added population weights to the data. This is really important because we’re likely to have many more distant relatives showing up on our match lists than close relatives. A person likely has about 80,000 more 8th cousins than 1st cousins. So, although each relationship type started out equally represented in my probability data, with 500,000 pairs, adding population weights greatly increased the number of distant cousins relative to close cousins. This results in much more realistic predictions for cM values around 40 cM and below. People who have put in the time and work in genetic genealogy know that not many of their 30 cM matches and below are 3rd cousins, but that’s the kind of prediction we were used to seeing. Now, with population weights, you can see here () that these matches are much more likely to be 7th to 8th cousins. Population weights are best in cases in which you don’t know how you’re related to a match. But sometimes we have a known relative test and we want to make sure that the amount we share with them is reasonable. For cases such as that, I’ve kept a relationship predictor version that doesn’t use population weights (). **How did you get involved with GEDmatch?** I’ve been using GEDmatch consistently since 2017. I recall when the Golden State Killer was caught using GEDmatch and I wrote about it at that time. All of the important tools can be found there. Chromosome browsers are an essential tool for genetic genealogists and so I’ve always appreciated that anyone can upload their DNA for free to GEDmatch and see which chromosomes and segments they share with matches. A hidden gem at GEDmatch is the ability to search trees that have been uploaded by users. You can then check your DNA against the people who uploaded those trees to see if you’re related. It’s also great that Tier 1 members can search their segments, and make superkits and phased kits at GEDmatch. And, of course, the tools being integrated from Genetic Affairs are a huge help. Evert-Jan Blom recently suggested that my probability data, which he’s using for his AutoKinship tool, could greatly help users at GEDmatch by showing them the possible relationships for a given total cM value with their matches. Everyone else thought it was a great idea, too, so Evert-Jan put me in touch with them and we made it happen. I look forward to seeing the relationship predictions in use throughout the tools at GEDmatch. [Sign up](https://app.gedmatch.com/register.php) to GEDmatch for free today! **Categories:** Uncategorized **Tags:** Education --- ### [Meet Dr. Evert-Jan Blom](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/meet-dr-evert-jan-blom/) **Published:** January 23, 2023 **Author:** GEDmatch Stories **Content:** Dr. Evert-Jan Blom, the owner of Genetic Affairs, discusses his partnership with GEDmatch and how his tools, including the new AutoKinship tool, are helping enhance the experience for genetic genealogy enthusiasts and others. **Tell us about your background.** My genetic genealogy journey started sometime in May 2013. I was contacted by a DNA relative from 23andme. He and I shared a large segment on chromosome 20. When I heard that he was adopted, I started gathering information concerning my ancestors. I got my father tested as well and slowly assembled our family tree. After testing several 2nd and 3rd cousins from my family tree, we still haven’t figured out how we were connected. Luckily, he was able to connect with his bio sisters after getting some good DNA matches. Although we couldn’t identify our shared ancestor, I was hooked on genetic genealogy and enjoyed all the interactions with family members and distant cousins that I had throughout the years. After many years I had tested numerous family members and in-laws. Most of them were tested at 23andme, AncestryDNA, and/or FTDNA. I realized that getting regular updates for all these profiles took quite some time. It was then that I started developing the methods and website for Genetic Affairs. When finalizing my website, I read about methods to cluster your DNA matches using shared matches. Since I was already using shared matches for my site, I decided to investigate ways to automate the clustering and provide a nice visualization. This led to the creation of AutoCluster. After its release at the end of 2018, I was contacted by MyHeritage, which was interested in a collaboration. I worked with the crew of MyHeritage and we were able to implement the AutoCluster tool in their infrastructure before Rootstech in 2019. On my site, the AutoCluster tool has since been supplemented with various other tools that automate genetic genealogy research. **How did you first began to work with GEDmatch?** When visiting Rootstech for the launch of AutoCluster, I met a lot of interesting people, and one of them was GEDmatch founder Curtis Rogers. We talked about implementing AutoCluster on GEDmatch and after a collaboration with the developers of GEDmatch, we released the tool in April 2019. When GEDmatch partnered with Verogen later that year, I contacted CEO Brett Williams to discuss a possible collaboration. That resulted in the implementation of the tree reconstruction tools AutoTree & AutoPedigree followed by the segment clustering tool AutoSegment. **Tell us about the new AutoKinship tool. How does it work? Advantages?** One of the advantages of using GEDmatch is the ability to see how much DNA your DNA matches share with you and each other. This allows users to determine how these matches are related to each other. AutoKinship can perform this task automatically and predict putative family trees solely based on the amount of DNA. Note that AutoKinship does not require any known genealogical trees from your DNA matches. Instead, it looks at the predicted relationships between your DNA matches and calculates many different paths you could all be related to each other. The trees from our analysis are ranked and represent the most likely trees out of all the possibilities we calculated. The probabilities used by AutoKinship are based on simulated data, kindly provided by my now-friend Brit Nicholson (methodology described here: Learn more about Brit [here](https://medium.com/@gedmatch/meet-briton-nicholson-faa635c3c82e). In addition to being used for AutoKinship, these probabilities are also the basis for the new relationship predictor tool that has recently been implemented. **Describe what you see as the future of genetic genealogy.** I am seeing more and more people involved in genetic genealogy with scientific backgrounds, and a real rise of genetic genealogy as a citizen science. I expect we’ll see more new approaches arise from these efforts. Also, we are witnessing an increasing amount of law enforcement and Doe cases being solved using iGG. Hopefully, other countries will follow this approach where possible. Moreover, as technology improves over time, we might be able to recover more useable DNA from recalcitrant forensic samples or artifacts. Ideally, having better DNA extraction methods and automated DNA analysis workflows will allow LE agencies to perform iGG analyses in-house, making them run-of-the-mill. In the end, having the ability to perform DNA extraction, sequencing and interpretation more efficiently will enable agencies to quickly select cases that have the best chance at succeeding. I think that benefits everyone. **What tips do you have for genealogy enthusiasts to get the most out of GEDmatch?** Quite a few blogs exist that describe tools on GEDmatch, for instance, the DNA Explained () blog from Roberta Estes. In addition, the YouTube channel from Family History Fanatics () covers almost all features on GEDmatch. **Where can people learn more about Genetic Affairs?** There is a lively Facebook group for folks that employ tools from Genetic Affairs (). In addition, several blogs cover our site regularly, for instance, the blog from Roberta Estes () and the one from Patricia Coleman () and Family Locket (). [Sign up to GEDmatch today](https://app.gedmatch.com/register.php)! **Categories:** Uncategorized **Tags:** Education --- ### [5 Questions with Margaret Press, CEO & Co-Founder of the DNA DOE Project](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/5-questions-with-margaret-press-ceo-co-founder-of-the-dna-doe-project/) **Published:** January 23, 2023 **Author:** GEDmatch Stories **Content:** ***What made you decide to become a genealogist and what inspired you to start the DNA DOE Project?*** I became fascinated with my own family history as a teenager. It opened up conversations with my grandparents and hooked me on history at a very personal level. But adding DNA to my toolbox several years ago allowed me to help friends with unknown parentage — an immensely rewarding experience. In early 2017 I realized that these same tools could be used to identify John and Jane Does. This inspired the founding of DNA Doe Project as a non-profit, all-volunteer organization to do just that. Our first announced identification (Marcia King, formerly Buckskin Girl) was made on April 11, 2018, two weeks before the arrest of the Golden State Killer, whose identification by Barbara Rae-Venter utilized the same methods. Every day since that first epiphany I feel that same inspiration. It never wanes. ***What is the most rewarding part of leading the DNA DOE Project?*** Giving a family answers when they have waited in anguish, sometimes for decades, not knowing where their loved one was. Bittersweet moment, for sure. But a moment like no other. ***How many cases has the Project solved so far?*** We have been involved in approximately 80 successful identifications. ***How instrumental has GEDmatch been in helping you and your team solve cases, and why?*** Every one of our 80 identifications has been made with the help of GEDmatch. Without the ability to find and analyze DNA matches, use the tools on GEDmatch to infer relationships, and construct trees for them, none of our cases would be solvable. Many have waited decades for answers, with traditional detective work hitting dead ends. ***With May being Missing and Unidentified Persons Awareness Month, how can users of GEDmatch help name the nameless?*** - Make sure your email address is current and you check it regularly, in case we need to reach out to you - Upload a GEDCOM of your family tree — even just a couple of generations back helps us a lot! - Encourage others to upload their DNA results to GEDmatch, even in your own extended family — especially the older generations. (Everyone should read the Terms of Service first, to make sure you understand and are comfortable with them.) - Consider making a tax-deductible donation through our website to help defray the lab costs when agencies cannot afford them. Our genealogy work is all pro bono, but the lab work is expensive. - Spread the word about our cases — some are solved through family members recognizing them on our website at - If you are missing a family member, read our page for what you can be doing to help bring them home. [Register](https://app.gedmatch.com/register.php) to GEDmatch today! **Categories:** Uncategorized **Tags:** Education --- ### [How Much Did Climate Change Affect our Ancestors' Migration?](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/how-much-did-climate-change-affect-our-ancestors-migration/) **Published:** January 17, 2023 **Author:** GEDmatch Stories **Content:** Natural disasters have always had a profound impact on human societies. In the past, they have often caused great loss of life and damage to property. While some of the effects of natural disasters are immediate, others can last for years or even centuries. For example, volcanic activity can cause long-term changes to the environment, such as erosion of coastal margins and infilling of estuaries. Drought and famine can also have lasting effects on people and their livelihoods. Our ancestors faced many challenges, including natural disasters. While we can’t know exactly how they would have reacted to modern conditions, we can imagine what they might have done. Would your great-great-grandparents have given up their farm if it was flooded? Would your carpenter ancestor have moved to a location where there was a lot of work available to repair the damage caused by a major windstorm? Did any of your ancestors lose their lives when tragedy struck? Climate change is often seen as an abstract or distant concept, but our own history is intimately connected to it. By tracing our family trees, we can see how historical events – including those that contributed to climate change – have shaped our lives. With no reliable way to compare internal migration statistics between countries and across time, studies that examine the impact of climatic conditions on this type of movement have to settle for using the urbanization rate as a proxy. This is calculated as the percentage of a country’s population that lives in urban areas, and it provides some insight into the overall trend of the rural-urban movement. ## The Climate Change and Migration Debate There is a great deal of debate surrounding the link between climate change, natural disasters, and internal migration. Some evidence suggests that there is a connection between the three, while other evidence suggests that the connection is not as strong. The climate change migration debate has been presented as “new”, however, the history of the dispute demonstrates that it is a long-standing occurrence. The impact of climate on migration has long been recognized. In 1889, Ravenstein mentioned, “unattractive climate” as a factor that drives migration. More recent theories have emphasized the role of economic factors, but the evidence suggests that climate still plays an important role. The American geographer Ellen Churchill Semple wrote that “the search for better land, milder climate and easier conditions of living starts many a movement of people which, in view of their purpose, necessarily leads them into an environment sharply contrasted to their original habitat”. ![](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/ged-match-blog-climate-change-and-migration-1024x768.jpg) Photo by [Kelly Sikkema](https://unsplash.com/@kellysikkema?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText) on [Unsplash](https://unsplash.com/s/photos/climate-change?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText)The nature of the connection also varies depending on the type of disaster and the region in question. In general, it seems that short-term shocks (such as natural disasters) tend to increase urbanization rates in developing countries, while long-term events (such as increasing temperatures) tend to positively affect internal migration in middle-income countries but not in low-income countries. These latter effects are likely due to economic constraints. The OECD research found that natural disasters closely related to climate change are leading to increased migration from developing countries to receiving countries such as Australia, Canada, France, Germany, the UK and the US. The impact of climatic shocks on population movement is clearly seen in economic history. For example, the American Dust Bowl of the 1930s was caused by severe drought and intensive land use, which led to permanent soil erosion. This resulted in substantial agricultural costs and a relative decline in population as people migrated from high-erosion to low-erosion areas. Climatic shocks can have a significant impact on international migration, particularly for countries that are heavily dependent on agriculture. Using data from 163 origin countries and 42 destination countries, researchers have found that higher temperatures tend to lead to increased migration flows. However, this is only the case for nations that place high importance on agriculture. ![](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/ged-match-blog-climate-change-and-our-ancestors-768x1024.jpg)Photo by [Peter Burdon](https://unsplash.com/@peterburdon?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText) on [Unsplash](https://unsplash.com/s/photos/climate-change?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText)Despite early indications that the environment plays a role in migration, references to this factor have all but disappeared from academic literature over the course of the 20th century. Notable publications on the subject, such as those by J.W. Gregory, Donald R. Taft, and Julius Isaac, make no mention of environmental factors. As the world became more technologically advanced, it was often assumed that humans will have less and less need to rely on nature. This idea has led some to believe that environmental migration – moving to escape the effects of climate change and other environmental problems – is a primitive form of migration that will eventually become obsolete. More modern climate change has led to the resurgence of the term “environmental migrants.” In the 1980s and early 1990s, a few key publications sounded the alarm on this issue, estimating that climate change could force 150 million people to relocate by the end of the 21st century. In his 2007 report on the economic consequences of global warming, Nicholas Stern warned that climate change could lead to mass migration as people flee from areas affected by droughts, floods, and sea level rise. He noted that this could cause great strain on resources, leading to further conflicts. Climate change is driving people from their homes in ever-increasing numbers. But the term “climate refugee” is controversial, with some experts arguing that it does not accurately describe the complex reasons behind migration. The 1951 Refugee Convention defines a refugee as someone who crosses a border out of fear of persecution or violence. But many people displaced by climate change do not fit this definition, as they may move internally within their own countries or to places where they have family ties. Climate change can be a significant factor in decisions to migrate, but it is often just one of many factors, such as poverty or political unrest. For this reason, some experts argue that policymakers should think of migration as a form of adaptation to climate change, and reject the term “climate refugee.” What do you think, is climate change a big factor in migration? Were your ancestors affected by climate change migration? Maybe you can find out by exploring your family tree at GEDmatch – GEDmatch offers a free DNA site built for genetic genealogy research. With a global database of autosomal DNA data and unmatched utility, we make this data accessible and effective. [Join for free!](https://app.gedmatch.com/register.php) **Categories:** Uncategorized **Tags:** Education --- ## Pages ### [Home](https://www.gedmatch.com/) **Published:** May 12, 2022 **Author:** digitalmarketing3 **Content:** # Where DNA Connections Come Together GEDmatch provides more applications for comparing your DNA test results with the most people worldwide, for free! [ View Our Applications ](/applications/) ![](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Screen-Shot-2022-05-05-at-12.37.png) ![](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Screen-Shot-2022-05-05-at-12.36.png) ![](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Screen-Shot-2022-05-05-at-12.38.png) Profiles Globally 0 M+ DNA Tools 10 + Years of Experience People in GEDCOMs 50 M+ Compatible with DNA data from all major DNA testing companies **GEDmatch Reviews** **Trustpilot Reviews** [ ![Screenshot 2026-03-19 at 8.38.44 AM](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/elementor/thumbs/Screenshot-2026-03-19-at-8.38.44-AM-rkqt7z5l6i0kxi0k8s1f61d22p6nwycoqtwbiyxsb6.png "Screenshot 2026-03-19 at 8.38.44 AM") ](https://www.trustpilot.com/review/gedmatch.com) ## Applications you can’t get anywhere else. We have tools for [ ### Estimating Ethnicity and Heritage ](/applications/) [ ### Tracing Shared Ancestors ](/applications/) [ ### Creating Superkits and More! ](/applications/) ### How it Works ![helix](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/helix-dna-150x150.png) Take a DNA test and download the results as a DNA data file. ![](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/bacteria-150x150.png) Upload the DNA data file to GEDmatch for processing. ![searching](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/searching-150x150.png) Explore matching and comparison reports and other DNA tools. ### Featured Stories [![GEDmatch DNA Dashboard screenshot showing left navigation, a welcome banner, four info tiles, and the kit management area](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/GEDmatch-new-design-300x123.jpg) ](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/see-whats-coming-the-new-gedmatch-interface-preview-is-now-on-youtube/)### [ See What’s Coming: The New GEDmatch Interface Preview Is Now on YouTube ](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/see-whats-coming-the-new-gedmatch-interface-preview-is-now-on-youtube/) The new GEDmatch is here to see. Product Manager Tom Osypian walks through the completely rebuilt GEDmatch interface — the first full public preview outside a brief demo at RootsTech — and it’s the clearest [ Read More » ](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/see-whats-coming-the-new-gedmatch-interface-preview-is-now-on-youtube/) [![Steps to Verify DNA Matches Across Databases](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/image_52b3bee747b7f59d0849496c4a8d1c78-300x200.png) ](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/steps-to-verify-dna-matches-across-databases/)### [ Steps to Verify DNA Matches Across Databases ](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/steps-to-verify-dna-matches-across-databases/) Learn essential steps to verify DNA matches across databases, ensuring accurate ancestry research and uncovering shared family connections. [ Read More » ](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/steps-to-verify-dna-matches-across-databases/) [![Ultimate Guide to GEDmatch One-to-Many Tool](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image_11393167aa0c7a9f5ef2e04bb23c7ae4-300x200.jpeg) ](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/ultimate-guide-to-gedmatch-one-to-many-tool/)### [ Ultimate Guide to GEDmatch One-to-Many Tool ](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/ultimate-guide-to-gedmatch-one-to-many-tool/) Explore the GEDmatch One-to-Many tool for uncovering DNA matches, tracing family connections, and optimizing genealogical research. [ Read More » ](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/ultimate-guide-to-gedmatch-one-to-many-tool/) #### Why Join Genealogy Research Reimagined and Expanded ![helix](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Group-796.png) ##### Find Matches Our One-to-Many DNA Comparison Result compares your DNA to everyone on the site, finding matches across testing companies. ![double helix](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Group-797.png) ##### Narrow DNA Matches Use our One-to-One Autosomal DNA Comparison tool tool help narrow all comparison results and confirm how much DNA you share with someone before contacting them. ![family tree](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Group-798.png) ##### Explore Your Family Tree Use our Admixture tool, a well-known analysis for identifying biogeographical ancestry, or ethnic background. Like 23and Me, it shows the proportion of your DNA from a particular location. ![research goals](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Group-802.png) ##### Achieve Research Goals From amateurs to professionals, genealogists, historians, researchers, and adoptees have leveraged the large pool of data on the site to build family trees, find birth families, and learn more about their DNA and by extension, their history. #### Dive Deeper with our Experts [ Beginner What is GEDmatch? How Does it Help Genetic Genealogists? ](/education/what-is-gedmatch/) [ Intermediate Find Most Recent Common Ancestor using GEDCOMs ](/education/find-most-recent-common-ancestor-using-gedcoms/) [ Advanced Clustering Kits ](/education/clustering-kits/) A fantastic set of resources. Please keep all of the amazing tools in their current form. And let's keep bringing matches from AncestryDNA! ![Jason L.](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor/assets/images/placeholder.png) Jason L. I love being able to examine matches across various testing company platforms. I also have found the auto clustering very, very helpful. ![Cathy - GEDmatch User](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor/assets/images/placeholder.png) Cathy - GEDmatch User Thank you! I believed I was going to find some family through GEDmatch but wow - finding my brothers and sister exceeded my expectations! ![David - GEDmatch User](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor/assets/images/placeholder.png) David - GEDmatch User [ Get Started Now ](https://app.gedmatch.com/register.php) ###### Subscribe to our Newsletter Stay up to date with the latest trends with tips, tricks, and tools from our community of experts! Email Subscribe --- ### [Contact](https://www.gedmatch.com/contact/) **Published:** June 8, 2022 **Author:** digitalmarketing3 **Content:** # Contact Us ## Let's talk. Whether you have a genealogy question, need technical support, or are looking to learn more about us, fill out our contact form and our team will get back to you as soon as we can. **Please note: we do not provide phone support, and only provide GEDmatch support via email.** ### Support from our dedicated team - support@gedmatch.com - 19300 Germantown Road Germantown,Maryland 20874 [ ](https://www.facebook.com/officialGEDmatch) [ ](https://www.instagram.com/gedmatch/) [ Svg Vector Icons : http://www.onlinewebfonts.com/icon ](https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCqUclFXF2fWCvzuLa4W_IhQ) #### We're here to help If you would like to change your GEDmatch account email address, and can log in to your GEDmatch account, please login and submit a ticket through the our [support portal](https://support.gedmatch.com/portal/en/kb/gedmatch) instead of this form. Please visit this link to review the details we need to help you change your email address: If you cannot log in to GEDmatch and need support, please use this form. ';jQuery('#zsFileBrowseAttachments').append(zsCloudAttachmentsList);zsAttachmentsArray.push(attachmentsDetailJSON);zsCloudPickerJSON[cloudServiceName] = zsAttachmentsArray;jQuery("input[name='zsCloudPickerAttachments']")[0].value = JSON.stringify(zsCloudPickerJSON);}}});}zsChangeMousePointer();}jQuery(document).off('click.cAtm').on('click.cAtm','.zscloudAttachment', function(){var cloudService = jQuery(this).attr('cloudservice');var cloudAttachmentId = jQuery(this).attr('id');var zsCloudAttachmentsArr = zsCloudPickerJSON[cloudService];var isZsCloudAttachmentRemoved = 0;for(var attachmentsIndex = 0; attachmentsIndex < zsCloudAttachmentsArr.length; attachmentsIndex++){if(isZsCloudAttachmentRemoved != 1){jQuery.each(zsCloudAttachmentsArr[attachmentsIndex], function(attachmentsDetailJsonKey, attachmentsDetailJsonValue){if(attachmentsDetailJsonKey == 'docId' && attachmentsDetailJsonValue.replace(/\s/g, '') == cloudAttachmentId){var zsAttachmentToBeRemoved = jQuery.inArray(zsCloudAttachmentsArr[attachmentsIndex], zsCloudAttachmentsArr);zsCloudAttachmentsArr.splice(zsAttachmentToBeRemoved, 1);isZsCloudAttachmentRemoved = 1;}});}}jQuery(this).parent().remove();zsAttachedAttachmentsCount = zsAttachedAttachmentsCount - 1;jQuery("input[name='zsCloudPickerAttachments']")[0].value = JSON.stringify(zsCloudPickerJSON);zsChangeMousePointer();});function zsRenderBrowseFileAttachment(zsAttachmentObject, zsAttachmentDetails){if(zsAttachmentObject != ''){if((zsAttachmentDetails.files && (zsAttachmentDetails.files[0].size/(1024*1024))>20)){zsAttachmentDetails.value='';alert('Maximum allowed file size is 20MB.');return;}if(zsAttachedAttachmentsCount < 5){var zsFileName='';if((zsAttachmentObject.indexOf('\\') > -1)){var zsAttachmentDataSplits = zsAttachmentObject.split('\\');var zsAttachmentDataSplitsLen = zsAttachmentDataSplits.length;zsFileName = zsAttachmentDataSplits[zsAttachmentDataSplitsLen - 1];}else{zsFileName = zsAttachmentObject;}var extension = zsFileName.split('.').pop().toLowerCase();var unSupportedExtensions = ["ade","adp","apk","appx","appxbundle","bat","cab","cer","chm","cmd","com","cpl","dll","dmg","exe","hlp","hta","ins","iso","isp","jar","js","jse","lnk","mde","msc","msi","msix","msixbundle","msp","mst","nsh","pif","ps1","pst","reg","scr","sct","shb","sys","tmp","url","vb","vbe","vbs","vxd","wsc","wsf","wsh","terminal"];if(unSupportedExtensions.indexOf(extension)!=-1){alert("The file wasn't attached since its extension is not supported.");return;}var zsCurrentAttachmentIdTokens = jQuery(zsAttachmentDetails).attr('id').split('_');var zsCurrentAttachmentId = parseInt(zsCurrentAttachmentIdTokens[1]);var zsAttachmentIdToBeRemoved = jQuery.inArray(zsCurrentAttachmentId, zsAttachmentFileBrowserIdsList);zsAttachmentFileBrowserIdsList.splice(zsAttachmentIdToBeRemoved, 1);var zsNextAttachmentId = zsAttachmentFileBrowserIdsList[0];var zsnextAttachment = 'zsattachment_'+zsNextAttachmentId;jQuery('#zsattachment_'+zsCurrentAttachmentId).hide();jQuery('#'+zsnextAttachment).show();jQuery('#zsFileBrowseAttachments').append(''+ ZSEncoder.encodeForHTML(zsFileName) + '[X](javascript:;) ');zsAttachedAttachmentsCount = zsAttachedAttachmentsCount + 1;}}zsChangeMousePointer();}jQuery(document).off('click.fba').on('click.fba', '.zsfilebrowseAttachment', function(){var currentlyDeletedElement = jQuery(this).attr('id').split('_')[1];jQuery('#zsattachment_'+currentlyDeletedElement).val('');jQuery('#zsattachment_'+currentlyDeletedElement).replaceWith(jQuery('#zsattachment_'+currentlyDeletedElement).clone());jQuery(this).parent().remove();zsAttachedAttachmentsCount = zsAttachedAttachmentsCount - 1;zsAttachmentFileBrowserIdsList.push(parseInt(currentlyDeletedElement));zsRearrangeFileBrowseAttachments();zsChangeMousePointer();});function zsRearrangeFileBrowseAttachments(){jQuery.each(jQuery('input[type = file]'), function(fileIndex, fileObject){fileIndex = fileIndex + 1;if(fileIndex == zsAttachmentFileBrowserIdsList[0]){jQuery('#zsattachment_'+fileIndex).show();}else{jQuery('#zsattachment_'+fileIndex).hide();}});}function zsOpenFileBrowseAttachment(clickEvent){if(zsAttachedAttachmentsCount >= 5){clickEvent.preventDefault();}}function zsChangeMousePointer(){if(zsAttachedAttachmentsCount >= 5){jQuery('#zsMaxLimitMessage').show();jQuery('#zsattachment_1,#zsattachment_2,#zsattachment_3,#zsattachment_4,#zsattachment_5').hide();jQuery('#zsBrowseAttachment,#zsCloudAttachment').css('cursor', 'default');}else{jQuery('#zsMaxLimitMessage').hide();zsRearrangeFileBrowseAttachments();jQuery('#zsBrowseAttachment,#zsCloudAttachment').css('cursor', 'pointer');}}function zsShowCaptcha(){jQuery('#zsCaptchaLoading').hide();jQuery('#zsCaptcha').show();}function zsRegenerateCaptcha(){var webFormxhr = {};webFormxhr = new XMLHttpRequest();webFormxhr.open('GET','https://desk.zoho.com/support/GenerateCaptcha?action=getNewCaptcha&_='+new Date().getTime(),true);webFormxhr.onreadystatechange = function () {if(webFormxhr.readyState === 4 && webFormxhr.status === 200) {try{ var response = (webFormxhr.responseText != null) ? JSON.parse(webFormxhr.responseText) : ''; jQuery('#zsCaptchaUrl').load(zsShowCaptcha);document.getElementById('zsCaptchaUrl').src = response.captchaUrl;document.getElementsByName('xJdfEaS')[0].value = response.captchaDigest;}catch(e){}}};webFormxhr.send();}document.addEventListener('readystatechange',function(){if(document.readyState === 'complete' && window.zsRegenerateCaptcha ){zsRegenerateCaptcha();}setAllDependancyFieldsMapping();document.getElementById('zsSubmitButton_940603000000254429').removeAttribute('disabled');zsAttachedAttachmentsCount = 0;zsAttachmentFileBrowserIdsList = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];document.forms['zsWebToCase_940603000000254429']['zsWebFormCaptchaWord'].value = '';jQuery('#zsFileBrowseAttachments').html('');jQuery.each(jQuery('input[type = file]'), function(fileIndex, fileObject){var zsAttachmentId = jQuery(fileObject).attr('id');var zsAttachmentNo = zsAttachmentId.split('_')[1];var zsAttachedFile = jQuery('#zsattachment_'+zsAttachmentNo);if(zsAttachedFile[0] != undefined && zsAttachedFile[0].files[0] != undefined){var zsFileBrowserAttachmentHtml = '';zsAttachedFileName = zsAttachedFile[0].files[0].name;zsFileBrowserAttachmentHtml = ''+ ZSEncoder.encodeForHTML(zsAttachedFileName) +'[X](javascript:;) ';jQuery('#zsFileBrowseAttachments').append(zsFileBrowserAttachmentHtml);zsAttachedAttachmentsCount = zsAttachedAttachmentsCount + 1;var zsAttachmentIdToBeRemoved = jQuery.inArray(parseInt(zsAttachmentNo), zsAttachmentFileBrowserIdsList);zsAttachmentFileBrowserIdsList.splice(zsAttachmentIdToBeRemoved, 1);}});if(document.forms['zsWebToCase_940603000000254429']['zsCloudPickerAttachments'] != undefined){var zsCloudAttachments = jQuery.parseJSON(document.forms['zsWebToCase_940603000000254429']['zsCloudPickerAttachments'].value);zsRenderCloudAttachments(zsCloudAttachments);}zsRearrangeFileBrowseAttachments();zsChangeMousePointer();});function zsResetWebForm(webFormId){document.forms['zsWebToCase_'+webFormId].reset();document.getElementById('zsSubmitButton_940603000000254429').removeAttribute('disabled');setAllDependancyFieldsMapping();zsAttachedAttachmentsCount = 0;zsAttachmentFileBrowserIdsList = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];jQuery('#zsFileBrowseAttachments').html('');zsCloudPickerJSON = {};if(document.forms['zsWebToCase_940603000000254429']['zsCloudPickerAttachments'] != undefined){document.forms['zsWebToCase_940603000000254429']['zsCloudPickerAttachments'].value = JSON.stringify({});}zsRearrangeFileBrowseAttachments();zsChangeMousePointer();} **GEDmatch Support Form** First Name Last Name Email Category -Please select one- Change Email (Include new email address) Feature Requests Tier 1 Membership Issues Tier 1 Tool Issues Report a Bug Security Concerns or Issues Create Ancestor Projects Issues with Ancestor Projects Issues with Archaic DNA Kits Issues with Autosomal DNA Results Issues with DNA Uploads Issues with GEDCOMs Issues with Passwords Issues with Tag Groups Kit Issues - missing or problems with a kit Spelling or Grammar Errors Others Subject Description Captcha **Loading...** ![](#)[Refresh](javascript:;) Attachment Attach files Each of your file(s) can be up to 20MB in size.You can attach as many as 5 files at a time. powered by [![](https://static.zohocdn.com/zohodeskstatic/app/images/portalLogo.de847024ebc0131731a3.png)](https://zoho.com/desk) --- ### [Site Down For Maintenance](https://www.gedmatch.com/site-down-for-maintenance/) **Published:** August 12, 2026 **Author:** Tom Osypian **Content:** ![broken helix](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/broken-dna-helix.png) # DN-Ayyyyy - Site Currently Inaccessible ## ### We are currently making updates to GEDmatch to make the new version available. We expect to have the site available by August 19, 12pm PDT. Have questions? [ Contact Support ](https://www.gedmatch.com/contact/) --- ### [Beta Site Under Maintenance](https://www.gedmatch.com/beta-site-under-maintenance/) **Published:** July 15, 2026 **Author:** Tom Osypian **Content:** ![broken helix](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/broken-dna-helix.png) # DN-Ayyyyy - Beta Inaccessible ## ### We are currently making updates to the Beta version of GEDmatch. We will have it available again as soon as possible. Have questions? [ Contact Support ](https://www.gedmatch.com/contact/) --- ### [Cookie List](https://www.gedmatch.com/cookie-list/) **Published:** March 25, 2026 **Author:** Tom Osypian **Content:** --- ### [RootsTech 2026](https://www.gedmatch.com/rootstech2026/) **Published:** February 13, 2026 **Author:** Tom Osypian **Excerpt:** Thank you for joining GEDmatch at RootsTech 2026! **Content:** # GEDmatch & RootsTech 2026 Thank you for joining us at RootsTech 2026 either virtually or in-person! We hope that you have had an enriching experience and have had the opportunity to connect with like-minded individuals who share your passion for genealogy and family history. To say “Thanks!” for visiting our booth, we’d like to offer 15% off a Tier 1 subscription. Use the coupon code “**ROOTSTECH2026**” when going through the checkout process. C*oupon expires 3/31/20256. Email support@gedmatch.com with questions.* ### See How GEDmatch Works GEDmatch is the place to explore your family history by matching DNA data you can get from a genetic DNA testing kit company like 23andMe or AncestryDNA, and then uncovering techniques used in genetic genealogy to track down relatives and learn about your ancestry. [ Learn More ](/how-it-works/) #### Get your free GEDmatch account today! ##### Just upload your test results today and discover more! [ Get Started Now ](https://app.gedmatch.com/register.php) ![get your match](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/get-your-match.png) --- ### [You Look Like Me](https://www.gedmatch.com/you-look-like-me/) **Published:** December 2, 2025 **Author:** Tom Osypian **Excerpt:** If you're here from the podcast, you already know how powerful DNA can be in uncovering your story. Just like Louise McLoughlin confirmed her half-sister using GEDmatch, you can discover connections and answers that have been hiding in your DNA results. **Content:** ![](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/you_look_like_me.webp) # Welcome, You Look Like Me Listeners!​ If you’re here from the podcast, you already know how powerful DNA can be in uncovering your story. Just like Louise McLoughlin confirmed her half-sister match using GEDmatch, you can discover connections and answers that have been hiding in your DNA results. Already tested with 23andMe, Ancestry, or MyHeritage, or another major testing site? Upload your results to GEDmatch for free and start exploring over 2 million profiles with the most comprehensive DNA comparison tools available. **Special offer for podcast listeners:** Get 1 month of Tier 1 free when you use code **YOULOOKLIKEME** at checkout. No credit card required. # Why Join the GEDmatch Community ## Find your past, understand your future ![results](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/results.png) ### Fast Results Receive DNA matches within 24 hours of uploading your DNA data at GEDmatch. ![privacy and safety shield](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Privacy-and-Safety-image.png) ### Privacy and Safety GEDmatch never stores any of the raw DNA files. ![simplicity](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/simplicity.png) ### Comprehensive Tap into more tools in one place than anywhere else to analyze your DNA and make family connections. ##### Feature-Rich Platform ![computer](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/computer-helix.png) ###### Easy-to-navigate ![GEDmatch users](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/GEDmatch-users.png) ###### Over 2M DNA profiles in the GEDmatch community ![](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Customizable-expreience.png) ###### Mobile-friendly experience ![find matches](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/find-matches.png) ###### Absolutely free to join and find matches ![](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/find-family.png) ###### Find family you never knew existed ![DNA tools](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/DNA-tools.png) ###### 45+ DNA tools at your fingertips ### See How GEDmatch Works GEDmatch is the place to explore your family history by matching DNA data you can get from a genetic DNA testing kit company like 23andMe or AncestryDNA, and then uncovering techniques used in genetic genealogy to track down relatives and learn about your ancestry. [ Learn More ](/how-it-works/) ### Uncover Untold Stories Discover new family connections and find distant relatives! You can connect with others who are related to you or interested in discovering their family history on GEDmatch and share DNA results. - Unleash your inner detective with GEDmatch - Connect with other people who are related to you or interested in finding out about their family history - Join the largest 3rd party genetic database in the world and unlock mysteries about your past ![One to one graphic](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/one-to-one-graphic.png) ![identity](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/dna-identity.png) ### Find The Missing Pieces of Your Identity Find cousins, children or biological parents who were previously unknown to you or could not be located. If you’re related to someone else on GEDmatch, you may be able to learn about a trait they may have that no one else in your family shares! - GEDmatch – everything you’ve ever wanted to know about your ancestry - Unlock your roots and find biological parents - Learn about things you share with someone else in your family ### Explore Your Heritage Discover how people worldwide are related to each other so you can feel closer to family members on either side of the globe. - GEDmatch gives you access to the largest 3rd party DNA database in the world - Discover how far back in history you can trace your lineage - With GEDmatch, you can find answers to many questions about your family history ![admixture image](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/admixture-image.png) #### Get your free GEDmatch account today! ##### Just upload your test results today and discover more! [ Get Started Now ](https://app.gedmatch.com/register.php) ![get your match](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/get-your-match.png) --- ### [Privacy Policy](https://www.gedmatch.com/privacy-policy-october-21-2025/) **Published:** November 7, 2024 **Author:** Tom Osypian **Content:** ## Privacy Policy **Effective Date: October 21, 2025** Welcome to GEDmatch. If you have any questions, comments, or concerns regarding this Privacy Policy or our services, please contact us at: **Email:** [support@gedmatch.com](mailto:gedmatch@verogen.com) **Address:** 19300 Germantown Road, Germantown, Maryland 20874 Remember that by continuing to use GEDmatch, you consent to our [Terms of Service](https://www.gedmatch.com/terms-of-service-november-22-2024/), including this Privacy Policy. As always, you may stop using GEDmatch any time, and you may delete your information through the settings in your account. GEDmatch is operated by Verogen, Inc. (“Verogen”), a subsidiary of Qiagen N.V. Verogen respects your privacy and recognizes the importance of your personal information. We are committed to protecting your information through our compliance with the Terms of Service and this Privacy Policy. “Personal information” means any information that identifies or relates to a particular individual and also includes information referred to as “personally identifiable information” or “personal information” or “sensitive personal information” under applicable data privacy laws, rules or regulations. Any terms we use in this Privacy Policy without defining them have the definitions given to them in the Terms of Service. This Privacy Policy does not cover the practices of companies we don’t own or control or people we don’t manage. You may print a copy of this Privacy Policy by clicking here. If you have a disability, you may access this policy in an alternative format by contacting [support@gedmatch.com.](mailto:support@gedmatch.com.) This Privacy Policy describes our practices in connection with information we may collect through your access or use of our Site. By using our Site, you consent to our collection and use of the information described in the Terms of Service and this Privacy Policy. **Privacy Policy Table of Contents** - [GEDmatch Collection and Use of Information](#collection) - [Raw DNA Data Provided to GEDmatch](#rawdna) - [Option to Provide an Alias](#alias) - [Security](#security) - [Improvement of our Products and Services](#improvement) - [Email addresses](#emailaddress) - [Cookies](#cookies) - [Legal Disclosures](#legaldisclosures) - [Personal Information](#pi) - [Categories of Sources of Personal Information](#categories) - [How We Disclose Your Personal Information](#howwedisclosepersonalinfo) - [Your Privacy Choices](#privacychoices) - [Information for California Residents](#caresidents) - [Information for Nevada Residents](#nvresidents) - [Information for Virginia Residents](#varesidents) - [Exercising your rights under CCPA and VCDPA](#ccpavcdpa) - [Information for Washington Residents](#waresidents) - [Information for European Union and United Kingdom Residents](#euukresidents) - [Data Privacy Frameworks](#dpf) - [Data Retention](#dataretention) - [Updates to This Policy](#policyupdates) - [Contact us](#contactus) **GEDmatch Collection and Use of Information** When you register on GEDmatch, we collect your name, an optional alias, and email address to process your registration. Once you are registered, you can provide other personal information such as your sex, Y-DNA or mtDNA haplogroup, genetic sequence/information, Genealogy Data, and/or Tier1 payment information. GEDmatch will only collect your personal information if you provide it to us voluntarily. If you are located outside the United States, you consent to the storage, processing, and transfer of your personal information outside your country. In addition, we automatically collect certain information regarding visitors to our Site, including IP address, information about your equipment, browsing actions, and usage patterns. The information we collect automatically is statistical data and does not include personal information. We use this information solely for internal purposes, such as to improve our Site. Our Site may use third party tools to help us understand, in aggregate, the age, gender and interests of Site visitors. These tools do not reveal to us your name or other identifying information. We do not combine the information collected through use of these tools with personally identifiable information. The information received from these tools is used only to improve our Site and the type of information displayed to Site visitors so we can better serve those interested in GEDmatch. GEDmatch offers you opportunities to engage in forums that are designed to be visible to other users, including comments and postings. You should be aware that any information you choose to submit via these forums can be read, collected, and used by other participants and could be used to send you unsolicited messages. We are not responsible for the information you choose to submit when you engage in such activities. We may disclose your Raw Data, personal information, and/or Genealogy Data if it is necessary to comply with a legal obligation such as a subpoena or warrant. We will attempt to alert you to this disclosure of your Raw Data, personal information, and/or Genealogy Data, unless notification is prohibited under law. GEDmatch products and services are not intended for children under the age of 16. We do not knowingly collect any information from children. If we learn that we have collected or received personal information from a child under 16 without verification of parental consent, we will delete that information. **Raw DNA Data Provided to GEDmatch** Verogen operates the GEDmatch PRO portal to support government agency (including law enforcement and military) use with investigative comparisons to kits in the GEDmatch database. Please see the “DNA Data” section below for instructions regarding how to select a privacy option when you upload Raw Data. If you are a law enforcement officer or if you are working on behalf of a law enforcement officer or other government agency, you agree you will not upload Raw Data to GEDmatch via the GEDmatch.com website; instead, please [click here](https://pro.gedmatch.com/) to upload Raw Data via the GEDmatch PRO portal to identify the perpetrator of a Violent Crime (where ‘Violent Crime’ is defined as murder, nonnegligent manslaughter, aggravated rape, robbery or aggravated assault) or to identify human remains. When you upload Raw Data to GEDmatch, you agree that the Raw Data is one of the following: - Your DNA; - DNA of a person for whom you are a legal guardian; - DNA of a person who has granted you specific authorization to upload their DNA to GEDmatch; - DNA of a person known by you to be deceased; or - DNA obtained from an artifact (if and only if: (1) you have a reasonable belief that the Raw Data is DNA from a previous owner or user of the artifact; and (2) that previous owner or user of the artifact is known to you to be deceased). By registering for GEDmatch and using the Site, you agree that you will not upload Raw Data that does not satisfy one of these categories. If you have previously uploaded Raw Data that does not satisfy one of these categories, you hereby agree that you will remove it immediately. We will not be responsible for any Raw Data provided to GEDmatch in violation of these Terms. Violators of these Terms may have their Raw Data or other personal information deleted without warning, their access blocked, and/or be subject to other remedial steps, including any legal action allowed under law. **Option to Provide an Alias** Although you may provide a real name for registration and data upload, you have the option of providing an alias for either login or data. If an alias has been provided, it will be displayed in place of the real name along with results along with the user’s email address. If DNA data you provide is linked to your Genealogy Data, and only one or the other uses an alias, it may be possible for users to see the real name in the linked data. **Security** In today’s world, there are real dangers of identity theft, credit fraud, etc. We try to strike a balance between these conflicting realities and the need to disclose information to other users. In the end, if you require absolute privacy and security, you agree that you will not provide your personal information, Raw Data, or Genealogy Data to GEDmatch. If you do not agree and you have already provided your personal information, Raw Data, or Genealogy Data, you agree to delete it immediately. Although we have endeavored to create a secure and reliable Site for you, the confidentiality of any communication, material, or personal information provided to GEDmatch via the Site or email cannot be guaranteed. The original Raw DNA and GEDCOM data you provide to GEDmatch is not kept in its original form. It is converted to a form that makes it more efficient for the software to perform searches and comparisons. The Genealogical Data is loaded into a relational database that might still be recognizable as text. The Raw DNA is converted to a compressed binary format in a process we call ‘tokenization.’ Although the Raw DNA is not encrypted in the usual sense of the word, it would be very difficult for a human to read it. Original uploaded files are deleted from the Site servers soon after they are processed and archived. We encrypt your login password before putting it in our database. We cannot tell what your password is. However, there have been cases in the news of encrypted data being hacked and decoded. Be aware that may be a possibility on this or any other Site. We take measures to ensure that only registered GEDmatch users (and, depending on the privacy option you select at the time we collect Raw Data, GEDmatch PRO users) have access to your results. Direct access to your data is available to GEDmatch personnel, including volunteers, on a need-to-know basis. Information such as Raw Data, Genealogy Data, and profile information may be stored as an archive copy as part of a backup or recovery plan. When a registered GEDmatch user deletes or requests deletion of Raw Data, Genealogy Data, and/or profile information, all copies of that information, including copies stored in backups, will be deleted within thirty (30) days of the request). **Improvement of Our Products and Services** We may use your data in our own research, for example to develop or improve products and services. Additionally, state genetic data privacy laws require us to provide you with notice that your deidentified genetic or phenotypic information may be shared with or disclosed to third parties for research purposes in accordance with Part 46: Protection of Human Subjects (commencing with Section 46.101) of Title 45 of the Code of Federal Regulations. **However, please note that we will not share with or disclose to third parties your deidentified genetic or phenotypic information for research purposes pursuant to Part 46.** **Email Address** Everybody who registers with the Site must provide a valid email address for the principal contact. It provides log-in verification and allows us to contact them if necessary. It also provides a mechanism to verify your identity if you want to contact us. You agree to keep your log-in information secure, and to keep your email address up to date. Your email address and name (or alias, if provided) will be displayed along with any matches to your Raw Data or Genealogy Data. Some users obtain an email address separate from their primary email for this purpose. You understand that any registered GEDmatch user using the tools available on the Site may gain access to the email address you provide. **Cookies** Cookies may be used by this Site to enable certain privacy and log-in capabilities. A cookie is a small file placed on your computer. You have the ability to delete cookie files from your computer at any time or avoid cookies by configuring your browser to reject them or to notify you when a cookie is being placed on your computer. Please note that because of our use of cookies, our services do not support “Do Not Track” requests sent from a browser at this time. This Site may contain links to advertising placed by third party sites. Advertising by third party sites may be placing and reading cookies on your browser, or using web beacons to collect information, in the course of ads being served on this Site. We have no control over how third party sites may utilize cookies. If you feel that a third party site is engaging in unethical or illegal use of this capability, please notify us so that we may take appropriate action to remove that link. To explore what cookie settings are available to you or to modify your preferences with respect to Cookies, you can access your cookie management settings by clicking the Manage Cookies link at the bottom of the website. To find out more information about cookies generally, including information about how to manage and delete cookies, please visit or if you are located in the European Union. ***Information about Interest-Based Advertisements:*** We may serve advertisements, and also allow third-party ad networks, including third-party ad servers, ad agencies, ad technology vendors and research firms, to serve advertisements through the GEDmatch services. These advertisements may be targeted to users who fit certain general profile categories or display certain preferences or behaviors (“Interest-Based Ads”). Information for Interest-Based Ads (including personal information) may be provided to us by you, or derived from the usage patterns of particular users on our services and/or services of third parties. Such information may be gathered through tracking users’ activities across time and unaffiliated properties, including when you leave our services. To accomplish this, we or our service providers may deliver cookies, including a file (known as a “web beacon”) from an ad network to you through our services. Web beacons allow ad networks to provide anonymized, aggregated auditing, research and reporting for us and for advertisers. Web beacons also enable ad networks to serve targeted advertisements to you when you visit other websites. Web beacons allow ad networks to view, edit or set their own cookies on your browser, just as if you had requested a web page from their site. Users in the European Union should visit the European Interactive Digital Advertising Alliance’s user information website . **Legal Disclosures** In this section, we have included some legally required disclosures under U.S. state and European Union (“EU”)/United Kingdom (“UK”) privacy laws. If you are a resident of the EU, UK, Lichtenstein, Norway or Iceland, please see the corresponding [“EU and UK Data Subject Rights” section](https://www.gedmatch.com/terms-of-service-privacy-policy-may-31-2023/#euukresidents) below. Alternatively, if you reside in California, please see the corresponding [“Information for California Residents”](https://www.gedmatch.com/terms-of-service-privacy-policy-may-31-2023/#caresidents) section or [“Information for Virginia Residents”](https://www.gedmatch.com/terms-of-service-privacy-policy-may-31-2023/#varesidents) section, respectively. If there are any conflicts between any section of this Privacy Policy and any provision of the Terms of Service or other section of this Privacy Policy, the portion that is more protective of personal information in your country or state of residence shall control to the extent of such conflict. While these laws apply only to residents of the specified jurisdictions, all users have the ability to change, correct or delete their information through their account settings or by contacting us at . **Personal Information** This chart details the categories of Personal Information that we collect and have collected over the past 12 months: **Category of Personal Information** **Examples of Personal Information We Collect** **How We Use Personal Information** **Categories of Third Parties With Whom We Disclose this Personal Information:** Profile or Contact Data - First and last name - Alias - Email - Unique identifiers such as passwords To enable you to create an account and log in to and use GEDmatch, to communicate with you (including to provide support and answer questions), to understand how our users interact with GEDmatch, and to improve our offerings. We also use this information in accordance with your specific opt-in/opt-out settings for law enforcement and familial genealogical research purposes, as described in more detail above. - Service Providers - Parties You Authorize, Access or Authenticate Payment Data and Commercial Information About Your Transactions with Us - Payment card type - Last 4 digits of payment card - Bank account number - Billing address, phone number, and email - Information on checks you send us - Information about Tier1 level subscriptions To receive and process payment for the Tier1 version of GEDmatch, and to provide you with the GEDmatch service. - Service Providers (specifically our payment processing partners, currently Network Merchants, LLC) Device/IP Data - IP address - Device ID - Domain server - Type of device/operating system/browser used to access the GEDmatch services To provide the GEDmatch services, to understand how our users interact with GEDmatch, and to improve our offerings. - Service Providers - Analytics Partners - Advertising Partners Web Analytics - Web page interactions - Referring webpage/source through which you accessed the Services - Non-identifiable request IDs - Statistics associated with the interaction between device or browser and the GEDmatch services To provide the GEDmatch services, to understand how our users interact with GEDmatch, and to improve our offerings. - Service Providers - Analytics Partners - Advertising Partners Consumer Demographic Data - Gender To provide the GEDmatch services, to understand how our users interact with GEDmatch, and to improve our offerings. - Service Providers - Parties You Authorize, Access or Authenticate Biometric Data - Y-DNA or mtDNA haplogroup - Genetic sequence/information - Genealogy data To provide the GEDmatch services, and in accordance with your specific opt-in/opt-out settings. - Service Providers - Parties You Authorize, Access or Authenticate Photos, Videos and Recordings - Photos, videos or recordings of you when you provide a testimonial To understand how our users interact with GEDmatch and to improve our offerings. - Service Providers - Parties You Authorize, Access or Authenticate Categories of Data Considered “Sensitive” Under the California Privacy Rights Act and the Virginia Consumer Data Protection Act - A person’s account log-in, financial account, debit card, or credit card number in combination with any required security or access code, password, or credentials allowing access to an account - Genetic data - Y-DNA or mtDNA haplogroup - Geneology data To enable you to create an account and log in to and use GEDmatch, to communicate with you (including to provide support and answer questions), to understand how our users interact with GEDmatch, and to improve our offerings. To provide the GEDmatch services, and in accordance with your specific opt-in/opt-out settings. - Service Providers - Parties You Authorize, Access or Authenticate Other Identifying Information that You Voluntarily Choose to Provide - Identifying information in emails or letters you send us, or in Content you post via a GEDmatch discussion forum To provide the GEDmatch services, to understand how our users interact with GEDmatch, and to improve our offerings. - Service Providers In addition to the specific uses described above, we also use personal information for fraud protection, security and debugging purposes, and we may use and disclose personal information for meeting legal requirements and enforcing legal terms, as described in more detail in our Terms of Service. We will not collect additional categories of personal information or use the personal information we collected for materially different, unrelated or incompatible purposes without providing you notice. If you are a California resident, please note that we only use or disclose your sensitive personal information for the purposes set forth in section 7027(m) of the CCPA regulations and we do not collect or process sensitive personal information with the purpose of inferring any characteristics about California residents. *Categories of Sources of Personal Information* We collect personal information about you from the following categories of sources: - **You** - When you provide such information directly to us. - When you create an account or use our interactive tools and Services. - When you voluntarily provide information in free-form text boxes through the Services or through responses to surveys or questionnaires. - When you send us an email or otherwise contact us. - When you use the Services and such information is collected automatically. - Through Cookies (defined in the “Tracking Tools, Advertising and Opt-Out” section below). - If you use a location-enabled browser, we may receive information about your location and mobile device, as applicable. - **Public Records** - - From the government or other sources. - **Third Parties** - Vendors - We may use analytics providers to analyze how you interact and engage with the Services, or third parties may help us provide you with customer support. - We may use vendors to obtain information to generate leads and create user profiles. - Advertising Partners - We receive information about you from some of our vendors who assist us with marketing or promotional services related to how you interact with our websites, applications, products, Services, advertisements or communications. - Third-Party Credentials If you provide your third-party account credentials, such as your social network account credentials, to us or otherwise sign in to the Services through a third-party site or service, some content and/or information in those accounts may be transmitted into your account with us. **How We Disclose Your Personal Information** We disclose your personal information to the categories of service providers and other parties listed in this section. Depending on state laws that may be applicable to you, some data sharing we engage in through our use of retargeted advertising cookies may constitute a “sale” of your personal information, as discussed further below. For more information, please refer to the state-specific sections below. - **Service Providers.** These parties help us provide the Services or perform business functions on our behalf. They include: - Hosting, technology and communication providers. - Security and fraud prevention consultants. - Support and customer service vendors. - Product fulfillment and delivery providers. - Payment processors. - Our payment processing partner Network Merchants, LLC (“NMI”) collects your voluntarily-provided payment card information necessary to process your payment. - **Analytics Partners**. These parties provide analytics on web traffic or usage of the Services. They include: - Companies that track how users found or were referred to the Services. - Companies that track how users interact with the Services. - **Advertising Partners.** These parties help us market our services and provide you with other offers that may be of interest to you. They include: - Ad networks. - Marketing providers. - **Parties You Authorize, Access or Authenticate** - Third parties you authorize via the privacy option that you select when you upload Raw Data, such as GEDmatch and GEDmatch PRO users. - Social media services for authentication purposes. **Your Privacy Choices** When you provide the DNA kit, you will be asked to select from four privacy options related to how we conduct matching of DNA kits submitted to our database. For additional detail regarding these privacy options, [please see the description here](https://www.gedmatch.com/terms-of-service-november-22-2024/#dnadata) in our Terms of Service. This information will also be presented to you in the user interface at the time of upload. **Information for California Residents** Under the CCPA, California residents have certain rights regarding their data, including: *Access* You have the right to request certain information about our collection and use of your personal information over the past 12 months. In response, we will provide you with the following information: - The categories of personal information that we have collected about you. - The categories of sources from which that personal information was collected. - The business or commercial purpose for collecting or selling your personal information. - The categories of third parties with whom we have disclosed your personal information. - The specific pieces of personal information that we have collected about you. If we have disclosed your personal information to any third parties for a business purpose over the past 12 months, we will identify the categories of personal information disclosed with each category of third party recipient. *Deletion* You have the right to request that we delete the personal information that we have collected about you. Under the CCPA, this right is subject to certain exceptions: for example, we may need to retain your personal information to provide you with the GEDmatch services or complete a transaction or other action you have requested, or if deletion of your personal information involves disproportionate effort. If your deletion request is subject to one of these exceptions, we may deny your deletion request. If you have a GEDmatch account, you can also delete your information through your account settings. *Correction* You have the right to request that we correct any inaccurate personal information we have collected about you. Under the CCPA, this right is subject to certain exceptions: for example, if we decide, based on the totality of circumstances related to your personal information, that such personal information is correct. If your correction request is subject to one of these exceptions, we may deny your request. *Cookies Data Sales and Sharing Opt-Out* In this section, we use the terms “selling” and “sharing” as they are defined in the CCPA. As described in the Cookies section above, we have incorporated cookies from certain third parties on the GEDmatch website. These cookies allow those third parties to receive certain information about your interaction with the website that is associated with your browser or device. Those third parties may use that data to serve you relevant ads on our services or on other websites you visit. Under the CCPA, our sharing your personal information (specifically, Device/IP Data and Web Analytics) obtained through third party cookies for online advertising (“Cookies”) may be considered a “sale” of information and may also constitute “sharing” for cross-context behavioral advertising under the CCPA. You can opt out of our selling and sharing of your Cookies by following the instructions in this section. We sell and/or share (and, over the past 12 months, we have sold and/or shared) your Cookies to and/or with Advertising Partners for the following business or commercial purposes: - Marketing and selling our services. - Showing you advertisements, including interest-based or online behavioral advertising. You have the right to opt-out of the sale and/or sharing of your Cookies. You can opt-out using the following methods: - By implementing the Global Privacy Control or similar control that is legally recognized by a government agency or industry standard and that complies with applicable laws. Note that this must be initiated through your browser and applies to your specific device and browser used at the time you cast the signal. Please note this does not include Do Not Track signals. - Email us at: [support@gedmatch.com](mailto:gedmatch@verogen.com) - Call us at: (858) 285-4101 Once you have submitted an opt-out request, we will not ask you to reauthorize the sale and/or sharing of your Cookies for at least 12 months. To our knowledge, we do not sell or share the personal information of minors under 16 years of age. *We Will Not Discriminate Against You for Exercising Your Rights Under the CCPA* We will not discriminate against you for exercising your rights under the CCPA. We will not deny you our goods or services, charge you different prices or rates, or provide you a lower quality of goods and services if you exercise your rights under the CCPA. However, we may offer different tiers of our services as allowed by applicable data privacy laws (including the CCPA) with varying prices, rates or levels of quality of the goods or services you receive related to the value of personal information that we receive from you. Other California Resident Rights Under California Civil Code Sections 1798.83-1798.84, California residents are entitled to contact us to prevent disclosure of personal information to third parties for such third parties’ direct marketing purposes; in order to submit such a request, please contact us at . If you are a resident of California, you have a right to file a complaint alleging a violation under the California Genetic Information Privacy Act (“California GIPA”) with California’s Attorney General or other applicable state officials. To file a complaint alleging a violation under California GIPA, please contact: - California’s Attorney General: - Webform: - - Phone number (toll-free in California): (800) 952-5225 - District Attorney: - Contact information for county district attorneys is available at: https://www.cdaa.org/district-attorney-roster If applicable, you may also file a complaint alleging a violation under California GIPA by contacting the applicable state officials listed below: - County counsel authorized by agreement with the district attorney in actions involving violation of a county ordinance; - City attorney of a city having a population in excess of 750,000; - City attorney in a city and county (for example, city attorneys listed at: https://www.cdaa.org/city-attorney-roster); or - With the consent of the district attorney, a city prosecutor in a city having a full-time city prosecutor in the name of the people of the State of California. **Information for Nevada Residents** If you are a resident of Nevada, you have the right to opt-out of the sale of certain personal information to third parties who intend to license or sell that personal information. Please note that we do not currently sell your personal information as sales are defined in Nevada Revised Statutes Chapter 603A. **Information for Virginia Residents** If you are a Virginia resident, you have the rights set forth under the VCDPA. Please see the “Exercising Your Rights” section below for instructions regarding how to exercise these rights. Please note that we may process personal information of our customers’ end users or employees in connection with our provision of certain services to our customers. If we are processing your personal information as a service provider, you should contact the entity that collected your personal information in the first instance to address your rights with respect to such data. Additionally, please note that these rights are subject to certain conditions and exceptions under applicable law, which may permit or require us to deny your request. If there are any conflicts between this section and any other provision of this Privacy Policy and you are a Virginia resident, the portion that is more protective of personal information shall control to the extent of such conflict. If you have any questions about this section or whether any of the following rights apply to you, please contact us at [support@gedmatch.com](mailto:gedmatch@verogen.com). Access You have the right to request confirmation of whether or not we are processing your personal information and to access your personal information. Correction You have the right to correct inaccuracies in your personal information, to the extent such correction is appropriate in consideration of the nature of such data and our purposes of processing your personal information. Portability You have the right to request a copy of your personal information in a machine-readable format, to the extent technically feasible. Deletion You have the right to delete personal information you have provided to us or we have obtained about you. Consent or “Opt-in” Required and How to Withdraw We may seek your consent to collect or process certain personal information, including Sensitive Data. If you would like to withdraw your consent, please follow the instructions under the “Exercising Your Rights under State Privacy Laws” section. Opt-Out of Certain Processing Activities We process your personal information for targeted advertising purposes. You have the right to opt-out of the processing of your personal information for targeted advertising purposes. To opt-out of our processing of personal information obtained through third party cookies for online advertising purposes, please follow the method described in the “Exercising Your Rights under CCPA and VCDPA” section. You have the right to opt-out from the processing of your personal information for the purposes of profiling in furtherance of decisions that produce legal or similarly significant effects to you, if applicable. Appealing a Denial If we refuse to take action on a request within a reasonable period of time after receiving your request in accordance with this section. In such appeal, you must (1) provide sufficient information (including account login credentials, first name, last name and/or email address) to allow us to verify that you are the person about whom the original request pertains and to identify the original request, and (2) provide a description of the basis of your appeal. Please note that your appeal will be subject to your rights and obligations afforded to you under the VCDPA. We will respond to your appeal within 60 days of receiving your request. If we deny your appeal, you have the right to contact the Virginia Attorney General using the methods described at . You may appeal a decision by us using the following methods: Email us at: [support@gedmatch.com](mailto:gedmatch@verogen.com) (title must include “VCDPA Appeal”) Call us at: (858) 285-4101 Other Virginia Resident Rights If you have a complaint, we encourage you to reach out to us at [support@gedmatch.com](mailto:gedmatch@verogen.com). If you are a resident of Virginia, you have a right to file a complaint alleging a violation under Virginia’s Genetic Information Privacy Act (“Virginia GIPA”) with Virginia’s Attorney General. You can find information relating to filing a complaint on the Virginia Attorney General’s website [here](https://www.oag.state.va.us/consumer-protection/index.php/file-a-complaint). **Exercising Your Rights under CCPA and VCDPA** To exercise the rights described in this Privacy Policy, you or, if you are a California resident, your Authorized Agent (defined below) must send us a request that (1) provides sufficient information (including account login credentials, first name, last name and/or email address) to allow us to verify that you are the person about whom we have collected personal information, and (2) describes your request in sufficient detail to allow us to understand, evaluate and respond to it. Each request that meets both of these criteria will be considered a “Valid Request.” We may not respond to requests that do not meet these criteria. We will only use personal information provided in a Valid Request to verify your identity and complete your request. You do not need an account to submit a Valid Request. We will work to respond to your Valid Request within the time period required by applicable law. We will not charge you a fee for making a Valid Request unless your Valid Request(s) is excessive, repetitive or manifestly unfounded. If we determine that your Valid Request warrants a fee, we will notify you of the fee and explain that decision before completing your request. You may submit a Valid Request using the following methods: Email us at: [support@gedmatch.com](mailto:gedmatch@verogen.com) Call us at: (858) 285-4101 If you are a California resident, you may also authorize an agent (an “Authorized Agent”) to exercise your rights on your behalf. To do this, you must provide your Authorized Agent with written permission to exercise your rights on your behalf, and we may request a copy of this written permission from your Authorized Agent when they make a request on your behalf. **Information for Washington Residents** If you are a resident of Washington state, please see our [Consumer Health Data Privacy Policy](https://www.gedmatch.com/washington-consumer-health-data-privacy-policy/) for additional information about the processing of your health data and your rights under the Washington My Health My Data Act. **Information for European Union and United Kingdom Residents** If you are a resident of the EU, UK, Lichtenstein, Norway or Iceland, you may have additional rights under the EU General Data Protection Regulation (the “GDPR”) or the UK Data Protection Act with respect to your personal data, as outlined below. For this section, we use the terms “personal data” and “processing” as they are defined in the GDPR, but “personal data” generally means information that can be used to individually identify a person, and “processing” generally covers actions that can be performed in connection with data such as collection, use, storage and disclosure. Verogen will be the controller of your personal data processed in connection with the GEDmatch services. *Personal Data We Collect* The “GEDmatch Collection and Use of Information” section and the chart above detail the personal data that we collect. *Personal Data of Children* We do not knowingly collect or solicit personal data from children under 16 years of age; if you are a child under the age of 16, please do not attempt to register for or otherwise use GEDmatch or send us any personal data. If we learn we have collected personal data from a child under 16 years of age, we will delete that information as quickly as possible. If you believe that a child under 16 years of age may have provided personal data to us, please contact us at [Support@gedmatch.com.](mailto:gedmatch@verogen.com) *Personal Data Use and Processing Grounds* We will only process your personal data if we have a lawful basis for doing so. We process your personal data as a matter of contractual necessity to provide you with the GEDmatch services. For example, we need your contact information in order to enable your account, provide support and communicate with you, your payment information to provide you with the Tier1 level of services if selected by you, and, at your option, your DNA and genealogical data so that you can use the GEDmatch services for genealogical purposes. We also process your personal data when we believe it furthers the legitimate interests of us or third parties. For example, we process your device ID and we generate web analytics in order to understand how our users use GEDmatch, so that we can improve GEDmatch for everyone. In some cases, we process personal data based on the consent you expressly grant to us at the time we collect such data. For example, your personal data will only be processed for law enforcement and/or research access when you expressly opt in, as described in more detail above. When we process personal data based on your consent, it will be expressly indicated to you at the point and time of collection. From time to time we may also need to process personal data to comply with a legal obligation, if it is necessary to protect the vital interests of you or other data subjects, or if it is necessary for a task carried out in the public interest. *EU and UK Data Subject Rights* You have certain rights with respect to your personal data, including those set forth below. For more information about these rights, or to submit a request, please email us at [Support@gedmatch.com.](mailto:gedmatch@verogen.com) Please note that in some circumstances, we may not be able to fully comply with your request, such as if it is frivolous or extremely impractical, if it jeopardizes the rights of others, or if it is not required by law, but in those circumstances, we will still respond to notify you of such a decision. In some cases, we may also need you to provide us with additional information, which may include personal data, if necessary to verify your identity and the nature of your request. - **Access**: You can request more information about the personal data we hold about you and request a copy of such personal data. If you are an account holder, you can also access certain of your personal data by logging on to your account. - **Rectification**: If you believe that any personal data we are holding about you is incorrect or incomplete, you can request that we correct or supplement such data. You can also correct some of this information directly by logging on to your account. - **Erasure**: You can request that we erase some or all of your personal data from our systems. - **Withdrawal of Consent**: If we are processing your personal data based on your consent (as indicated at the time of collection of such data), you have the right to withdraw your consent at any time. - **Portability**: You can ask for a copy of your personal data in a machine-readable format. You can also request that we transmit the data to another controller where technically feasible. - **Objection**: You can contact us to let us know that you object to the further use or disclosure of your personal data for certain purposes. - **Restriction of Processing**: You can ask us to restrict further processing of your personal data. - **Right to File Complaint**: You have the right to lodge a complaint about our practices with respect to your personal data with the supervisory authority of your country or EU Member State. A list of Supervisory Authorities is available here: [https://edpb.europa.eu/about-edpb/board/members\_en](https://edpb.europa.eu/about-edpb/board/members_en). *Transfers of Personal Data* The GEDmatch service is operated by Verogen, a company based in the United States. You acknowledge that any personal data you submit to, or that is collected by, the GEDmatch service is received by Verogen in the U.S. and will be hosted on U.S. servers or may, in the future, be hosted on EU servers operated by Verogen or its service providers. This is necessary for Verogen to be able to provide you with the GEDmatch services as requested by you and set forth in these Terms of Service and Privacy Policy. If you do not wish for your data to be processed and hosted in the U.S. or in the EU, please do not use the GEDmatch services. While Verogen receives or collects personal data directly from you as the EU or UK data subject, Verogen takes the protection of your personal data seriously. In some circumstances, your personal data may be transferred to the U.S. pursuant to a data processing agreement incorporating standard data protection clauses. **Data Privacy Frameworks** Verogen complies with the EU-U.S. Data Privacy Framework (“EU-U.S. DPF”), the UK Extension to the EU-U.S. DPF (“UK-U.S. DPF”), and the Swiss-U.S. Data Privacy Framework (“Swiss-U.S. DPF”) as set forth by the U.S. Department of Commerce. Verogen has certified to the U.S. Department of Commerce that it adheres to the EU-U.S. Data Privacy Framework Principles (“EU-U.S. DPF Principles”) with regard to the processing of all personal data received from the European Union in reliance on the EU-U.S. DPF and in reliance on the UK Extension to the EU-U.S. DPF (the “UK-US DPF Principles”) as to the processing of all personal data received from the United Kingdom (and Gibraltar). Verogen has certified to the U.S. Department of Commerce that it adheres to the Swiss-U.S. Data Privacy Framework Principles (“Swiss-U.S. DPF Principles”) with regard to the processing of personal data received from Switzerland in reliance on the Swiss-U.S. DPF. If there is any conflict between the terms in this Privacy Policy and the EU-U.S. DPF Principles, the UK-U.S. DPF Principles, and the Swiss-U.S. DPF Principles, the EU-U.S. DPF Principles, the UK-U.S. DPF Principles, and the Swiss-U.S. DPF Principles shall govern. To learn more about the EU-U.S. DPF, the UK-U.S. DPF, and the Swiss-US DPF, and to view our certification, please visit . The Federal Trade Commission has jurisdiction over Verogen’s compliance with the EU-U.S. DPF, the UK-U.S. DPF, and the Swiss-U.S. DPF. This Privacy Policy describes the types of Personal Data we collect, the purposes for which we collect and use your Personal Data, and the purposes for which we disclose your Personal Data to certain types of third parties in the sections above. Pursuant to the EU-U.S. DPF, the UK-U.S. DPF, and the Swiss-U.S. DPF, EU, UK, and Swiss individuals have the right to obtain our confirmation of whether we maintain Personal Data relating to them in the U.S. Upon request, we will provide EU, UK, and Swiss individuals with access to the Personal Data that we hold about them. EU, UK, and Swiss individuals may also correct, amend, or delete the Personal Data we hold about them where it is inaccurate, or has been processed in violation of the EU-U.S. DPF Principles, the UK-U.S. DPF Principles, and the Swiss-U.S. DPF Principles, except where the burden or expense of providing access would be disproportionate to the risks to the individual’s privacy in the case in question, or where the rights of persons other than the individual would be violated. An EU, UK, and Swiss individual who seeks access, or who seeks to correct, amend, or delete inaccurate data transferred to the U.S. under the EU-U.S. DPF, the UK-U.S. DPF, and the Swiss-U.S. DPF, should direct their query to . If requested to remove data, we will respond within a reasonable timeframe. For more information about rights afforded to EU, UK, and Swiss individuals, please see the “European Union, United Kingdom, and Swiss Data Subject Rights” section of this Privacy Policy. In addition, under the EU-U.S. DPF, the UK-U.S. DPF, and the Swiss-U.S. DPF, we will provide EU, UK, and Swiss individuals with the choice to opt-out from the sharing of their Personal Data with any third parties (other than our agents or those that act on our behalf or under our instruction), or before we use it for a purpose that is materially different from the purpose for which it was originally collected or subsequently authorized. We will provide EU, UK, and Swiss individuals with the choice to opt-in to sharing their sensitive Personal Data with any third parties or if we plan to process their Personal Data for a purpose other than those for which it was originally collected or subsequently authorized. EU, UK, and Swiss individuals may request to limit the use and disclosure of your Personal Data by submitting a written request to . In addition to any other disclosures described in our Privacy Policy, in certain situations, we may be required to disclose Personal Data in response to lawful requests by public authorities, including to meet national security or law enforcement requirements. Verogen’s accountability for Personal Data that it receives in the U.S. under the EU-U.S. DPF, the UK-U.S. DPF, and the Swiss-U.S. DPF and subsequently transfers to a third party acting as an agent on our behalf is described in the EU-U.S. DPF Principles, the UK-U.S. DPF Principles, and the Swiss-U.S. DPF Principles. In particular, Verogen remains liable under the EU-U.S. DPF Principles, the UK-U.S. DPF Principles, and the Swiss-U.S. DPF Principles if our agents process Personal Data in a manner inconsistent with the EU-U.S. DPF Principles, the UK-U.S. DPF Principles, and the Swiss-U.S. DPF Principles, unless Verogen proves that we are not responsible for the event giving rise to the damage. In compliance with the EU-U.S. DPF, the UK-U.S. DPF, and the Swiss-U.S. DPF, Verogen commits to resolve EU-U.S. DPF Principles, UK-U.S. DPF Principles, and Swiss-U.S. DPF Principles-related complaints about our collection and use of your Personal Data. EU, UK, and Swiss individuals with inquiries or complaints regarding our handling of personal data received in reliance on the DPF should first contact Verogen at . Verogen has further committed to refer unresolved complaints under the EU-U.S. DPF, the UK-U.S. DPF, and the Swiss-U.S. DPF program to an independent dispute resolution mechanism, Data Privacy Framework Services, operated by BBB National Programs. If you are an EU, UK, or Swiss individual and you do not receive timely acknowledgment of your EU-U.S. DPF Principles, UK-U.S. DPF Principles, or Swiss-U.S. DPF Principles-related complaint, or if your complaint is not satisfactorily addressed, please visit [www.bbbprograms.org/dpf-complaints](https://www.bbbprograms.org/dpf-complaints) for more information and to file a complaint. This service is provided free of charge to you. If your EU-U.S. DPF , the UK-U.S. DPF, and the Swiss-U.S. DPF complaint cannot be resolved through the above channels, under certain conditions, you may invoke binding arbitration for some residual claims not resolved by other redress mechanisms. See Annex 1 of the Data Privacy Framework Principles, located at . Contacting Us If you are located in the European Union or the United Kingdom, you may use the following information to contact our Data Protection Officer and our European Union-Based Member Representative: - For our EU Representative, individuals and data protection supervisory authorities in the EU and the UK may contact our data protection representatives according to Articles 27 EU and UK GDPR: - EU Mail: DP-Dock GmbH, Attn: Verogen Inc., Ballindamm 39, 20095 Hamburg, Germany - UK Mail: DP Data Protection Services UK Ltd., Attn: Verogen Inc., 16 Great Queen Street, Covent Garden, London, WC2B 5AH, United Kingdom - Email: - For our Data Protection Officer: - Email: **Data Retention** We retain personal information about you for as long as you have an open account with us or as otherwise necessary to provide you with the GEDmatch services. See the “Security” section about our retention and deletion of original uploaded files. When establishing a retention period for specific categories of data, we consider who we collected the data from, our need for the personal information, why we collected the personal information, and the sensitivity of the personal information. In some cases we retain personal information for longer, if doing so is necessary to comply with our legal obligations, resolve disputes or collect fees owed, or is otherwise permitted or required by applicable law, rule or regulation. We may further retain information in an anonymous or aggregated form where that information would not identify you personally. For example: - We retain your profile information (including your DNA kits) and credentials for as long as you have an account with us. - We retain your payment data for as long as we need to process your purchase or subscription. - We retain your device/IP data for as long as we need it to ensure that our systems are working appropriately, effectively and efficiently. **Updates to This Policy** We may update the GEDmatch.com Privacy Policy at any time. We will inform you of updates by posting an announcement on the Site, by sending you an email and/or by some other means. You agree to review the updated terms and policy, and by continuing to use the Site after we have posted a notice on the Site about the update, you accept the changes to the GEDmatch.com Privacy Policy. Please note that if you’ve opted not to receive legal notice emails from us, those legal notices will still govern your use of our services, and you are still responsible for reading and understanding them. **Contact us:** Verogen Inc. is incorporated in the State of Delaware, USA Email: US Mail: Verogen, Inc. 19300 Germantown Road Germantown, Maryland 20874 --- ### [Family Tree DNA](https://www.gedmatch.com/education/family-tree-dna/) **Published:** September 19, 2025 **Author:** digitalmarketing3 **Content:** # How to Upload Your Genetic Profile from Family Tree DNA ![Family Tree DNA + GEDmatch](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/family-tree-DNA-hero.png) ## A perfect complement to Family Tree ## DNA made easy. ![DNA matching](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/GEDmatch-and-23andMe-section-image.png) - Take your Family Tree DNA results farther with GEDmatch and get instant access to explore more than 1.5 million DNA profiles and your DNA match list. - Create your free account to explore more than 1.5 million DNA profiles from GEDmatch. - When you upload your DNA to GEDmatch, you have access to a database with over 1.5 million members and counting. With this powerful website, you can learn more about your ancestral history and connect with other ethnicities. This empowers you to get a deeper understanding of what makes you truly unique. - With the click of a button, you'll be able to find others who share similar genetic codes. You may find long-lost relatives or distant cousins that can help fill in the gaps in your family history. Discover unknown family members and learn about your heritage. #### Benefits ![double helix](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Group-797.png) ##### Discover DNA Relatives If you’re looking for relatives outside of the Family Tree DNA database, upload your DNA data here and see who else is out there! By doing this, you can expand your search and find the relatives you’re looking for. ![family tree](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Group-798.png) ##### Seach Possible Relatives Upload your DNA data here and see if anyone on the platform is related to you. With GEDmatch, you can easily grow your family tree! ![One to one graphic](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/one-to-one-graphic.png) ##### Genetic Genealogy GEDmatch is a genetic genealogy site where DNA matches can find relatives across genealogy projects, such as Ancestry, Family Tree DNA or FTDNA. ##### Features ![multiracial genetics tool](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/multiracial-genetics-having-meeting-about-gene-eng-2022-04-27-04-10-50-utc.png) ###### Power Genetics Tool GEDmatch is a free, public DNA database. It’s a genetic community interested in preserving both biological genealogy and genetic privacy. ![multi generation family](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/happy-multi-generation-family-gathering-around-not-2022-01-18-23-38-46-utc.png) ###### Worldwide Connections GEDmatch has people from around the world who share interests in genealogy and genetics. Some of our users join “Ancestor Projects” – A GEDmatch Ancestor Project is a group of people who are all related to each other in some way and want to find out more about their family history together. ![DNA test tube](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/dna-test-test-tube-with-liquid-for-dna-analysis-a-2022-01-12-20-42-33-utc.png) ###### Create a DNA Public Profile Your profile on GEDmatch can show who you are related to as well as what segments of DNA you share with them or which segments they might share with you. ##### How to Get Started ###### Do you have your Family Tree DNA Data? [ Yes ](https://app.gedmatch.com/register.php) [ How do I get it? ](#how-to-access) ##### How to Access Your Raw DNA Data From Family Tree DNA 1 Sign in to your Family Tree DNA account. ![Family Tree DNA login screen](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/family-tree-dna-login.png) 2 Under the Results & Tools tab, navigate to Autosomal DNA then “Download Raw Data” You have the option here to download three types of kits. The concentrated raw data kit contains X and Y Raw data. ![](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/family-tree-download-data.png) 3 Click the orange download button to download your DNA Raw Data. That’s it! Your DNA profile is ready to upload to GEDmatch.com ![Download your data](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/family-tree-download-confirmation.png) #### Upload Your DNA File to GEDmatch Sign up for free and find genetic matches on GEDmatch. Use it as a research tool or share DNA data with others to find relatives. [ Upload DNA file here ](https://app.gedmatch.com/register.php) --- ### [Testimonials](https://www.gedmatch.com/testimonials/) **Published:** January 20, 2023 **Author:** digitalmarketing3 **Excerpt:** Hear what others have to say about their experiences with GEDmatch​. **Content:** # Testimonials ## Hear what others have to say about their experiences with GEDmatch #### Get your free GEDmatch account today! ##### Just upload your test results today and discover more! [ Get Started Now ](https://app.gedmatch.com/register.php) ![get your match](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/get-your-match.png) ###### Subscribe to our Newsletter Stay up to date with the latest trends with tips, tricks, and tools from our community of experts! Email Subscribe --- ### [Fallen Warriors: The Unknowns](https://www.gedmatch.com/fallen-warriors-the-unknowns/) **Published:** September 30, 2024 **Author:** Tom Osypian **Excerpt:** In the heart of World War II & Korea, countless heroes gave everything in the name of freedom, leaving behind families who for decades have yearned for closure. For too many, the final resting places of these valiant souls have remained a mystery, their stories untold, their sacrifices unrecognized. Today, however, we stand on the brink of a monumental shift—a chance to honor these heroes as they truly deserve. **Content:** Fallen Warriors: The Unknowns # Unlock Their Story. Honor Their Sacrifice. A PATRIOTIC MISSION In the heart of World War II and Korea, thousands of brave Americans gave everything for our freedom. For many families, the final resting places of these valiant souls remain a mystery, their stories untold, their sacrifices unrecognized. **Now, you can change that.** GEDmatch stands at the forefront of a historic mission—a chance to honor these heroes as they truly deserve. By uploading your DNA profile, you help pave the way for groundbreaking discoveries that can transform “Unknown” markers into named graves, while gaining access to your own relative’s Individual Deceased Personnel File. Unlock the Mystery of History: Your DNA Could Reunite Families ### TWO WAYS TO HONOR THE FALLEN ![](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/your-dna-and-GEDmatch.jpg) ### 1. Your DNA Can Help Identify the Unknowns Your DNA profile could be the key to identifying one of the thousands of unknown soldiers from World War II and Korea. By contributing to GEDmatch’s database, you help create a reference that can encourage the U.S. government to use Forensic Investigative Genetic Genealogy (FIGG) to identify remains of missing service members. ![](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/IDPF-dog-tags.jpg) ### 2. Discover Your Family’s Military Legacy In return for your contribution, you’ll receive access to your relative’s Individual Deceased Personnel File (IDPF)—comprehensive historical documentation about their service, final moments, and burial. Through our exclusive partnership, we offer access to 500,000 IDPFs that can help you understand your family’s role in American history. # What Families Are Saying I was able to download the file and found it fascinating. My mom who died a little over a year ago was never able to talk much about her brother Aubrey without getting emotional so I didn't know the details of his loss. My daughter is in the Pershing Own Army Band and my son served on a Navy sub a few years ago so they will both be interested in learning more about their great uncle. ![Richard](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor/assets/images/placeholder.png) Richard I want to thank you again for John's IDPF. My brother contacted his niece and she was excited to receive it. It also allowed my brother to re-establish contact with a cousin with whom he was once close. Thank you again Charlie I'm deeply appreciative of your dedication to finding relatives of those who gave their lives in service to our country. Reading through the records is another stark reminder of the finality of war for far too many. I can only imagine the pain and heartbreak the immediate family, friends, and others who knew them went through. Your efforts bring to light once again a part of the story that otherwise would be lost. Thank you. I am in shock. This is quite a significant find for our family. Thank you so much for reaching out to me and providing this valued information. Our family is deeply grateful to you. Thank you so much. I have downloaded the copy and am very grateful for your kindness in sharing this file. I will be sharing it with other members of my family. My dear Mother, James's sister, went to her grave still grieving in 2015 and this means a lot to my family. Sonia # What is an IDPF file? An Individual Deceased Personnel File (IDPF) contains comprehensive documentation about service members who died while serving in the military during World War II and the Korean War. These files were previously classified and are now available through our exclusive partnership. Each IDPF typically includes: - Detailed documentation of the death and identification of remains - Records of recovery, temporary burial, and final disposition - Reports from field investigators and graves registration personnel - Personal effects inventories and disposition - Correspondence with family members - Maps, coordinates, and site documentation - Identification processes and conclusions These files average about 50 pages each, though some run to several hundred pages. They represent crucial historical information that’s available from no other source and provide invaluable insight for both families seeking closure and historians documenting these conflicts. Through our exclusive partnership, we now offer access to over 510,000 IDPFs that have been digitized at significant expense (over $20 million) by the government. ![](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/idpf-example.png) [ Search the IDPF portal ](https://idpfs.com/) #### FAQs What is GEDmatch's role in identifying unknown soldiers? GEDmatch provides a platform where DNA profiles can be compared across different testing companies. Your DNA data upload to GEDmatch.com will help build a reference database that will aid the U.S. Government if they use FIGG to identify remains of missing service members. Each upload contributes to our collective effort to honor those who made the ultimate sacrifice. Will my DNA be accessible to the government or law enforcement? No, the U.S. Government or law enforcement does not get to see your raw DNA data when you consent to allow your data to be included in those types of searches. Just like any other user of GEDmatch, they would only see your name or GEDmatch alias, email address, and how much DNA you share with the forensic profile. Law enforcement uses a purpose-built website called GEDmatch PRO where they upload the investigative profile to be compared with users of the GEDmatch database who have chosen to be a part of those specific types of searches. What are my privacy options when I upload my DNA data? GEDmatch provides four categories of privacy options when you upload your DNA kit. Once uploaded, you can easily change from one category or another when you wish. **Privacy Category** **What does it mean ?** Private Your kit is not available for comparisons with any other kits. No comparison results will be shown unless you change this setting to another privacy category. Research We will compare your DNA kit to all other kits in the GEDmatch database to find your matching genetic relatives. However, your DNA kits will not be shown in match result reports generated for other kits (including kits submitted by or on behalf of law enforcement). Genealogy and genetic genealogy require the sharing of information, and choosing this option will not allow your matches to see your DNA kit in their match results. This option may be used for regular uploads if you have specific reasons for doing so. Public + Opt-Out We will compare your DNA kit to all other kits in the GEDmatch database to find your matching genetic relatives. Kits in the database include those submitted by users undertaking personal genetic genealogy research, adoptee searches, and users (including law enforcement) attempting to identify unidentified human remains. Your kit WILL NOT be compared with kits submitted by law enforcement to identify perpetrators of violent crimes. Public + Opt-In We will compare your DNA kit to all other kits in the GEDmatch database to find your matching genetic relatives. Kits in the database include those submitted by users undertaking personal genetic genealogy research, adoptee searches, users (including law enforcement) attempting to identify unidentified human remains, and law enforcement attempting to identify perpetrators of violent crimes. Your kit WILL be compared with kits submitted by law enforcement to identify perpetrators of violent crimes. The operators of GEDmatch encourage everybody to select this option. Do I need to have a relative who served in WWII or Korea to participate? No. While having a relative who served allows you to request their IDPF, anyone can upload their DNA to help with the identification of unknown soldiers. What if I don't know if my relative has an IDPF? Our upcoming search portal will allow you to check if your relative’s file is in our collection of 500,000 IDPFs. If you provide information about your relative who served, specifically their service number, we can help determine if an IDPF exists. I've already uploaded my DNA to GEDmatch. Do I need to do it again? No, you don’t need to re-upload. Simply ensure your privacy settings reflect your preferences, and you can proceed directly to requesting an IDPF. #### Consider joining GEDmatch to upload your DNA profile ##### Every DNA profile has the potential to close a chapter long left open, to offer rest to a wandering hero, and to bring long-awaited peace to a family. [ Get Started Now ](https://app.gedmatch.com/register.php) ![get your match](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/get-your-match.png) --- ### [Join the Genetic Witness Program](https://www.gedmatch.com/join-the-genetic-witness-program/) **Published:** April 7, 2023 **Author:** Tom Osypian **Excerpt:** Since 2018, over 400 cases have been solved thanks to people who have uploaded their DNA data to GEDmatch and chosen to be a genetic witness. Here’s how your DNA data can help name the nameless. **Content:** # Join the Genetic Witness Program Since 2018, over 1000 cases have been solved thanks to people who have uploaded their genealogical data to GEDmatch and chosen to be a genetic witness. Here’s how your genealogical data can help name the nameless. [ sign up today for free ](https://app.gedmatch.com/register.php) ![](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/GWP_logo_LtBlue@3x-1024x783.png) My DNA solved a 31 year old double homicide, because I matched with a crime scene sample that was left behind in 1987 by William Earl Talbott II, my second cousin. This would become the first case in history to go to trial and result in a conviction due to investigative genetic genealogy. By opting in on GEDmatch, you have the ability to bring answers for family members in criminal investigations. That is an incredible tool that we all should want to be part of. ![Chelsea R.](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor/assets/images/placeholder.png) Chelsea R. ## [Watch the 33 minute documentary about the Golden State Killer](https://www.gedmatch.com/golden-state-killer-documentary/) #### Join GEDmatch and help name the nameless ##### By uploading your genealogical data and opting in, you can be someone's hero and bring answers to families and communities. [ sign up today for free ](https://app.gedmatch.com/register.php) ![get your match](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/get-your-match.png) #### FAQs About Opting In What am I opting in to? By uploading your genealogical data to GEDmatch you can empower law enforcement to provide answers to those with missing loved ones. You can also choose to opt in and enable law enforcement to solve violent crimes and exonerate the falsely accused. GEDmatch has already contributed to the successful resolution of more than 1000 investigations thanks to the generosity of those who have voluntarily uploaded their genealogical data and have consented to their data being included in law enforcement comparisons. Why should I opt in? Traditional eyewitness testimony has long been an important part of law enforcement investigations and now your DNA can help too. DNA can act as a molecular eyewitness, providing the approximate age, hair color, eye color, or skin tone of a person of interest. DNA also helps identify people through distant family connections. In a process known as genetic genealogy, family trees can be constructed from sections of DNA passed down from generation to generation. Genetic genealogy has allowed families to connect, adoptees to identify birth parents, and foundlings to discover their identities. Now it is being used by investigators to make identifications when all other methods have failed. While genetic genealogy gained notoriety for resolving high-profile criminal cases, its impact is much wider than headlines suggest. DNA can shine a light on miscarriages of justice, freeing those who are wrongly imprisoned. It can also give a name to unidentified remains, bringing closure to families wondering what happened to their missing loved ones. Currently, there are more than 14,000 unidentified bodies in the US alone.1 Each one of them is related to someone, and each one of them is waiting for their name to be restored. If I opt in to law enforcement searches to solve a violent crime, does law enforcement get my DNA data? No, law enforcement does not get to see your raw DNA data when you consent to allow your data to be included in those types of searches. Just like any other user of GEDmatch, law enforcement can only see your name or GEDmatch alias, email address, and how much DNA you share with the law enforcement profile. Law enforcement uses a purpose-built website called GEDmatch PRO where they upload the investigative profile and let the GEDmatch support the generation of leads or identification of genetic relatives. What are the risks to opting in? When sharing any information with law enforcement, there are risks to consider before deciding to opt in. For example, you might learn things about yourself or your family that are difficult to hear. There is the possibility that your relatives may be contacted if their DNA could help guide investigators to the correct part of a family tree. The question on whether to opt in is ultimately a personal one: Does the opportunity to resolve investigations and help other families outweigh the potential risks? What are my privacy options when I upload my DNA data? GEDmatch provides four categories of privacy options when you upload your DNA kit. Once uploaded, you can easily change from one category or another when you wish. **Privacy Category** **What does it mean ?** Private Your kit is not available for comparisons with any other kits. No comparison results will be shown unless you change this setting to another privacy category. Research We will compare your DNA kit to all other kits in the GEDmatch database to find your matching genetic relatives. However, your DNA kits will not be shown in match result reports generated for other kits (including kits submitted by or on behalf of law enforcement). Genealogy and genetic genealogy require the sharing of information, and choosing this option will not allow your matches to see your DNA kit in their match results. This option may be used for regular uploads if you have specific reasons for doing so. Public + Opt-Out We will compare your DNA kit to all other kits in the GEDmatch database to find your matching genetic relatives. Kits in the database include those submitted by users undertaking personal genetic genealogy research, adoptee searches, and users (including law enforcement) attempting to identify unidentified human remains. Your kit WILL NOT be compared with kits submitted by law enforcement to identify perpetrators of violent crimes. Public + Opt-In We will compare your DNA kit to all other kits in the GEDmatch database to find your matching genetic relatives. Kits in the database include those submitted by users undertaking personal genetic genealogy research, adoptee searches, users (including law enforcement) attempting to identify unidentified human remains, and law enforcement attempting to identify perpetrators of violent crimes. Your kit WILL be compared with kits submitted by law enforcement to identify perpetrators of violent crimes. The operators of GEDmatch encourage everybody to select this option. ### How to Download Your RAW DNA Files [ ![](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/23andme-1.png) ](/education/23andme/) [How to download 23andMe DNA results](/education/23andme/) [ ![ancestry](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/logo-ancestry.webp) ](/education/ancestry/) [How to download Ancestry DNA results](/education/ancestry/) [ ![LivingDNA](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/logo-livingdna.webp) ](/education/living-dna/) [How to download Living DNA results](/education/living-dna/) #### Get Personalized Help Whether you have taken a DNA test or not, we can help! Fill out this brief form and a member of our team will get in touch with you very soon. First Name Last Name Email Have you taken a DNA test yet? Yes No Do you need help uploading to gedmatch? Yes No Submit #### Join GEDmatch and help name the nameless ##### By uploading your DNA data and opting in, you can be someone's hero and bring closure to families and communities. [ sign up today for free ](https://app.gedmatch.com/register.php) ![get your match](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/get-your-match.png) --- ### [DNA Kit Request Form Submitted](https://www.gedmatch.com/dna-kit-request-form-submitted/) **Published:** May 21, 2025 **Author:** Tom Osypian **Content:** # DNA Kit Request Form ## Participating in the Genetic Witness Program with GEDmatch ### Thank you for completing the form. Now you are ready to take the DNA test! --- ### [Privacy and Security](https://www.gedmatch.com/privacy-security/) **Published:** October 5, 2022 **Author:** digitalmarketing3 **Content:** # Is GEDmatch Safe? Privacy and Security are Our Top Priority ![Is GEDmatch safe](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/GEDmatch-safe.png) ## GEDmatch does not store raw DNA files on the site In today’s digital age, your privacy and security are paramount. Here at GEDmatch, we have taken steps to protect user privacy, and data security, including offering the option to opt-out of law enforcement comparisons. When you upload your data, the information is encoded and the raw file deleted. By taking key precautions like this, we protect our users’ most sensitive information. ### GEDmatch Protects User Privacy ### You Can Use An Alias When you upload genetic data to GEDmatch, you will be asked to provide a name and an optional alias for each DNA testing kit. If you choose to provide an alias, other users will not be able to see the name associated with the kit. ![choose an alias screen](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/alias.png) ![anonymous email address](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/anonymous-email.png) ### You Can Use An Anonymous Email Address If you are concerned about privacy, it may be best to use an email address that does not include any identifying information such as your name or initials. ### You Have Options - Public, Private, or Personal Research ![privacy options](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/options-img.png) Public Opt-in We will compare your DNA kit to all other kits in the GEDmatch database to find your matching genetic relatives. Kits in the database include those submitted by users undertaking personal genetic genealogy research, adoptee searches, users (including law enforcement) attempting to identify unidentified human remains, and law enforcement attempting to identify perpetrators of violent crimes. Your kit **WILL** be compared with kits submitted by law enforcement to identify perpetrators of violent crimes. The operators of GEDmatch encourage everybody to select this option. Public Opt-out We will compare your DNA kit to all other kits in the GEDmatch database to find your matching genetic relatives. Kits in the database include those submitted by users undertaking personal genetic genealogy research, adoptee searches, and users (including law enforcement) attempting to identify unidentified human remains. Your kit **WILL NOT** be compared with kits submitted by law enforcement to identify perpetrators of violent crimes. Personal Research We will compare your DNA kit to all other kits in the GEDmatch database to find your matching genetic relatives. However, your DNA kits will not be shown in match result reports generated for other kits (including kits submitted by or on behalf of law enforcement). Genealogy and genetic genealogy require the sharing of information, and choosing this option will not allow your matches to see your DNA kit in their match results. This option may be used for regular uploads if you have specific reasons for doing so. Private This kit will not be available for any matching. The kit will be in the database, and it will be batch processed, but no comparison results will be shown unless this privacy setting is changed by you later. #### You can change any of GEDmatch privacy options at any moment by editing your data preferences! #### Updates To GEDmatch’s Policy Ever since it was revealed that the Golden State Killer case was solved with the aid of genetic DNA testing and GEDmatch, we have taken steps to ensure users their DNA data analysis is safe. In May 2019, we started our opt-in policy so all our users choose whether or not their information can be shared with law enforcement. #### User privacy and security continue to be of the highest priority for GEDmatch. ##### Can I Remove my DNA Data From GEDmatch? Yes, GEDmatch makes it very simple to remove your DNA information! When you log on to the portal, at the main GEDmatch dashboard page, click on the pencil icon next to your DNA kit information. If you uploaded more than one DNA kit to the website and you want to remove them all, remove each one individually. ![remove dna option screen](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/DNA-resources.png) ![Kit profile management](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Kit-Profile-Management.png) A new page will open up after you click the pencil icon. Go to this page and choose the “Kit Removal” tab: Click the DELETE button on the right side of the screen ![remove kit](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Remove-Kit.png) ![get your match](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/get-your-match.png) ### GEDmatch is a FREE public genealogy database for anyone interested in exploring their genetic roots. #### Here at GEDmatch, we want to make it as easy as possible for you to discover what your DNA says about your deep ancestry. This website is an incredible tool that enables everyone – researchers, adoptees looking for birth parents, grandparents building family trees – to use the same powerful features and tools that professional genealogists use daily. GEDmatch is committed to protecting your privacy and will not share DNA match results without explicit consent. If you want to read our privacy policy in detail, [click here](https://www.gedmatch.com/terms-of-service-privacy-policy)! #### Upload Your DNA File to GEDmatch Sign up for free and find genetic matches on GEDmatch. Use it as a research tool and share DNA data with others to find relatives. [ Join Us Today ](https://app.gedmatch.com/register.php) --- ### [23andMe](https://www.gedmatch.com/education/23andme/) **Published:** August 15, 2022 **Author:** digitalmarketing3 **Content:** # How to Upload Your 23andMe DNA to GEDmatch: A Step-by-Step Guide ![Gedmatch and 23andMe](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/GEDmatch-and-23andMe-hero-2.png) ## Why Use GEDmatch with 23andMe? Your 23andMe DNA test is just the beginning. By uploading your raw data to GEDmatch, you unlock a world of advanced genealogy tools and a massive database that goes beyond 23andMe’s limits. It’s free, easy, and packed with possibilities. Here’s why it’s worth it: ![DNA matching](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/GEDmatch-and-23andMe-section-image.png) - Take your 23andMe results farther with GEDmatch and get instant access to your DNA match list. And even better - it's free. - Create your free account to explore more than 2 million DNA profiles from GEDmatch. - You’re just a few clicks away from expanding your DNA knowledge. Testing through 23andMe only provides matches within their database - GEDmatch will work to match you to profiles across our users from other major DNA testing services. - Expand your view beyond the 23andMe database providing you with any deeper information about your ancestral history and connections to other ethnicities - clues to what makes your truly unique. - When you test through 23andMe and upload your DNA file on GEDmatch, you automatically double-check the results of your tests on the GEDmatch database which has more than 2 million profiles and continues to grow. - With the click of a button, you'll be able to connect with those who have similar genetic codes as you. You may find long-lost relatives or distant counsins that could provide valuable insight into your genealogy. We've even had stories of unknown siblings from different parts of the world! #### Benefits ![double helix](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Group-797.png) ##### Discover DNA Relatives **Find matches across platforms:** Connect with relatives who tested with Ancestry, MyHeritage, or other services—not just 23andMe. ![family tree](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Group-798.png) ##### Access Unique TOols **Explore advanced tools:** Dive into features like Admixture (ethnicity breakdown) and One-to-Many DNA comparisons. ![One to one graphic](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/one-to-one-graphic.png) ##### Break through brick walls **Build your family tree:** Discover distant cousins and trace your lineage with real data. ##### Features ![multiracial genetics tool](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/multiracial-genetics-having-meeting-about-gene-eng-2022-04-27-04-10-50-utc.png) ###### Powerful Genetic Genealogy Tools GEDmatch is a free, public DNA database. It’s a genetic community interested in preserving both biological genealogy and genetic privacy. ![multi generation family](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/happy-multi-generation-family-gathering-around-not-2022-01-18-23-38-46-utc.png) ###### Worldwide Connections GEDmatch has people from around the world who share interests in genealogy and genetics. Some of our users join “Ancestor Projects” – A GEDmatch Ancestor Project is a group of people who are all related to each other in some way and want to find out more about their family history together. ![DNA test tube](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/dna-test-test-tube-with-liquid-for-dna-analysis-a-2022-01-12-20-42-33-utc.png) ###### Create a DNA Public Profile Your profile on GEDmatch can show who you are related to as well as what segments of DNA you share with them or which segments they might share with you. ##### How to Get Started ###### Do you have your 23andMe Data? [ Yes ](https://app.gedmatch.com/register.php) [ How do I get it? ](#how-to-access) ##### How to Upload Your 23andMe Data to GEDmatch Uploading your 23andMe raw DNA data to GEDmatch is quick and simple. Follow these steps to unlock a treasure trove of genetic insights. 1Log In to Your 23andMe Account #### Start by accessing your 23andMe account—it’s where your raw DNA data lives. - Navigate to the top-right corner and click your profile icon. - Select “Settings” from the dropdown menu. - Scroll to the “23andMe Data” section and click “Download.” 2Download Your Raw DNA Data #### Downloading your data takes just a few clicks—and don’t worry, it’s secure and private. - Confirm your request by following 23andMe’s prompts (you may need to verify your email). - Wait for an email with a download link (this usually arrives within minutes). - Save the ZIP file to your computer and extract it to find your raw data file (it’ll look something like “genome\_yourname\_v5.txt”). 3Upload to GEDmatch #### Now it’s time to bring your data to GEDmatch and start exploring. - Log in to your GEDmatch account (or sign up for free if you’re new). - From the homepage, find the “Upload Your DNA” section under “Raw DNA File Uploads.” - Click “Choose File,” select your 23andMe raw data file, and hit “Upload.” - Allow 24 hours for processing—then you’re ready to explore matches! #### Upload Your DNA File to GEDmatch Sign up for free and find genetic matches on GEDmatch. Use it as a research tool or share DNA data with others to find relatives. [ Upload DNA file here ](https://app.gedmatch.com/register.php) #### Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) Is GEDmatch free to use with 23andMe data? Yes! Basic features like uploading and matching are free. Optional premium tools are available for a small fee. How long does it take to see matches? After uploading, processing typically takes 12–24 hours. You’ll get an email when your data is ready. Is my data secure on GEDmatch? GEDmatch prioritizes your control. You can use an alias for privacy and delete your data at any time. You also choose your privacy settings for your DNA profile when you upload it, and can change it at any time. Can I upload data from other tests too? Absolutely—GEDmatch supports raw data from Ancestry, MyHeritage, and more. What if I run into issues? Double-check your file format and reach out to GEDmatch [support](https://support.gedmatch.com) if needed. --- ### [Forums Unavailable During Upgrade](https://www.gedmatch.com/forums-unavailable-during-upgrade/) **Published:** February 18, 2025 **Author:** Tom Osypian **Content:** ![broken helix](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/broken-dna-helix.png) # DN-Ayyyyy - Forums Inaccessible ## ### Our forums are getting an upgrade! They will come back online February 25th. Have questions? [ Contact Support ](https://www.gedmatch.com/contact/) --- ### [Ancestry](https://www.gedmatch.com/education/ancestry/) **Published:** November 17, 2022 **Author:** digitalmarketing3 **Content:** # Write Your Life Story With GEDmatch And Ancestry ![ancestry family tree](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/ancestry-hero-img.png) ## A perfect complement to Ancestry. ## DNA matching made easy. ![DNA matching](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/GEDmatch-and-23andMe-section-image.png) - Take your Ancestry results farther with GEDmatch and get instant access to explore more than 2 million DNA profiles and your DNA match list. - Create your free account to explore more than 1.5 million DNA profiles from GEDmatch. - You’re on the verge of learning more about your DNA than you ever thought possible. Upload your Ancestry DNA results to GEDmatch to match your DNA profiles from other major DNA testing services. - When you upload your DNA to GEDmatch, you have access to a database with over 2 million members and counting. With this powerful website, you can learn more about your ancestral history and connect with other ethnicities. This empowers you get a deeper understanding of what makes you truly unique. - With the click of a button, you'll be able to find others who share similar genetic codes. You may find long-lost relatives or distant cousins that can help fill in the gaps in your family history. Discover unknown family members and learn about your heritage. #### Benefits ![double helix](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Group-797.png) ##### Discover DNA Relatives If you test with Ancestry and want to find relatives outside their database, upload your DNA data here and see who else is out there! ![family tree](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Group-798.png) ##### SeaRch Possible Relatives Upload your DNA data here and see if anyone on the platform is related to you. With GEDmatch, you can easily grow your family tree! ![One to one graphic](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/one-to-one-graphic.png) ##### Genetic Genealogy GEDmatch is a genetic genealogy site where DNA matches can find relatives across genealogy projects, such as Ancestry, MyHeritage or FTDNA. ##### Features ![multiracial genetics tool](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/multiracial-genetics-having-meeting-about-gene-eng-2022-04-27-04-10-50-utc.png) ###### Power Genetics Tool GEDmatch is a free, public DNA database. It’s a genetic community interested in preserving both biological genealogy and genetic privacy. ![multi generation family](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/happy-multi-generation-family-gathering-around-not-2022-01-18-23-38-46-utc.png) ###### Worldwide Connections GEDmatch has people from around the world who share interests in genealogy and genetics. Some of our users join “Ancestor Projects” – A GEDmatch Ancestor Project is a group of people who are all related to each other in some way and want to find out more about their family history together. ![DNA test tube](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/dna-test-test-tube-with-liquid-for-dna-analysis-a-2022-01-12-20-42-33-utc.png) ###### Create a DNA Public Profile Your profile on GEDmatch can show who you are related to as well as what segments of DNA you share with them or which segments they might share with you. ##### How to Get Started ###### Do you have your Ancestry Data? [ Yes ](https://app.gedmatch.com/register.php) [ How do I get it? ](#how-to-access) ##### How to Access Your Raw DNA Data From Ancestry 1 Sign in to your Ancestry® account ![ancestry login screen](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/ancestry-login.png) - Under DNA click on **“Your DNA Results Summary”** - Go to your settings in the top right corner ![dna dropdown tab pointing to your dna results summary and settings](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/ancestry-settings-screen.png) 2 Download DNA Data - Find section **“Test Management”** and click **“Download DNA Data”** - check the box and enter your password ![test management page with red box around actions section](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/ancestry-download-screen.png) ![Ancestry download raw data](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/ancestry-download-1.png) ![request to check email for info on raw data download](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/ancestry-download-2.png) 3 Confirm Data Download - Go to your email inbox and click the Ancestry email you just received. Simply select **“Confirm Data Download”** - Clicking the link takes you to your Ancestry page – select **“Download DNA Raw Data”** ![raw DNA data download confirmation screen](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/ancestry-raw-dna-confirmation.png) ![download raw dna zip file screen](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/ancestry-download-3.png) - You will receive a DNA-data-(date).zip file. in your Downloads folder #### Upload Your DNA File to GEDmatch Sign up for free and find genetic matches on GEDmatch. Use it as a research tool or share DNA data with others to find relatives. [ Upload DNA file here ](https://app.gedmatch.com/register.php) --- ### [Terms of Service](https://www.gedmatch.com/terms-of-service-november-22-2024/) **Published:** November 5, 2024 **Author:** Tom Osypian **Excerpt:** Effective Date: November 22, 2024 Welcome to GEDmatch. Please read on to learn the rules and restrictions that govern your use of the GEDmatch website and services (collectively, the “Site”). **Content:** ## Terms of Service **Effective Date: November 22, 2024** Welcome to GEDmatch. Please read on to learn the rules and restrictions that govern your use of the GEDmatch website and services (collectively, the “Site”). If you have any questions, comments, or concerns regarding these Terms of Service and Privacy Policy or our services, please contact us at: **Email:** [support@gedmatch.com](mailto:gedmatch@verogen.com) **Address:** 19300 Germantown Road, Germantown, Maryland 20874 By continuing to use GEDmatch, you consent to our Terms of Service, including the [Privacy Policy](https://www.gedmatch.com/privacy-policy-november-22-2024/). As always, you may stop using GEDmatch any time, and you may delete or make changes related to your information through the settings in your account. GEDmatch is operated by Verogen, Inc. (“Verogen,” “we,” “us,” or “our”), a subsidiary of Qiagen N.V. These Terms of Service (these “Terms”) are a binding contract between you and Verogen. Your use of the Site may also be subject to additional policies, rules and/or conditions (“Additional Terms”), which are incorporated herein by reference, and you understand and agree that by using such Site, you agree to also comply with these Additional Terms. **ARBITRATION NOTICE AND CLASS ACTION WAIVER:** EXCEPT FOR CERTAIN TYPES OF DISPUTES DESCRIBED [IN THE ARBITRATION AGREEMENT SECTION BELOW](#arbitration), YOU AGREE THAT DISPUTES BETWEEN YOU AND US WILL BE RESOLVED BY BINDING, INDIVIDUAL ARBITRATION AND YOU WAIVE YOUR RIGHT TO PARTICIPATE IN A CLASS ACTION LAWSUIT OR CLASS-WIDE ARBITRATION. GEDmatch products and services are not intended for children under the age of 16. We do not knowingly collect any information from children. If we learn that we have collected or received personal information from a child under 16 without verification of parental consent, we will delete that information. **Terms of Service Table of Contents** - [GEDmatch Purpose](#purpose) - [Raw DNA Data Provided to GEDmatch](#rawdna) - [Option to Provide An Alias](#alias) - [Tier 1 Payment Information](#tier1) - [GEDCOMs](#gedcom) - [DNA Data](#dnadata) - [Use of Results](#useresults) - [Accuracy of Results](#accuracyresults) - [Termination of Service](#termination) - [Loss of data](#lossdata) - [Restrictions](#restrictions) - [Site Content](#sitecontent) - [Copyright Dispute Policy](#copyrightdisputepolicy) - [Responsibility for Use of and Submissions to the Site](#responsibilityforuse) - [Future Changes](#futurechanges) - [Limitation of Liability](#limitationliability) - [Indemnification](#indemnification) - [Choice of Law](#choiceoflaw) - [Arbitration](#arbitration) - [Updates to These Terms](#updates) - [Contact us](#contactus) GEDmatch Purpose GEDmatch exists to provide DNA and genealogy tools for comparison and research purposes. DNA and Genealogical research, by its very nature, requires the sharing of information. Because of that, users participating in this Site agree that their information will be disclosed to other users undertaking genealogical research related to those users or their relatives. Raw DNA Data Provided to GEDmatch Verogen operates the GEDmatch PRO portal to support law enforcement use with investigative comparisons to kits in the GEDmatch database. Please see the “DNA Data” section below for instructions regarding how to select a privacy option when you upload Raw Data. If you are a law enforcement officer or if you are working on behalf of a law enforcement officer, you agree you will not upload Raw Data to GEDmatch via the GEDmatch.com website; instead, please [click here](https://pro.gedmatch.com/) to upload Raw Data via the GEDmatch PRO portal to identify the perpetrator of a Violent Crime (where ‘Violent Crime’ is defined as murder, nonnegligent manslaughter, aggravated rape, robbery or aggravated assault) or to identify human remains. When you upload Raw Data to GEDmatch, you agree that the Raw Data is one of the following: - Your DNA; - DNA of a person for whom you are a legal guardian; - DNA of a person who has granted you specific authorization to upload their DNA to GEDmatch; - DNA of a person known by you to be deceased; or - DNA obtained from an artifact (if and only if: (1) you have a reasonable belief that the Raw Data is DNA from a previous owner or user of the artifact rather than from a living individual; and (2) that previous owner or user of the artifact is known to you to be deceased). By registering for GEDmatch and using the Site, you agree that you will not upload Raw Data that does not satisfy one of these categories. If you have previously uploaded Raw Data that does not satisfy one of these categories, you hereby agree that you will remove it immediately. We will not be responsible for any Raw Data provided to GEDmatch in violation of these Terms. Violators of these Terms will have their Raw Data or other personal information deleted without warning, their access will be blocked, and/or other remedial steps may be taken, including any legal action allowed under law. **Option to Provide an Alias** Although you may provide a real name for registration and data upload, you have the option of providing an alias for either login or data. If an alias has been provided, it will be displayed in place of the real name along with results along with the user’s email address. If DNA data you provide is linked to your Genealogy Data, and only one or the other uses an alias, it may be possible for users to see the real name in the linked data. **Tier 1 Payment Information** You may voluntarily obtain access to Tier 1 tools on the Site for the recited amount (subject to change). You may provide a one-time payment of any amount, followed by a recurring amount as agreed to by you. By choosing a recurring payment plan, you acknowledge that such Tier1 tools have an initial and recurring payment feature and you accept responsibility for all recurring charges prior to cancellation. WE MAY SUBMIT PERIODIC CHARGES (I.E., MONTHLY OR ANNUALLY) TO CHARGE YOUR PAYMENT METHOD, EITHER DIRECTLY OR THROUGH OUR PAYMENT PROCESSORS WITHOUT FURTHER AUTHORIZATION FROM YOU, UNTIL YOU PROVIDE PRIOR NOTICE (RECEIPT OF WHICH IS CONFIRMED BY US) THAT YOU HAVE TERMINATED THIS AUTHORIZATION OR WISH TO CHANGE YOUR PAYMENT METHOD. SUCH NOTICE WILL NOT AFFECT CHARGES SUBMITTED BEFORE WE REASONABLY COULD ACT. TO TERMINATE YOUR AUTHORIZATION OR CHANGE YOUR PAYMENT METHOD, GO TO YOUR ACCOUNT SETTINGS OR VIEW THE INSTRUCTIONS FOR CANCELLING A RECURRING PAYMENT AVAILABLE IN THE GEDMATCH WIKI. Unless you opt out of auto-renewal, which can be done through your account settings, any Tier 1 tools you have signed up for on an Auto Renewal basis will be automatically extended for successive renewal periods of the same duration as the subscription term originally selected, at the then-current non-promotional rate. To change or resign your access to Tier 1 tools at any time, go to account settings. If you terminate access to Tier 1 tools, you may use your subscription until the end of your then-current term, and your subscription will not be renewed after your then-current term expires. However, you will not be eligible for a prorated refund of any portion of the subscription fee paid for the then-current subscription period. If you do not want to continue to be charged on an AUTO RENEWAL basis, you must cancel the applicable Paid Service through your account settings or terminate your account before the end of the recurring TERM. Paid services cannot be terminated before the end of the period for which you have already paid, and except as expressly provided in these terms, WE WILL NOT REFUND ANY FEES THAT YOU HAVE ALREADY PAID UNLESS WE DETERMINE (IN OUR SOLE DISCRETION) THERE ARE UNUSUAL OR EXTENUATING CIRCUMSTANCES THAT WARRANT AN ISSUANCE OF A FULL OR PARTIAL REFUND. Your non-termination or continued use of Tier 1 tools reaffirms that we are authorized to charge your payment information for such Tier 1 tools. We may submit those charges for payment and you will be responsible for such charges. This does not waive our right to seek payment directly from you. Your charges may be payable in advance, in arrears, per usage, or as otherwise described when you initially selected to use the Tier 1 tools. **GEDCOMs** GEDCOMs (family trees) or other genealogy data (collectively, ‘Genealogy Data’) provided to GEDmatch remain the property of the person who uploaded it. When you upload your Genealogy Data, you will be provided a unique ID number for that GEDCOM. If you want your Genealogy Data removed from the Site, you may do so yourself by clicking on the ‘Manage your resources’ link on your home page. If you need assistance deleting a Genealogy Data, contact the Site administrator at [support@gedmatch.com.](mailto:gedmatch@verogen.com) Genealogy research requires the exchange of information. For that reason, all Genealogy Data provided to GEDmatch can be viewed, searched, and compared by any GEDmatch user. You agree to privatize living individuals (other than yourself) in your Genealogy Data prior to providing their Genealogy Data to GEDmatch. In order to privatize living individuals in your Genealogy Data, you must privatize Genealogy Data that contains living individuals before uploading to GEDmatch by changing the name(s) of living individual(s) to ‘LIVING’. Upon an upload of a GEDcom to GEDmatch we will automatically review and change the privacy setting for the Genealogy Data of individuals in your GEDcom to “HIDDEN” if we believe such individuals are alive based on birth or death dates. The owner of a GEDcom will see the Genealogy Data of all individuals in their GEDcom that are both alive and deceased; other users will only see the Genealogy Data of deceased individuals. We take steps to prevent your Genealogy Data from being available to the casual web surfer or to the search engines (e.g. Google). However, we cannot guarantee that your information will never be accessed by individuals other than GEDmatch users. If you require absolute security, you agree that you will not upload your Genealogy Data to GEDmatch. If you have already uploaded it, you agree to delete it immediately. You will be given the opportunity to link your Genealogy Data with other DNA data you provide. This is a powerful tool and we encourage people to use it. It also provides a means of access to your Genealogy Data to people who may have no Genealogy Data of their own at GEDmatch. It will also enable identification of individuals within the provided Genealogy Data, even if the individuals are not identified in the Genealogy Data. **DNA Data** Raw DNA data files uploaded to GEDmatch.com (‘Raw Data’) remain the property of the person who uploaded it. When you upload Raw Data, a kit number will be assigned at the end of the upload process and you will be prompted to select a privacy option for the DNA kit. This number is unique to the individual DNA upload, and will be used on the pages of this Site to identify your data, including being provided to anyone that shares DNA with the Raw Data. If you wish to contact the Site administrator regarding your data, you must provide the kit number associated with your data. A link or other means is provided within your GEDmatch account to remove your data from the Site. Alternatively, you can request deletion of your personal information at any time by contacting us at [support@gedmatch.com.](mailto:gedmatch@verogen.com) It is possible that an old kit number may be reassigned to another user’s uploaded data in the future if you delete your Raw Data. No means are provided on the Site to make Raw DNA or other DNA data available for download. There are 4 classes of privacy options for the DNA kit on this Site: ‘Private’, ‘Personal Research, ‘Opt-in’ and ‘Opt-out’. You will be asked to select which category will apply when you upload Raw DNA. If you ever want to change the category, use the pencil icon link next to the kit number on your home page. **‘Private’** DNA kits will not be available for any matching comparisons with any other people (including law enforcement). No comparison results will be shown unless this privacy setting is changed by you later. **‘Opt-in’** We will compare your DNA kit to **all other kits in the GEDmatch database** to find your matching genetic relatives. Kits in the database include those submitted by users undertaking personal genetic genealogy research and adoptee searches, **including** kits submitted by or on behalf of law enforcement to identify perpetrators of violent crimes or to identify human remains. The operators of GEDmatch encourage everybody to select this option. **‘Opt-out’** We will compare your DNA kit to all other kits in the GEDmatch database to find your matching genetic relatives **other than** kits submitted by or on behalf of law enforcement to identify perpetrators of violent crimes. Kits in the database include those submitted by users undertaking personal genetic genealogy research, adoptee searches, and users (including law enforcement) attempting to identify unidentified human remains. Your kit WILL NOT be compared with kits submitted by or on behalf of law enforcement to identify perpetrators of violent crimes. **‘Personal Research’** We will compare your DNA kit to all other kits in the GEDmatch database to find your matching genetic relatives. However, your DNA kits will not be shown in match result reports generated for other kits (including kits submitted by or on behalf of law enforcement). Genealogy and genetic genealogy require the sharing of information, and choosing this option will not allow your matches to see your DNA kit in their match results. This option may be used for regular uploads if you have specific reasons for doing so. By default, your Raw Data is not available to any user of the Site – not even you. However, you understand that anyone with the kit number for Raw Data can perform many or all of the same GEDmatch functions with that Raw Data that the provider of that Raw Data can perform. There may be options where you may join a ‘sharing pool’ which has the potential for disclosing additional information about you or your data. If you choose to join a sharing pool, you should carefully read the conditions and disclaimers associated with that sharing pool. By joining the sharing pool, you are agreeing to abide by those conditions and disclaimers. **Use of Results** Use of GEDmatch is restricted to personal genealogical research (i.e. research of a user’s personal genealogy or that of their relatives) and assistance with investigations conducted by or on behalf of law enforcement. Use of GEDmatch for academic or institutional research purposes is strictly prohibited. The nature of genealogy research requires the exchange of information. That use must also be tempered by respect for the rights and privacy of other individuals. Anybody found to be using this Site in ways not consistent with this principle of human decency will be subject to an immediate ban with all their data removed. Examples include, but are not specifically limited to, spam mailing lists or publishing other people’s user names and kit numbers from match lists or other personal information without their permission. If relevant permission is not obtained from any applicable person, then any personal information (including, without limitation, user name and kit number) must be removed before reposting or publishing results. This principle also applies to the related or non-related persons included in Genealogy Data or other data uploaded to this Site. Determination of any violation of this principle will be at the sole discretion of GEDmatch administrators. While the results presented on this Site are intended solely for genealogical research, we are unable to guarantee that users will not find other uses, including both current and new genealogical and non-genealogical uses. For example, some of these possible uses of Raw Data, personal information, and/or Genealogy Data by any registered user of GEDmatch include but are not limited to: - Discovery of identity, even if there is an alias, unidentifiable email address, and other obscuring information; - Finding genetic matches (individuals that share DNA); - Paternity and maternity testing; - Discovery of unknown or unidentified children, parents, or siblings; - Discovery of other genetic and genealogical relatives, including both known and unknown or unexpected genetic and genealogical relatives; - Discovery of ethnic background; - Discovery of a genetic relationship between parents; - Discovery of biological sex; - Discovery of medical information or physical traits; - Obtaining an email address; and/or - Familial searching by third parties such as law enforcement agencies to identify the perpetrator of a crime, or to identify remains. You understand that future genealogical and non-genealogical uses may be developed, including uses that we cannot predict or foresee. If you find any of these current or future uses unacceptable, do not provide Raw Data to GEDmatch, and remove any of your Raw Data already provided to this Site. It is our policy to never provide your Genealogy Data, Raw DNA, personal information, or email address to third parties, except as noted herein. You have the right to access the personal information that we have collected about you. You may do the following at any time by contacting us at [support@gedmatch.com:](mailto:gedmatch@verogen.com) - Opt out of any future contacts from us; - See what information we have about you, if any; - Change, correct, or have us delete any information we have about you (including personal information, Raw Data, and Genealogy Data); and - Express any concern you have about our use of your information. **Accuracy of Results** The analysis and comparison results presented on this Site are provided ‘as is’ and no representations are made regarding their accuracy or usability. Changes in software and analysis tools may be made from time to time that could change results from those previously provided. We do not make any promises about: (a) the functionality of the Site or the Site tools; or (b) the quality, accuracy, reliability, or availability of the Site, including about any personal information, Raw Data, or Genealogical Data provided to the Site. Any reliance you place on information found at the Site is strictly at your own risk. We disclaim all liability and responsibility arising from any reliance placed on such information by you and any other visitor to the Site, and by anyone who may be informed of any of its contents. The operators of this Site are not responsible for the consequences of using the information provided on this Site. **Termination of Service** Anybody wishing to have their provided Raw Data or Genealogy Data removed from the GEDmatch database may do so using the removal/deletion link or other means provided within your GEDmatch account. Alternatively, you can request deletion of your personal information at any time by contacting us at [support@gedmatch.com.](mailto:gedmatch@verogen.com) GEDmatch administrators reserve the right to remove any Raw Data, Genealogy Data, or personal information from the database, for any reason, at any time, either with or without notice. Any or all services at GEDmatch.com may be terminated at any time, without notice, for any reason, at the sole discretion of the GEDmatch administrators. **Loss of data** GEDmatch operators will not be held responsible for the loss of Raw Data, whether as a result of mechanical failure, software malfunction, human error, or any other means. **Restrictions** You represent, warrant, and agree that you will not provide or contribute anything, including any Content (as defined below), to the Site, or otherwise use or interact with the Site, in a manner that: - infringes or violates the intellectual property rights or any other rights of anyone else (including Verogen); - violates any law or regulation, including, without limitation, any applicable export control laws, privacy laws or any other purpose not reasonably intended by Verogen; - is dangerous, harmful, fraudulent, deceptive, threatening, harassing, defamatory, obscene, or otherwise objectionable; - jeopardizes the security of your GEDmatch User ID, account or anyone else’s (such as allowing someone else to log in to the Site as you); - attempts, in any manner, to obtain the password, account, or other security information from any other user; - violates the security of any computer network, or cracks any passwords or security encryption codes; - runs Maillist, Listserv, any form of auto-responder or “spam” on the Site, or any processes that run or are activated while you are not logged into the Site, or that otherwise interfere with the proper working of the Site (including by placing an unreasonable load on the Site’s infrastructure); - “crawls,” “scrapes,” or “spiders” any page, data, or portion of or relating to the Site or Content (through use of manual or automated means); - copies or stores any significant portion of the Content; or - decompiles, reverse engineers, or otherwise attempts to obtain the source code or underlying ideas or information of or relating to the Site. A violation of any of the foregoing is grounds for termination of your right to use or access the Site. **Site Content** The materials displayed or performed or available on or through the Site, including, but not limited to, text, graphics, data, articles, photos, images, illustrations, and so forth (all of the foregoing, the “Content”) are protected by copyright and/or other intellectual property laws. For clarity, Content does not include Raw Data or Genealogy Data. You promise to abide by all copyright notices, trademark rules, information, and restrictions contained in any Content you access through the Site, and you won’t use, copy, reproduce, modify, translate, publish, broadcast, transmit, distribute, perform, upload, display, license, sell, commercialize or otherwise exploit for any purpose any Content not owned by you, (i) without the prior consent of the owner of that Content or (ii) in a way that violates someone else’s (including Verogen’s) rights. Subject to these Terms of Service, we grant each user of the Site a worldwide, non-exclusive, non-sublicensable and non-transferable license to use (i.e., to download and display locally) Content solely for purposes of using the Site. Use, reproduction, modification, distribution or storage of any Content for any purpose other than using the Site is expressly prohibited without prior written permission from us. You understand that Verogen owns the Site. You won’t modify, publish, transmit, participate in the transfer or sale of, reproduce (except as expressly provided in this Section), create derivative works based on, or otherwise exploit the Site. The Site may allow you to copy certain Content, but please remember that even where these functionalities exist, all the restrictions in this section still apply. Certain features of the Site allow you to share information with others, including through your social networks or other services where you have an account (“Third Party Accounts”). When Content is authorized for sharing, we will clearly identify the Content you are authorized to redistribute and the ways you may redistribute it, usually by providing a “share” button on or near the Content. If you share information from the Site with others through your Third Party Accounts, such as your social networks, you authorize us to share that information with the applicable Third Party Account provider. Please review the policies of any Third Party Account providers you share information with or through for additional information about how they may use your information. If you redistribute Content, you must be able to edit or delete any Content you redistribute, and you must edit or delete it promptly upon our request. **Copyright Dispute Policy** In accordance with the DMCA, we’ve adopted the following policy toward copyright infringement. We reserve the right to (1) block access to or remove material that we believe in good faith to be copyrighted material that has been illegally copied and distributed by any of our advertisers, affiliates, content providers, members or users and (2) remove and discontinue service to repeat offenders. 1. *Procedure for Reporting Copyright Infringements*. If you believe that material or content residing on or accessible through the Site infringes your copyright (or the copyright of someone whom you are authorized to act on behalf of), please send a notice of copyright infringement containing the following information to Verogen’s Designated Agent to Receive Notification of Claimed Infringement (our “Designated Agent,” whose contact details are listed below): 1. A physical or electronic signature of a person authorized to act on behalf of the owner of the copyright that has been allegedly infringed; 2. Identification of works or materials being infringed; 3. Identification of the material that is claimed to be infringing including information regarding the location of the infringing materials that the copyright owner seeks to have removed, with sufficient detail so that Verogen is capable of finding and verifying its existence; 4. Contact information about the notifier including address, telephone number and, if available, email address; 5. A statement that the notifier has a good faith belief that the material identified in (1)(c) is not authorized by the copyright owner, its agent, or the law; and 6. A statement made under penalty of perjury that the information provided is accurate and the notifying party is authorized to make the complaint on behalf of the copyright owner. 2. *Once Proper Bona Fide Infringement Notification is Received by the Designated Agent*. Upon receipt of a proper notice of copyright infringement, we reserve the right to: 1. remove or disable access to the infringing material; 2. notify the content provider who is accused of infringement that we have removed or disabled access to the applicable material; and 3. terminate such content provider’s access to the Site if he or she is a repeat offender. 3. *Procedure to Supply a Counter-Notice to the Designated Agent*. If the content provider believes that the material that was removed (or to which access was disabled) is not infringing, or the content provider believes that it has the right to post and use such material from the copyright owner, the copyright owner’s agent, or, pursuant to the law, the content provider may send us a counter-notice containing the following information to the Designated Agent: 1. A physical or electronic signature of the content provider; 2. Identification of the material that has been removed or to which access has been disabled and the location at which the material appeared before it was removed or disabled; 3. A statement that the content provider has a good faith belief that the material was removed or disabled as a result of mistake or misidentification of the material; and 4. Content provider’s name, address, telephone number, and, if available, email address, and a statement that such person or entity consents to the jurisdiction of the Federal Court for the judicial district in which the content provider’s address is located, or, if the content provider’s address is located outside the United States, for any judicial district in which Verogen is located, and that such person or entity will accept service of process from the person who provided notification of the alleged infringement. If a counter-notice is received by the Designated Agent, Verogen may, in its discretion, send a copy of the counter-notice to the original complaining party informing that person that Verogen may replace the removed material or cease disabling it in 10 business days. Unless the copyright owner files an action seeking a court order against the content provider accused of committing infringement, the removed material may be replaced or access to it restored in 10 to 14 business days or more after receipt of the counter-notice, at Verogen’s discretion. Please contact Verogen’s Designated Agent at the following address: Verogen, Inc. Attn: DMCA Designated Agent 19300 Germantown Road, Germantown, Maryland 20874 **Responsibility for Use of and Submissions to the Site** Any information or Content publicly posted or privately transmitted through the Site is the sole responsibility of the person from whom such Content originated, and you access all such information and Content at your own risk, and we aren’t liable for any errors or omissions in that information or Content or for any damages or loss you might suffer in connection with it. We cannot control and have no duty to take any action regarding how you may interpret and use the Content or what actions you may take as a result of having been exposed to the Content, and you hereby release us from all liability for you having acquired or not acquired Content through the Site. We can’t guarantee the identity of any users with whom you interact in using the Site and are not responsible for which users gain access to the Site. You are responsible for all Content you contribute, in any manner, to the Site, and you represent and warrant you have all rights necessary to do so, in the manner in which you contribute it. The Site may contain links or connections to third-party websites or services that are not owned or controlled by Verogen. When you access third-party websites or use third-party services, you accept that there are risks in doing so, and that Verogen is not responsible for such risks. Verogen has no control over, and assumes no responsibility for, the content, accuracy, privacy policies, or practices of or opinions expressed in any third-party websites or by any third party that you interact with through the Site. In addition, Verogen will not and cannot monitor, verify, censor or edit the content of any third-party site or service. We encourage you to be aware when you leave the Site and to read the terms and conditions and privacy policy of each third-party website or service that you visit or utilize. By using the Site, you release and hold us harmless from any and all liability arising from your use of any third-party website or service. Your interactions with organizations and/or individuals found on or through the Site, including payment and delivery of goods or services, and any other terms, conditions, warranties or representations associated with such dealings, are solely between you and such organizations and/or individuals. You should make whatever investigation you feel necessary or appropriate before proceeding with any online or offline transaction with any of these third parties. You agree that Verogen shall not be responsible or liable for any loss or damage of any sort incurred as the result of any such dealings. If there is a dispute between participants on the Site, or between users and any third party, you agree that Verogen is under no obligation to become involved. In the event that you have a dispute with one or more other users, you release Verogen, its directors, officers, employees, agents, and successors from claims, demands, and damages of every kind or nature, known or unknown, suspected or unsuspected, disclosed or undisclosed, arising out of or in any way related to such disputes and/or our Site. You shall and hereby do waive California Civil Code Section 1542 or any similar law of any jurisdiction, which says in substance: “A general release does not extend to claims that the creditor or releasing party does not know or suspect to exist in his or her favor at the time of executing the release and that, if known by him or her, would have materially affected his or her settlement with the debtor or released party.” **Future Changes** We cannot predict what the future holds for DNA or genealogy research. We cannot predict what the future will be for GEDmatch. It is possible that, in the future, GEDmatch will merge with, or operations will be transferred to other individuals or entities. If that happens, the operating personnel at GEDmatch will change. We reserve the right to provide access to your data (including Raw Data, Genealogy Data, profile information, and other personal information) to those other individuals or entities, which may include people not currently involved in GEDmatch operations. These Terms will continue to apply to the Site until you receive notification of changes to these Terms. If this possibility is not acceptable to you, you agree that you will not provide your personal information, Raw Data, or Genealogy Data to GEDmatch. If you have already provided personal information, Raw Data, or Genealogy Data, you agree to remove it from GEDmatch immediately. **Limitation of Liability** We shall have no liability to you under these Terms, it being acknowledged and agreed that the Site is provided solely for your convenience. If the foregoing limitation of liability is found to be unenforceable, our liability to you for any cause of action arising from the Site or under these Terms will be limited to any amount paid by you on GEDmatch for the Site during the twelve (12) months preceding such cause of action. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained herein, these Terms shall not limit or exclude either party’s liability for gross negligence or intentional misconduct of a party or its agents or employees, or for death or personal injury. The parties agree that the limitations on and exclusions of liability in these Terms were freely negotiated and are an integral part of the bargain, in that the Site would not have been available for the same price and under the same terms and conditions had such limitations on and exclusions of liability not been included in these Terms. Some states or jurisdictions do not allow the exclusion of certain warranties, so some of the above limitations may not apply to you. Further, some jurisdictions prohibit the exclusion or limitation of liability for consequential or incidental damages, so the above limitations may not apply to you. **Indemnification** You agree to indemnify, defend, and hold Verogen and any of their affiliates, any of their successors and assigns, and any of their respective officers, directors, employees, volunteers, contractors, consultants, agents, representatives, licensors, advertisers, suppliers, and service providers, harmless from any liability, loss, claim, and expense, including reasonable attorneys’ fees, related to your violation of these Terms or use or misuse of the Site. We reserve the right, at our own expense, to assume the exclusive defense and control of any matter otherwise subject to indemnification by you, in which event you will cooperate with us in asserting any available defenses. **Choice of Law** These Terms are governed by and will be construed under the Federal Arbitration Act, applicable federal law, and the laws of the State of Delaware, without regard to the conflicts of laws provisions thereof. **Arbitration Agreement** Please read the following ARBITRATION AGREEMENT carefully because it requires you to arbitrate certain disputes and claims with Verogen and limits the manner in which you can seek relief from Verogen. Both you and Verogen acknowledge and agree that for the purposes of any dispute arising out of or relating to the subject matter of these Terms, Verogen’s officers, directors, employees and independent contractors (“Personnel”) are third-party beneficiaries of these Terms, and that upon your acceptance of these Terms, Personnel will have the right (and will be deemed to have accepted the right) to enforce these Terms against you as the third-party beneficiary hereof. *(a) Arbitration Rules; Applicability of Arbitration Agreement*. The parties shall use their best efforts to settle any dispute, claim, question, or disagreement arising out of or relating to the subject matter of these Terms directly through good-faith negotiations, which shall be a precondition to either party initiating arbitration. If such negotiations do not resolve the dispute, it shall be finally settled by binding arbitration in Montgomery County, Maryland, United States of America. The arbitration will proceed in the English language, in accordance with the JAMS Streamlined Arbitration Rules and Procedures (the “Rules”) then in effect, by one commercial arbitrator with substantial experience in resolving intellectual property and commercial contract disputes. The arbitrator shall be selected from the appropriate list of JAMS arbitrators in accordance with such Rules. Judgment upon the award rendered by such arbitrator may be entered in any court of competent jurisdiction. (b) *Costs of Arbitration*. The Rules will govern payment of all arbitration fees. Verogen will pay all arbitration fees for claims less than seventy-five thousand ($75,000) dollars. Verogen will not seek its attorneys’ fees and costs in arbitration unless the arbitrator determines that your claim is frivolous. (c) *Small Claims Court; Infringement*. Either you or Verogen may assert claims, if they qualify, in small claims court in Montgomery County, Maryland or any United States county where you live or work. Furthermore, notwithstanding the foregoing obligation to arbitrate disputes, each party shall have the right to pursue injunctive or other equitable relief at any time, from any court of competent jurisdiction, to prevent the actual or threatened infringement, misappropriation or violation of a party’s copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets, patents or other intellectual property rights. (d) *Waiver of Jury Trial*. YOU AND VEROGEN WAIVE ANY CONSTITUTIONAL AND STATUTORY RIGHTS TO GO TO COURT AND HAVE A TRIAL IN FRONT OF A JUDGE OR JURY. You and Verogen are instead choosing to have claims and disputes resolved by arbitration. Arbitration procedures are typically more limited, more efficient, and less costly than rules applicable in court and are subject to very limited review by a court. In any litigation between you and Verogen over whether to vacate or enforce an arbitration award, YOU AND VEROGEN WAIVE ALL RIGHTS TO A JURY TRIAL, and elect instead to have the dispute be resolved by a judge. (e) *Waiver of Class or Consolidated Actions*. ALL CLAIMS AND DISPUTES WITHIN THE SCOPE OF THIS ARBITRATION AGREEMENT MUST BE ARBITRATED OR LITIGATED ON AN INDIVIDUAL BASIS AND NOT ON A CLASS BASIS. CLAIMS OF MORE THAN ONE CUSTOMER OR USER CANNOT BE ARBITRATED OR LITIGATED JOINTLY OR CONSOLIDATED WITH THOSE OF ANY OTHER CUSTOMER OR USER. If however, this waiver of class or consolidated actions is deemed invalid or unenforceable, neither you nor Verogen is entitled to arbitration; instead all claims and disputes will be resolved in a court as set forth in (g) below. (f) *Opt-out*. You have the right to opt out of the provisions of this Section by sending written notice of your decision to opt out to the following address: 19300 Germantown Road, Germantown, Maryland 20874 postmarked within thirty (30) days of first accepting these Terms. You must include (i) your name and residence address, (ii) the email address and/or telephone number associated with your account, and (iii) a clear statement that you want to opt out of these Terms’ arbitration agreement. (g) *Exclusive Venue*. If you send the opt-out notice in (f), and/or in any circumstances where the foregoing arbitration agreement permits either you or Verogen to litigate any dispute arising out of or relating to the subject matter of these Terms in court, then the foregoing arbitration agreement will not apply to either party, and both you and Verogen agree that any judicial proceeding (other than small claims actions) will be brought in the state or federal courts located in, respectively, Montgomery County, Maryland, or the federal district in which that county falls. (h) *Severability*. If the prohibition against class actions and other claims brought on behalf of third parties contained above is found to be unenforceable, then all of the preceding language in this Arbitration Agreement section will be null and void. This arbitration agreement will survive the termination of your relationship with Verogen. **Updates to these Terms** We may update the GEDmatch.Com Terms of Service at any time. We will inform you of updates by posting an announcement on the Site, by sending you an email and/or by some other means. You agree to review the updated terms and policy, and by continuing to use the Site after we have posted a notice on the Site about the update, you accept the changes to the GEDmatch.Com Terms of Service. Please note that if you’ve opted not to receive legal notice emails from us, those legal notices will still govern your use of our services, and you are still responsible for reading and understanding them. **Contact us:** Verogen Inc. is incorporated in the State of Delaware, USA Email: [support@gedmatch.com](mailto:gedmatch@verogen.com) US Mail: Verogen, Inc. 19300 Germantown Road Germantown, Maryland 20874 --- ### [Washington Consumer Health Data Privacy Policy](https://www.gedmatch.com/washington-consumer-health-data-privacy-policy/) **Published:** November 7, 2024 **Author:** Tom Osypian **Content:** ## Washington Consumer Health Data Privacy Policy **Effective date: November 22, 2024** This Washington Consumer Health Data Privacy Policy (“Health Privacy Policy”) is provided pursuant to the Washington My Health My Data Act and supplements our [Privacy Policy](https://www.gedmatch.com/privacy-policy-november-22-2024/). **Collection of Consumer Health Data** “Consumer Health Data” means personal information that is linked or reasonably linkable to a consumer and that identifies the consumer’s past, present, or future physical or mental health status. Consumer Health Data does not include information that is publicly available, de-identified, or aggregated. What Consumer Health Data we collect may differ depending on how you interact with us. *Categories of Consumer Health Data We Collect* The Consumer Health Data we collect may include: - Y-DNA or mtDNA haplogroup - Genetic sequence/information - Genealogy data *Categories of Sources of Consumer Health Data* As described in the [Categories of Sources of Personal Information section](https://www.gedmatch.com/privacy-policy-november-22-2024/#categories) of our Privacy Policy, we may collect Personal Data, including Consumer Health Data, directly from you, from when you use our products and services, public records, and third parties. *Our Purposes for Collecting and Using Consumer Health Data* We collect, use, disclose, or otherwise process your Consumer Health Data as reasonably necessary for the purposes described in the [Personal Information chart](https://www.gedmatch.com/privacy-policy-november-22-2024/#pi) in our main Privacy Policy. *How We Disclose Your Consumer Health Data* We disclose your Consumer Health Data as reasonably necessary to Third Parties and Affiliates, which may include: - Service Providers. We may disclose your Consumer Health Data to service providers that help us provide the Services or perform business functions on our behalf. - Advertising Partners. These parties help us market our services and provide you with other offers that may be of interest to you. - Parties You Authorize, Access or Authenticate. Third parties you authorize via the privacy option that you select. For example, if you are a GEDmatch user, you may authorize the matching of kits you upload with kits uploaded by users of GEDmatch and GEDmatch PRO. For additional detail, please see the “[How We Disclose Your Personal Information](https://www.gedmatch.com/privacy-policy-november-22-2024/#howwedisclosepersonalinfo)” section of our privacy policy. *Washington Consumer Health Data Rights* If you are a Washington resident whose Consumer Health Data we have collected, or we have collected your Consumer Health Data in Washington, you have rights set forth in this section subject to certain exceptions. - *Access*: You have the right to request confirmation of or access to the Consumer Health Data that we process about you, including a list of all third parties and affiliates with whom we have disclosed or sold your Consumer Health Data and their contact information. - *Deletion*: You have the right to request that we delete the Consumer Health Data that we have collected about you. - *Withdraw Consent*: You have the right to withdraw consent from us collecting and disclosing your Consumer Health Data. - *Appeal*: If we refuse to take action on your request within a reasonable period of time after receiving your request in accordance, you may appeal our decision. If we deny your appeal, you have the right to contact the Washington Attorney General at [atg.wa.gov/file-complaint](http://www.atg.wa.gov/file-complaint). To exercise your rights, you must send us a request that (1) provides sufficient information (including account login credentials, first name, last name and/or email address) to allow us to verify that you are the person about whom we have collected Consumer Health Data, and (2) describes your request in sufficient detail to allow us to understand, evaluate and respond to it. Each request that meets both of these criteria will be considered a “Valid Request.” We may not respond to requests that do not meet these criteria, including where you have not provided sufficient information for us to reasonably verify that you are a Washington resident or that we have collected your Consumer Health Data in Washington. You may submit a Valid Request by using the following methods: - Email us at: - Call us at: (858) 285-4101 If you have any questions about this section or whether any of the following rights apply to you, please contact us at . We will not discriminate against you for exercising your rights under applicable law. --- ### [How it Works](https://www.gedmatch.com/how-it-works/) **Published:** June 10, 2022 **Author:** digitalmarketing3 **Content:** How it Works # Find Family Members From Around The World Using DNA Matching ![how it works](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/how-it-works-hero.png) TEST Take a DNA test and download the results as a DNA data file. UPLOAD Upload the DNA data file to GEDmatch for processing. COMPARE Explore matching and comparison reports and other DNA tools. EXPLORE Find relatives, build a family tree, and discover more about your identity. ### How GEDmatch Works 1 Register – It’s fast and easy 2 Check your email for confirmation 3 Add the code from your email to GEDmatch site ### How to Download Your RAW DNA Files [ ![](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/23andme-1.png) ](/education/23andme/) [How to download 23andMe DNA results](/education/23andme/) [ ![ancestry](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/logo-ancestry.webp) ](/education/ancestry/) [How to download Ancestry DNA results](/education/ancestry/) [ ![LivingDNA](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/logo-livingdna.webp) ](/education/living-dna/) [How to download Living DNA results](/education/living-dna/) ##### How to Upload Your DNA to GEDmatch 1 Log into GEDmatch ![GEDmatch login screen](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/GEDmatch-login.png) ![upload your DNA files](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/how-to-upload-2.png) 2 Click on “Generic uploads (23andMe, FTDNA, AncestryDNA,most others)” 3 Provide as much information as you can in the form If you’re not familiar with your mitochondrial haplogroup or Y haplogroup, don’t worry – you can leave these fields blank. However, do provide the name of your testing company. This is really useful when working with shared matches, as you may be able to glean good information from their family trees on the source site. ![submit information](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/how-to-upload-3.png) ![privacy options screen](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/how-to-upload-4-text.png) 4 Fill in your consent You can choose what level of [privacy](https://www.gedmatch.com/privacy-security/) you would like for your DNA kit. Simply select the option you prefer. After that, scroll down a bit and follow these steps: - Click on the “Browse” or “Choose File” button at the bottom of the page - Find the title of the raw data you just downloaded from the testing company (23AndMe or Ancestry etc) - Hint: look for the correct download date - Find the title at the bottom of the page; highlight it and then click on “open” You can now see the title next to your GEDmatch browse button 5 Click the upload button and wait until you see the word “Finish” ![file upload](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/how-to-upload-5.png) ![uploading](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/how-to-upload-6.png) 6 Wait for the processing to finish It may take up to 24 hours for all the features and functionality to become available after you upload your DNA. Please give the website some time to finish processing your data. ### Free GEDmatch Tools [ #### One-to-Many DNA Comparison Result A popular and effective way to compare your genetic profile to all other GEDmatch members. Emails of matches are provided for quick contact. ](/applications/one-to-many/) [ #### One-to-One Autosomal DNA Comparison A comparison to one relative to help narrow all comparison results and confirm how much DNA you share with someone before contacting them. ](/applications/one-to-one-autosomal-dna-comparison/) [ #### Admixture (heritage) A well-known analysis for identifying biogeographical ancestry, or ethnic background. Like 23and Me, it shows the proportion of your DNA from a particular location. ](/applications/admixture-heritage-tool/) #### Get your free GEDmatch account today! ##### Just upload your test results today and discover more! [ Get Started Now ](https://app.gedmatch.com/register.php) ![get your match](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/get-your-match.png) ###### Subscribe to our Newsletter Stay up to date with the latest trends with tips, tricks, and tools from our community of experts! Email Subscribe --- ### [Community Safety](https://www.gedmatch.com/community-safety/) **Published:** August 3, 2022 **Author:** digitalmarketing3 **Content:** # GEDmatch & Community Safety Since 2018, GEDmatch has been used to promote community safety and bring closure to families of missing persons. Below are highlighted a few stories of how GEDmatch has been used for those purposes. ![Community Safety](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/community-safety.png) ## Read the Stories ![Orange County](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/CS-orange-county.png) Jane Doe and Violent Crime #### Orange County’s Oldest Case Solved Using DNA After a half-century, the Orange County police department was able to identify the killer of Anita Louise Piteau, a 26-year-old woman who left Maine for a chance to explore California. [ read this story ](/community-safety/orange-countys-oldest-case-solved-using-dna/) ![Highway killer victim John Ingram Brandenburg Jr.](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/CS-newton-county.png) Jane and John Doe #### Newton County Finds Relief After 30 Years After roughly 30 years, the bodies of three murder victims were laid to rest in rural Newton County, Indiana. [ read this story ](/community-safety/newton-county-finds-relief-after-30-years/) ![Christopher Tapp](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/CS-exonerated.png) Exoneration #### Man Exonerated after DNA Proves Innocence, 20 Years Later On July 17, 2019, Tapp’s murder conviction was vacated. It was believed to be the first time that genetic genealogy has been used to exonerate a defendant. [ read this story ](/community-safety/man-exonerated-after-dna-proves-innocence-30-years-later/) ![Roy Charles Waller](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/CS-violent-crime.png) Violent Crime #### Man Known As NorCal Rapist Convicted After Genetic Genealogy Finds Match In November of 2020, Roy Charles Waller was found guilty of 46 criminal charges in connection to 21 rapes across Northern California, most of which happened decades ago. [ read this story ](/community-safety/man-known-as-norcal-rapist-convicted-after-genetic-genealogy-finds-match/) ![Terry Deggs](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/CS-mill-creek.png) John Doe #### Man Who Became Known As the Mill Creek Shed Man Identified Genetic genealogy made it possible for Terry Duggs’ family to find closure years after his disappearance. [ read this story ](/community-safety/man-who-became-known-as-the-mill-creek-shed-man-identified/) ![Marcia King](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/CS-buckskin-girl.png) Jane Doe #### Jane Doe Known As Buckskin Girl Identified as Marcia King After her murder in 1981, 21-year-old Marcia King’s body remained unidentified for 36 years. It wasn’t until genetic genealogy was introduced in 2018 that connections began to be made. [ read this story ](/community-safety/jane-doe-known-as-buckskin-girl-identified-as-marcia-king/) #### Join GEDmatch and help name the nameless ##### By uploading your DNA data and opting in, you can be someone's hero and bring closure to families and communities. [ sign up today for free ](https://app.gedmatch.com/register.php) ![get your match](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/get-your-match.png) #### FAQs About Opting In for Law Enforcement Searches What am I opting in to? By uploading your genetic data to GEDmatch you can empower law enforcement to provide answers to those with missing loved ones. You can also choose to opt in and enable law enforcement to solve violent crimes and exonerate the falsely accused. GEDmatch has already contributed to the successful resolution of more than 400 investigations thanks to the generosity of those who have voluntarily uploaded their DNA files and have consented to their data being included in law enforcement comparisons. Why should I opt in? Traditional eyewitness testimony has long been an important part of law enforcement investigations and now your DNA can help too. DNA can act as a molecular eyewitness, providing the approximate age, hair color, eye color, or skin tone of a person of interest. DNA also helps identify people through distant family connections. In a process known as genetic genealogy, family trees can be constructed from sections of DNA passed down from generation to generation. Genetic genealogy has allowed families to connect, adoptees to identify birth parents, and foundlings to discover their identities. Now it is being used by investigators to make identifications when all other methods have failed. While genetic genealogy gained notoriety for resolving high-profile criminal cases, its impact is much wider than headlines suggest. DNA can shine a light on miscarriages of justice, freeing those who are wrongly imprisoned. It can also give a name to unidentified remains, bringing closure to families wondering what happened to their missing loved ones. Currently, there are more than 14,000 unidentified bodies in the US alone.1 Each one of them is related to someone, and each one of them is waiting for their name to be restored. If I opt in to law enforcement searches to solve a violent crime, does law enforcement get my DNA data? No, law enforcement does not get to see your raw DNA data when you consent to allow your data to be included in those types of searches. Just like any other user of GEDmatch, law enforcement can only see your name or GEDmatch alias, email address, and how much DNA you share with the law enforcement profile. Law enforcement uses a purpose-built website called GEDmatch PRO where they upload the investigative profile and let the GEDmatch algorithms do the matching. What are the risks to opting in? When sharing any information with law enforcement, there are risks to consider before deciding to opt in. For example, you might learn things about yourself or your family that are difficult to hear. There is the possibility that your relatives may be contacted if their DNA could help guide investigators to the correct part of a family tree. The question on whether to opt in is ultimately a personal one: Does the opportunity to resolve investigations and help other families outweigh the potential risks? What are my privacy options when I upload my DNA data? GEDmatch provides four categories of privacy options when you upload your DNA kit. Once uploaded, you can easily change from one category or another when you wish. **Privacy Category** **What does it mean ?** Private Your kit is not available for comparisons with any other kits. No comparison results will be shown unless you change this setting to another privacy category. Research Your kit will not be shown in match result reports generated for other kits. This option is primarily for artificially-created research kits. It may occasionally be used for regular uploads if you have specific reasons for doing so. Public + Opt-Out Your kit will be included in all searches performed via the GEDmatch website for the purpose of general public genetic genealogy research. Your kit will also be included in all searches performed via the GEDmatch PRO website for the purpose of identifying unidentified human remains. Your kit will not be included in GEDmatch PRO searches relating to violent crimes. Public + Opt-In Your kit will be included in all searches performed via GEDmatch and GEDmatch PRO including searches relating to violent crime. --- ### [tellmeGen](https://www.gedmatch.com/education/tellmegen/) **Published:** October 9, 2022 **Author:** digitalmarketing3 **Content:** # Discover Your Identity And Family Members With tellmeGen and GEDmatch ![GEDmatch and tellmeGen](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/GEDmatch-tellmeGEN.png) ## A perfect complement to tellmeGen genetic tests. ## DNA matching made easy. ![DNA matching](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/GEDmatch-and-23andMe-section-image.png) - Take your tellmeGen results farther with GEDmatch and get instant access to your DNA match list. And even better - it's free. - Create your free account to explore more than 1.5 million DNA profiles from GEDmatch. - You’re just a few clicks away from expanding your DNA knowledge. Testing through tellmeGen only provides matches within their database - GEDmatch will work to match you to profiles across our users from other major DNA testing services. - Expand your view beyond the tellmeGen database providing you with any deeper information about your ancestral history and connections to other ethnicities - clues to what makes your truly unique. - When you test through tellmeGen and upload your DNA file on GEDmatch, you automatically double-check the results of your tests on the GEDmatch database which has more than 1.4 million members and continues to grow. - With the click of a button, you'll be able to connect with those who have similar genetic codes as you. You may find long-lost relatives or distant counsins that could provide valuable insight into your genealogy. We've even had stories of unknown siblings from different parts of the world! #### Benefits ![double helix](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Group-797.png) ##### Discover DNA Relatives If you test with tellmeGen and want to find relatives outside their database, upload your DNA data here and see who else is out there! ![family tree](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Group-798.png) ##### Seach Possible Relatives Upload your DNA data here and see if anyone on the platform is related to you. With GEDmatch, you can easily grow your family tree! ![One to one graphic](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/one-to-one-graphic.png) ##### Genetic Genealogy GEDmatch is a genetic genealogy site where DNA matches can find relatives across genealogy projects, such as Ancestry, MyHeritage or FTDNA. ##### Features ![multiracial genetics tool](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/multiracial-genetics-having-meeting-about-gene-eng-2022-04-27-04-10-50-utc.png) ###### Power Genetics Tool GEDmatch is a free, public DNA database. It’s a genetic community interested in preserving both biological genealogy and genetic privacy. ![multi generation family](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/happy-multi-generation-family-gathering-around-not-2022-01-18-23-38-46-utc.png) ###### Worldwide Connections GEDmatch has people from around the world who share interests in genealogy and genetics. Some of our users join “Ancestor Projects” – A GEDmatch Ancestor Project is a group of people who are all related to each other in some way and want to find out more about their family history together. ![DNA test tube](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/dna-test-test-tube-with-liquid-for-dna-analysis-a-2022-01-12-20-42-33-utc.png) ###### Create a DNA Public Profile Your profile on GEDmatch can show who you are related to as well as what segments of DNA you share with them or which segments they might share with you. ##### How to Get Started ###### Do you have your tellmeGen Data? [ Yes ](https://app.gedmatch.com/register.php) [ How do I get it? ](#how-to-access) ##### How to Access Your Raw DNA Data From tellmeGen 1 Sign in to your tellmeGen account ![tellmeGen login screen](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/tellmeGen-login-1024x406.png) 2 Click on the download option ![tellmeGen download graphic](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/tellmeGen-graphic.png) - From the User Menu, go to ‘**Listing Kits**‘ and then select ‘**Actions**‘. - You should see an option to **download the raw DNA data**. - If your tellmeGen account contains genetic data for two or more people, download the raw data for each profile. - Your tellmeGen Raw DNA Data will be downloaded as a ZIP file. - You do not have to unzip the file and can upload it into your GEDmatch account like that. #### Upload Your DNA File to GEDmatch Sign up for free and find genetic matches on GEDmatch. Use it as a research tool or share DNA data with others to find relatives. [ Upload DNA file here ](https://app.gedmatch.com/register.php) --- ### [RootsTech Promotion](https://www.gedmatch.com/rootstech-promotion/) **Published:** February 28, 2023 **Author:** Tom Osypian **Content:** Special Promotion # RootsTech Attendee Discount ## Thank you for attending RootsTech and visiting our virtual booth! We would like to offer you a 10% discount on our Tier 1 membership plans. Choose from pay-as-you-go options, or save more by signing up for a recurring Tier 1 membertship. Use the code "ROOTSTECH2023VIRTUAL" when checking out for a Tier 1 membership. ![](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/gedmatch-coupon-1024x1024.png) Coupon valid until 3/31/2023. This coupon code will only work when paying via credit card. Question? Email community first ### What Makes Us Unique ![family on laptop](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/family-laptop.jpg) GEDmatch is a free DNA comparison and analysis website for people who have tested their autosomal DNA using a direct-to-consumer genetic testing company, such as Ancestry, 23andMe, FTDNA, or have a custom file from other sources. Testers download their DNA data file from the testing company, and then upload it to GEDmatch. GEDmatch processes the file, adds it to a genealogical database, and provides applications for matching and further analysis. Because GEDmatch aggregates files from all testing companies, your potential for matches is greater. Curtis Rogers founded GEDmatch in 2010 with his co-founder John Olson and a small group of volunteers. Verogen purchased GEDmatch in 2019, continuing the founders’ vision for a consumer genealogy site with a commitment to infrastructure, privacy, and security. [ Get Started ](https://app.gedmatch.com/register.php) Our Mission ### Genealogy Research Not Found Elsewhere ![Grandma and Granddaughter](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/grandma-grandaughter.jpg) **The GEDmatch story is one of connecting people.** From amateurs to professionals, genealogists, historians, researchers, and adoptees have leveraged the large pool of data on the site to build family trees, find birth families, and learn more about their DNA and by extension, their history. Recent advancements have also allowed genetic genealogy to make communities safer by putting violent criminals behind bars and exonerating the innocent. Protecting your privacy remains the top priority, with our commitment to safeguarding your information at the foreground of every decision. [ How it Works ](/how-it-works/) #### Get your free GEDmatch account today! ##### Just upload your test results today and discover more! [ Get Started Now ](https://app.gedmatch.com/register.php) ![get your match](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/get-your-match.png) ###### Subscribe to our Newsletter Stay up to date with the latest trends with tips, tricks, and tools from our community of experts! Email Subscribe --- ### [Blog](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/) **Published:** June 9, 2022 **Author:** digitalmarketing3 **Content:** # DNA Diaries Reuniting Families ## A Whole New Family - I Found My Biological Brother and Sister [ Read the post ](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/i-found-my-biological-siblings-gedmatch-blog/) 3 minute read By David – GEDmatch User ![](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/family-1.png) [![GEDmatch DNA Dashboard screenshot showing left navigation, a welcome banner, four info tiles, and the kit management area](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/GEDmatch-new-design-300x123.jpg) ](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/see-whats-coming-the-new-gedmatch-interface-preview-is-now-on-youtube/)#### [ See What’s Coming: The New GEDmatch Interface Preview Is Now on YouTube ](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/see-whats-coming-the-new-gedmatch-interface-preview-is-now-on-youtube/) The new GEDmatch is here to see. Product Manager Tom Osypian walks through the completely rebuilt GEDmatch interface — the [ Read More » ](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/see-whats-coming-the-new-gedmatch-interface-preview-is-now-on-youtube/) [![Steps to Verify DNA Matches Across Databases](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/image_52b3bee747b7f59d0849496c4a8d1c78-300x200.png) ](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/steps-to-verify-dna-matches-across-databases/)#### [ Steps to Verify DNA Matches Across Databases ](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/steps-to-verify-dna-matches-across-databases/) Learn essential steps to verify DNA matches across databases, ensuring accurate ancestry research and uncovering shared family connections. [ Read More » ](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/steps-to-verify-dna-matches-across-databases/) [![Ultimate Guide to GEDmatch One-to-Many Tool](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image_11393167aa0c7a9f5ef2e04bb23c7ae4-300x200.jpeg) ](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/ultimate-guide-to-gedmatch-one-to-many-tool/)#### [ Ultimate Guide to GEDmatch One-to-Many Tool ](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/ultimate-guide-to-gedmatch-one-to-many-tool/) Explore the GEDmatch One-to-Many tool for uncovering DNA matches, tracing family connections, and optimizing genealogical research. [ Read More » ](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/ultimate-guide-to-gedmatch-one-to-many-tool/) [![What Are DNA AutoClusters?](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/image_1cb78266df35560f9f4ae49f38079cb2-300x167.jpg) ](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/what-are-dna-autoclusters/)#### [ What Are DNA AutoClusters? ](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/what-are-dna-autoclusters/) Learn how DNA AutoClusters simplify genetic analysis by visually organizing DNA matches into color-coded groups, revealing family connections. [ Read More » ](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/what-are-dna-autoclusters/) [![](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/gedmatch-rootstech-2026-300x123.jpg) ](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/join-gedmatch-at-rootstech-2026/)#### [ Join GEDmatch at RootsTech 2026 ](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/join-gedmatch-at-rootstech-2026/) Are you ready to make new discoveries in your family history research? GEDmatch is thrilled to announce our participation as a Bronze Sponsor at RootsTech 2026! Join us from March 5–7, whether you’re attending in person in Salt Lake City or joining the global community online for the world’s premier family history event. [ Read More » ](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/join-gedmatch-at-rootstech-2026/) [![DNA Match Analysis: A Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/image_1813ce9f87997ea31115d2b296a8c3a6-300x167.jpg) ](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/dna-match-analysis-a-step-by-step-guide-for-beginners/)#### [ DNA Match Analysis: A Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners ](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/dna-match-analysis-a-step-by-step-guide-for-beginners/) Learn how to analyze DNA matches effectively to uncover family connections through shared genetic information. [ Read More » ](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/dna-match-analysis-a-step-by-step-guide-for-beginners/) [![Manual DNA Clustering: Step-by-Step Guide](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/image_670f580879762b0c286041ec880cc68a-300x167.jpg) ](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/manual-dna-clustering-step-by-step-guide/)#### [ Manual DNA Clustering: Step-by-Step Guide ](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/manual-dna-clustering-step-by-step-guide/) Learn how to manually cluster DNA matches for better family connections using a step-by-step guide and essential tools. [ Read More » ](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/manual-dna-clustering-step-by-step-guide/) [![Building Family Trees with DNA Evidence: Beginner's Guide](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/image_d00f36981abc9dc251e69b3e3c062ee7-300x167.jpg) ](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/building-family-trees-with-dna-evidence-beginners-guide/)#### [ Building Family Trees with DNA Evidence: Beginner’s Guide ](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/building-family-trees-with-dna-evidence-beginners-guide/) Unlock your family history with DNA testing, learn about types of tests, privacy tips, and how to incorporate results into your genealogy research. [ Read More » ](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/building-family-trees-with-dna-evidence-beginners-guide/) [![Common Questions About Genetic Match Accuracy Answered](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/image_4cddcd05bc8c711a7ebbe3b806d727c1-300x167.jpg) ](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/common-questions-about-genetic-match-accuracy-answered/)#### [ Common Questions About Genetic Match Accuracy Answered ](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/common-questions-about-genetic-match-accuracy-answered/) Explore the accuracy of DNA matches, factors influencing them, and methods for verifying relationships through genetic genealogy. [ Read More » ](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/common-questions-about-genetic-match-accuracy-answered/) Page1[Page2](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/2/)[Page3](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/3/)[Page4](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/4/) ###### Subscribe to our Newsletter Stay up to date with the latest trends with tips, tricks, and tools from our community of experts! Email Subscribe --- ### [Why Join](https://www.gedmatch.com/why-join/) **Published:** August 24, 2022 **Author:** digitalmarketing3 **Content:** # Why Join the GEDmatch Community ## Find your past, understand your future ![results](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/results.png) ### Fast Results Receive DNA matches within 24 hours of uploading your DNA data at GEDmatch. ![privacy and safety shield](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Privacy-and-Safety-image.png) ### Privacy and Safety GEDmatch never stores any of the raw DNA files. ![simplicity](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/simplicity.png) ### Comprehensive Tap into more tools in one place than anywhere else to analyze your DNA and make family connections. ##### Feature-Rich Platform ![computer](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/computer-helix.png) ###### Easy-to-navigate ![GEDmatch users](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/GEDmatch-users.png) ###### Over 1.4M users in the GEDmatch community ![](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Customizable-expreience.png) ###### Mobile-friendly experience ![find matches](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/find-matches.png) ###### Absolutely free to join and find matches ![](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/find-family.png) ###### Find family you never knew existed ![DNA tools](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/DNA-tools.png) ###### 45+ DNA tools at your fingertips ### See How GEDmatch Works GEDmatch is the place to explore your family history by matching DNA data you can get from a genetic DNA testing kit company like 23andMe or AncestryDNA, and then uncovering techniques used in genetic genealogy to track down relatives and learn about your ancestry. [ Learn More ](/how-it-works/) ### Uncover Untold Stories Discover new family connections and find distant relatives! You can connect with others who are related to you or interested in discovering their family history on GEDmatch and share DNA results. - Unleash your inner detective with GEDmatch - Connect with other people who are related to you or interested in finding out about their family history - Join the largest 3rd party genetic database in the world and unlock mysteries about your past ![One to one graphic](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/one-to-one-graphic.png) ![identity](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/dna-identity.png) ### Find The Missing Pieces of Your Identity Find cousins, children or biological parents who were previously unknown to you or could not be located. If you’re related to someone else on GEDmatch, you may be able to learn about a trait they may have that no one else in your family shares! - GEDmatch – everything you’ve ever wanted to know about your ancestry - Unlock your roots and find biological parents - Learn about things you share with someone else in your family ### Explore Your Heritage Discover how people worldwide are related to each other so you can feel closer to family members on either side of the globe. - GEDmatch gives you access to the largest 3rd party DNA database in the world - Discover how far back in history you can trace your lineage - With GEDmatch, you can find answers to many questions about your family history ![admixture image](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/admixture-image.png) #### Get your free GEDmatch account today! ##### Just upload your test results today and discover more! [ Get Started Now ](https://app.gedmatch.com/register.php) ![get your match](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/get-your-match.png) ###### Subscribe to our Newsletter Stay up to date with the latest trends with tips, tricks, and tools from our community of experts! Email Subscribe --- ### [About Us](https://www.gedmatch.com/about/) **Published:** June 10, 2022 **Author:** digitalmarketing3 **Content:** About GEDmatch # Genealogy research reimagined and expanded ## GEDmatch is a website for genetic genealogy research. Anyone can upload their DNA file, analyze results, and compare DNA shared with others. ![about GEDmatch](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/about-hero.png) community first ### What Makes Us Unique ![family on laptop](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/family-laptop.jpg) GEDmatch is a free DNA comparison and analysis website for people who have tested their autosomal DNA using a direct-to-consumer genetic testing company, such as Ancestry, 23andMe, FTDNA, or have a custom file from other sources. Testers download their DNA data file from the testing company, and then upload it to GEDmatch. GEDmatch processes the file, adds it to a genealogical database, and provides applications for matching and further analysis. Because GEDmatch aggregates files from all testing companies, your potential for matches is greater. Curtis Rogers founded GEDmatch in 2010 with his co-founder John Olson and a small group of volunteers. Verogen purchased GEDmatch in 2019, continuing the founders’ vision for a consumer genealogy site with a commitment to infrastructure, privacy, and security. [ Get Started ](https://app.gedmatch.com/register.php) Our Mission ### Genealogy Research Not Found Elsewhere ![Grandma and Granddaughter](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/grandma-grandaughter.jpg) **The GEDmatch story is one of connecting people.** From amateurs to professionals, genealogists, historians, researchers, and adoptees have leveraged the large pool of data on the site to build family trees, find birth families, and learn more about their DNA and by extension, their history. Recent advancements have also allowed genetic genealogy to make communities safer by putting violent criminals behind bars and exonerating the innocent. Protecting your privacy remains the top priority, with our commitment to safeguarding your information at the foreground of every decision. [ How it Works ](/how-it-works/) #### Get your free GEDmatch account today! ##### Just upload your test results today and discover more! [ Get Started Now ](https://app.gedmatch.com/register.php) ![get your match](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/get-your-match.png) ###### Subscribe to our Newsletter Stay up to date with the latest trends with tips, tricks, and tools from our community of experts! Email Subscribe --- ### [MyHeritage](https://www.gedmatch.com/education/myheritage/) **Published:** December 6, 2022 **Author:** digitalmarketing3 **Content:** # Deeper Parentage with GEDmatch and MyHeritage ![MyHeritage family tree](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/hero-myheritage.png) ## A perfect complement to MyHeritage. ## DNA matching made easy. ![DNA matching](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/GEDmatch-and-23andMe-section-image.png) - Take your MyHeritage results farther with GEDmatch and get instant access to explore more than 1.5 million DNA profiles and your DNA match list. - Create your free account to explore more than 1.5 million DNA profiles from GEDmatch. - You're on the verge of learning more about your DNA than you ever thought possible. Upload your MyHeritage DNA results to GEDmatch to match your DNA profiles from other major DNA testing services. - When you upload your DNA to GEDmatch, you have access to a database with over 1.5 million members and counting. With this powerful website, you can learn more about your ancestral history and connect with other ethnicities. This empowers you to get a deeper understanding of what makes you truly unique. - With the click of a button, you'll be able to find others who share similar genetic codes. You may find long-lost relatives or distant cousins that can help fill in the gaps in your family history. Discover unknown family members and learn about your heritage. #### Benefits ![double helix](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Group-797.png) ##### Discover DNA Relatives If you’re looking for relatives outside of the MyHeritage database, upload your DNA data here and see who else is out there! By doing this, you can expand your search and find the relatives you’re looking for. ![family tree](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Group-798.png) ##### Seach Possible Relatives Upload your DNA data here and GEDmatch will tell you! With our easy-to-use platform, you can quickly build your family tree. ![One to one graphic](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/one-to-one-graphic.png) ##### Genetic Genealogy GEDmatch is a genetic genealogy site where DNA matches can find relatives across genealogy projects, such as Ancestry, MyHeritage or FTDNA. ##### Features ![multiracial genetics tool](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/multiracial-genetics-having-meeting-about-gene-eng-2022-04-27-04-10-50-utc.png) ###### Power Genetics Tool GEDmatch is a free, public DNA database. It’s a genetic community interested in preserving both biological genealogy and genetic privacy. ![multi generation family](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/happy-multi-generation-family-gathering-around-not-2022-01-18-23-38-46-utc.png) ###### Worldwide Connections GEDmatch has people from around the world who share interests in genealogy and genetics. Some of our users join “Ancestor Projects” – A GEDmatch Ancestor Project is a group of people who are all related to each other in some way and want to find out more about their family history together. ![DNA test tube](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/dna-test-test-tube-with-liquid-for-dna-analysis-a-2022-01-12-20-42-33-utc.png) ###### Create a DNA Public Profile Your profile on GEDmatch can show who you are related to as well as what segments of DNA you share with them or which segments they might share with you. ##### How to Get Started ###### Do you have your MyHeritage Data? [ Yes ](https://app.gedmatch.com/register.php) [ How do I get it? ](#how-to-access) ##### How to Access Your Raw DNA Data From MyHeritage 1 Sign in to your MyHeritage account ![](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/how-to-download-your-myheritage-data-gedmatch-how-to-1.png) - Under DNA tab, go to **‘Manage DNA Kits’** ![manage DNA kits](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/my-heritage-manage-dna-kits.png) - On the right-hand side of the MyHeritage kit, you will see a button with three dots. Click it and choose the “Download” option. ![myheritage download](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/my-heritage-download.png) - Click ‘Continue’ to proceed. - Accept the MyHeritage Terms of Service and the Privacy Policy and click ‘Continue’ ![](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/my-heritage-learn-more.png) ![confirmation for downloading raw DNA data](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/my-heritage-confirmation.png) 2 Download Data - You will receive an email with instructions, click the download link from the email. **The link is only valid for 24 hours!** ![emailed instructions](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/my-heritage-email-instructions.png) - The link will take you to the MyHeritage site. Enter your password and click **‘Download’** *Please note: MyHeritage Files only download on Android and PC devices.* ![DNA data file download](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/my-heritage-dna-file-download-1024x567.png) #### Upload Your DNA File to GEDmatch Sign up for free and find genetic matches on GEDmatch. Use it as a research tool or share DNA data with others to find relatives. [ Upload DNA file here ](https://app.gedmatch.com/register.php) --- ### [Surname Search](https://www.gedmatch.com/education/surname-search/) **Published:** November 18, 2022 **Author:** digitalmarketing3 **Content:** # Surname Search ## Video Transcription (00:00): Hi, this is Margaret from DataMiningDNA.com and this video is about a new feature from GEDmatch, which they rolled out at the end of January. Now this feature is part of the paid tier. You can pay 10 bucks for one month and for your 10 bucks you get all these tier one tools and write down at the bottom is the latest tool and it’s called Find surname matches from DNA matches. So it’s basically a surname search across your DNA matches who have uploaded GEDcom files to GEDmatch. Okay, so I’m just gonna click into this and one of the things that you may not notice immediately is that as a kinda almost a new departure for GEDmatch, a very welcome new departure, we have an instructions page. Just open that in a new tab, some good info here. And if you don’t skip the bottom part here, which is some scenarios that you might like to try out when using the tools. (00:57): So, in terms of picking the surnames, I’m going to go with the obvious, which is to use the surnames of four of my great grandparents on one particular side and then another four of the other. But one of the things that they suggest is find a census record for this ancestor and list the surnames on the page and on one or two pages on both sides, an interesting idea. So I’ll crack on with actually using the tool here. In terms of this search form, the only mandatory piece is to put in your kit number. So I’m gonna stick in the kit number of mine. The next part here, which is the max number of closest matches, which comes to consider default is 500 and the minimum total cent. Morgan got a companion article which I’ll link to in the description below on our blog. And I put some tips on what to do with these max matches and the minimum cm, et cetera. (01:49): The minimum number is surnames, project comp default is three. I’m gonna leave that at the default cause I’m gonna start with maybe four surnames. This one here is quite interesting. The search pedigree only to explain the implications of this, just touch on my search plan. My plan is to search at the level of my second great greats on my maternal side, my maternal grandfather’s grandparents. And I want to do a search with those four certains. So let me just enter those and then I’ll talk about the filter. Okay, so was gamble. If I click on search pedigree, the search tool will go and look at the GEDcoms and look for a combination of these four surnames, but only in the direct line of the jet coms, not the collateral lines. By the cholesterol lines, I mean the wider tree. So go back to your great great great grandparents, their siblings, their siblings and spouses and the descendants of the siblings and spouses. (02:54): Those are the co lines. I mentioned this because I intuitively thought what if I tick this on? It might make the search faster. I wasn’t sure how long the search is gonna take. It’s actually very fast anyway, but if you turn this on, the instructions tell you could make the search slower because it requires more processing power. As for this bit of using surname matching, double you look at the instruction page to explain what this means, just so I’m not telling. Yeah, it’s not mentioned. So have we gone that I’ve entered four surnames and just to be clear, I’ve left the minimum number of surnames, I’ve left it at the default of three, but I have specified for surnames. So let’s see what happens. Click submit and you can see processing here. And that was pretty quick. Now the maximum kits that checked for by DNA matches were the top 500 who have GEDcom, right? (03:52): So what I’m seeing at these top results here, this set of results are the J where all four surnames appear in the tree and there’s just two. Then we get to the combinations of permutations of three outta the four surnames I listed. And this is just your maths. Remember combinations of permutations from high school mats. Let’s say for this one it’s only found one, but for this combination it’s found three. So the next thing you might be wondering is what does this mean? Expected accidentally matches at zero two, a good thing that says zero because that’s not explained in the instructions. So top marks to GEDmatch for providing instructions page. But yeah, they don’t cover everything that you’re gonna see here. Just to illustrate the point here where I set the minimum number of surnames to three, I rather I kept it at the default and I’m getting these combinations three outta four, click the back button If I reduce this down to two, so now I’m gonna enter two and I’m gonna click submit. (04:55): Might take slightly longer, still very fast. And now we’ve still got the same list for four and it should be the same list as it is different permutations of three outta the four. But notice now I get, I’m now getting the permutations of two of the surnames outta the four. What I can do here is I can rule out some of these for investigations. So when I look at my pairings, I have a spouses I have and Cassidy McDermot, which means that in terms of focusing in on jacks to look at gamble, Fitzpatrick or reverse, no problem. That is pairing that I’m interested in with both of them in there. I’d zero in on this Fitzpatrick gamble, that spices in my tree. They’re not necessarily spices in this tree, this just means that they appear somewhere they could be in totally different areas of the tree in order to see how they appear. I need to take a look, but just in terms of doing an investigation, I’m gonna start at the top as these are the grandparents of my maternal grandfather. If all four appear in the tree, it’s possible that this is a second or third cousin of mine. The next thing to do is to investigate. Now what I found, and you’ll see in my article that the best use of the tool (06:07): Was using its integration with the one to one comparison tool, which is this feature, this CMP here, this link, it opens the one to one GEDcom comparison tool and it compares your own tree, your own associated with the DNA case that you specified with this that’s represented here. So that’s the column herem but you have to upload a GEDcom file. (06:35): And I would say that this tool makes it worth uploading these links here and this link here, these jump you into the actual tree itself. This particular DNA kit of mine has an associated GEDcom file. If it didn’t, you wouldn’t see this, but you would see this. So regardless if you haven’t uploaded GEDcom at all to GEDmatch, you will get this column which lets you jump into the particular tree of this individual. I found this not to be particularly useful and I’ll just show you why. I’ll take this top match here and I will, I open it in a new tab. I’m gonna jump into that tree. So this is a public tree, but I’m jumping in, I’m coming in at the home person and we’ve got this person’s children are living people therefore of course hidden. And I’ll click on the pedigree. So I’m opening up the pedigree chart and the what the instruction say to you. (07:35): There’s no search facility by the way. This search up here is a complete red herring. That search button is a search just opens up the tool that’s let to use search across GEDcoms. It doesn’t search in a particular, right? So it’s useless for particular exercise. What I want is the, I’m interested in now there’s no highlighting of this kind of red business in with this GEDcom display. The blue is a paternal side and the red is the maternal side of whoever, whoever you’re looking at in terms of their father and their mother. So nowhere on this page is going to highlight handily the surname that you’re searching for. So the way that GEDcom, sorry, way that GEDmatch say their instructions to look for the surnames is to use the browser search, which is a control F. So click control F on your keyboard and it pops up this little search box, but it doesn’t appear anywhere at this page nor do the other three surnames. (08:41): Okay, I tried this before, now that’s perfectly reasonable. And what the instructions are saying well is that they may not appear because they’re not on this page. Page defaults to show seven generations. So what you should do is increase that and I think GEDmatch instruction say to at least 12. I just 30, just take 30 and click submit. So this has widened. So now if I go looking for all, any or all of my four go, no, still not on the page we had Patrick, still not. There’s no fits. We had Cassidy, Nope, no Cassidy on this page. (09:30): I put in there what’s going on here. But what’s going on here is a little bit of a disconnect between the default of what you search for and how GEDMatch display. This is a pedigree chart, right? It’s a direct line. I’m seeing the direct line, I’m not seeing any of the collateral entries which may or may not be in this, but in the search that I specified and what GEDmatch pretty much kinda steers you towards. And I wanted, I said don’t restrict to the pedigree only, I said give a search all the entire file for those surnames, but I’m not gonna see them no matter on the direct line cause they’re not part of this particular matches direct line. So they’re somewhere off on the collateral line. How do you get at that? Well, from here there I couldn’t find any handy way other than to look at the descendants of each of the highest generation, right? So suppose let’s say we’ll take this Thomas Bell and I just click into that entry here that opens up Thomas Bell and now I’m seeing Thomas Bell’s children. If I click the descendants chart, now I’m getting the descendants, all the descendants of Thomas Bell. So just to be clear, (10:50): This Thomas Bell has this particular individual, let me find a daughter at number two. Sabina Bell is a daughter of Thomas Bell, Sabina married Harry. And now what I have in as a collateral line in this particular tree are these Barretts where their daughters marry. I may see down a level their children with different surnames, right? And then we’re getting down to the hidden level as we go (11:20): Down Now I start having to look for gamble not there. Fitzpatrick Cassidy, nope. And McDermot. And now correct me in the comments if I’m wrong about this, but as far as I can tell, there’s no shortcut here. I have to go into each of these top ancestors and look at their descendants. Now that for any kind of tree that is, it’s highly tedious. Having said that, if I was really motivated I might do it. Then the other thing that GEDmatch says is that those four, all of those four names could be living people and therefore you’re not gonna see them. It says be aware. The true display may not show an individual with a surname. Usually that means the individual may be living are hidden. I’m assuming from that, and this, I may be wrong here and it’s not clear from the instructions, but my assumption is that if let’s say one of these hidden people, suppose that was gamble, I’m thinking that it’s still going to be a hit by the search tool be that as doesn’t me, this person was a close match, I’d be more inclined to look at the descendants of each of these ancestral lines to get to see the collateral and then do that control f search. (12:45): But, it’s really tedious. I think what’s going on here is that we’ve got a new tool, but it’s integrating with this really old display with has very limited search capabilities. I mean what I would like is that it would jump me to the individual, even if it jumped me to one of the four of those, it would help be helpful. What I will say is that this is a great incentive hopefully for GEDmatch to improve their tree display. So I wasn’t too wild about these links, I was far more appreciative of these links. And what this is gonna do is gonna compare your tree (13:27): To this particular GEDcom. So if I click on the CMP Rebecca, I click and open it. Now this isn’t doing anything particularly new what it’s doing, it’s opening an existing tool, a tool that was already on and it’s actually, it’s part of the free tier, I believe the one to one GED comparison come down to these. So down here are your GEDcom comparison and search tools. And these are part of the free tier. And what it’s doing is it’s opening the two GEDcoms comparison. So if I just open it from here, from the homepage that opens that and you have to type in the GEDcom numbers yourself. What’s happening with using that CMP link is that it opens the existing tool and it (14:12): Prepopulates them and it’s just a little time saver, but anything that saves me time on GEDmatch is good with me. So I just click the compare and this is where you kinda start doing your evaluation. So this is running now, it’s running an algorithm, it’s not immediate. And what it’s doing now is it’s showing me what it thinks or matches. This particular tool has a very liberal comparison, pretty liberal, it’s matched Gaffney with ganley and those are not variants of the same name. I would prefer if they were a little bit more strict on that. And then we’ve got a match here, Anna and Hannah, that’s fine. Those are two variants. And here where we see where it’s kinda skewing is that we’ve got two different fathers and Edward and James and then we have Quinn. So I can rule that out just visually and say okay, that’s not a match. (15:04): And now I’m kind searching for these two variants dates or similar, but the bird places are different and so on and so forth. So what you can do is you can evaluate, and I’m looking at this, I’m gonna say, well this particular person’s tree is not, these people aren’t representative in my tree. So notice that it’s not showing me matching on the Fitzpatrick Cassidy and McDermot, I’m assuming cause the tree does have gamble in it. But the name and details are so different in terms of the spouse, parents, birth details, death details, probably the first name that this evaluation has said, okay, that that’s not a match. So straight away I can see that the four surnames that I put in to investigate, but they’re not coming up here and that therefore this DNA match the tree isn’t really gonna to be useful to me. (15:56): That is how I would continue to use this tool. I’ve work my way down, but I’d use the CMP to rule people out. And the final feature to look at is what happens when you have multiple rows in any of these lists and you have these little check boxes. Well that goes with this line here, which is a little vague. Click this button for additional display and processing options. What could those be for Wonders? Well I’ll take these two here and I’ll click submit . And what it’s doing, again, it’s jumping you into an existing paid tool, the multi kit analysis tool, and it’s those two DNA kits and your selected DNA kit and it’s getting you ready to run a multi kit analysis. So just to be clear on that, going back to the homepage down here to tier one, the, there’s Multiple kit analysis of the MKA tool. (16:55): So it’s the equivalent of launching this and having to put in the kits. So I’m not gonna go through this as it’s a little bit more complex and this videos getting kinda along. I really do think you get the best out this tool if you upload your family to GEDmatch. I’ve got an article which I’m linked to in the description below. It’s a step by step on how to add a family tree to GEDmatch in terms of uploading a family tree to any external site. Be sure that you’re familiar with the privacy policies, I’ve put some details on privatization, just be sure that you’re comfortable with how it goes about it. I’ll put all the links in the description below and that helps. And best of luck in your research. --- ### [Find Most Recent Common Ancestor using GEDCOMs](https://www.gedmatch.com/education/find-most-recent-common-ancestor-using-gedcoms/) **Published:** November 18, 2022 **Author:** digitalmarketing3 **Content:** # Find Most Recent Common Ancestor using GEDCOMs ## Video Transcription (00:00): Finding the most recent common ancestor is the key to identifying how you are related to your DNA matches. And now GEDMatch has a tool that you can use to do that. (00:15): Howdy, I’m Andy Lee with Family History Fanatics where we help you understand your DNA, climb your family tree and write your ancestor story along the way. Be sure to subscribe to our channel and if you’d like to become a member, you can join for just $2.99 cents a month for extra training throughout the month. Today we’re talking about a new tool at GEDmatch that is called the find the M R C A from your DNA matches. GEDmatch really started out as a GEDcoms comparison tool and with the power of DNA added to it, it can help us find matches that we should have GEDcoms that are linked together. By looking at the GEDcoms, we can find a most recent common ancestor. Now, previously you had to do this yourself by going through and searching through all the different matches where each GEDcoms matched in order to find a common ancestor. (01:12): Well now you can do that with this new tool, but there’s a few things that you need to do beforehand. So one of the first things that you need to do is you need to make sure that you have a GEDcoms file uploaded to GEDmatch. If you don’t, there’s nothing to compare because this is not just looking at you and your DNA matches, but it’s also looking at your GEDcoms file compared to your DNA matches GEDcoms files. So if nobody uploads a GEDcoms file, then you’re not gonna be able to compare them. But if everybody uploads a GEDcoms file, then there’s gonna be lots of information to compare. So if you haven’t uploaded a GEDcoms file yet, then go ahead and do that now. Now the next thing that you’re going to want is you’re going to want to link a person whose DNA has been tested to the GEDcoms file. (02:04): Now in this case it’s usually gonna be yourself or it may be a close relative, a parent or a grandparent if you have that DNA tested. By doing this, what we’ve done is we’ve created a definite link between a match and our GEDcoms file. So now the computer system can go through and it can try to match up where those GEDcoms files meet. So let’s go over to GEDmatch and see how this tool is going to work. So here is the tool and it’s going to be very simple. All we need is we need a kit number and I’m going to use my grandfather’s kit number for this because his is the one that I use most often in my research. Now there’s a few presets that you can use and right now we’re gonna start with just looking at this. With this all at what is preset, you can change the number of kits that you’re considering looking at. (02:57): You can change the minimum amount of centimorgans to be comparing to, and you can change the match score. Now more on that in just a moment, but once you’re ready, click on submit and you’re going to start to see how some of these GEDcoms files might identify a most recent common ancestor. Now depending on how many matches you have that have GEDcoms files, this process may take several minutes. So don’t be worried when just one or two lines pop up and it’s taking a while for other things to pop up. The program is still working and it’s going to get there in just a moment. But this is the list of people that are potential, and I say that again, potential most recent common ancestors. So let’s go through this list and see what kind of information that we have. We start with the kit number and the name of our match. (03:58): Next we have the amount of centimorgans that is in that match and this is all sorted from the largest down to the smallest. Next we have the name in our GEDcoms kit of who that match is. And you’ll notice that in our matches GEDcoms kit right here, it should be the same name or roughly the same name based on the matching algorithm. Then it also tells us how far away we are from that kit and it tells us how far away our match is from that kit, how many generations. Then there’s a link to the actual path upwards and downwards, and then there is the comparison of the two GEDcoms kits as well as a link to the GEDcoms and the person within that. So let’s explore this further by going through each of these links and seeing what they’re actually showing. I’m gonna start with our person. (05:05): This is the person page for that most recent common ancestor that I would see in my GEDcoms file. Now there is another link there which is going to show it in the other person’s GEDcoms file. Previously I went over the different uses of the GEDcoms matching within GEDmatch and you can see that this information is basically telling us who the parents are, who the spouse is, who the children are with some basic names and birth dates, and you can click on any one of these names to be able to go to that person if you want to research that a little bit more. So that link really covers this primary person and it also covers what we would see from our matches GEDcoms file, and we can actually open both those up and compare them together to see if some of the information matches more directly or give us a clue as to whether or not this really is a most recent common ancestor. (06:06): So the next thing we want to do is we want to look at the descendency path to ourself, which also is going to be similar to this descendency path to our matches here. This link goes right to a descendancy path and it starts from the most recent common ancestor up at the top here, all the way down to whichever generation is going to be your match. In this case, it is Burton Lee, my grandfather. You can also see there that there is a little DNA symbol showing that yeah, that person does have DNA and if there was any of these other people in this list that had DNA also on them, then there would be that symbol as well. So these two links are going to this descendency chart. So that gives us the links to the Descendency path. And now we actually want to look at this path and this is actually probably one of the most useful parts of this tool. (07:04): So on this descendancy path, what we have is we have the tendency to us and we have the descendancy to our match and they’re lined up by each generation so that you can actually see from the most recent common ancestor all the way down to you and your match, how that path goes. Now in this case, as I’m looking at this, I can actually see right off that these two are probably not the same person. My main clue is that this Jane Gordon that my grandfather is related to was born in Kentucky in the United States, whereas this Jane Gordon was born in Sutherland. And then also you can see the descendants were all in New Zealand. Now there it’s possible that these are the same person, if there is some errors in the research that either my match has done or that I have done, but based on what I already know, this is probably not going to be a most recent common ancestor. (08:09): And where we can start to be looking is we can also be starting to look at this match score. What does this mean? Well, the algorithms looking at lots of different things as far as the name, the birth date, the birthplaces to come up with a score as to how likely this is a most recent common ancestor, or how likely these two people are the same people. In this case it’s a match score of two, and then we want a higher match score. A 10 is a perfect score, so a two is relatively low. So it’s not surprising that this one didn’t turn out to be a most recent common ancestor. So the path one is going to give us a nice side by side comparison of our pathway to our most recent common ancestor as well as the matches most recent common ancestor. But going back here, we can see on the score column here, we can actually use this to help investigate. (09:08): And so for instance, I already said that this too is not going to be a most recent common ancestor in this case because it just doesn’t even match the right amount of information. On the other hand, when I’m looking down this list, I see hey, there’s this six right here, there is an eight right here. That’s probably a really good indication that they’re the same person and I’m seeing a lot more of these twos, twos maybe even some threes in that. And so each one of these, I’m going to want to be a little bit more skeptical as I’m looking at the twos to make sure that the information is exact or that the research is more correct rather than just assuming that this is the right person. But let’s go back and look at what the compare GEDcoms does. Now the compare GEDcoms just takes us over here to the compare GEDcoms tool where we put in our GEDcoms number and we put in the other GEDcom number. (10:08): In this case it’s already been populated by the computer system. And then clicking on the compare, you can actually see all the people that match not just the most recent common ancestor, but all the people in this GEDcoms who match each other. So we’ve done the comparison of the GEDcoms and finally is the GEDcoms id, and this is just a link to that person in the file. So if I click on that, then I’m going to go over here and find this match. Now you’ll notice here on this match that they have their parents listed, they have who they’re married to and any children, and in this case they’ve been anonymized because these people are still living. But this also gives me links directly into that GEDcoms that I can see other people in that GEDcoms file. Now that I’ve gone through what each one of those links on this page does, let’s go and see what changing some of the default settings is going to do. (11:10): Now in general, if you can take a look here I have 24 most recent common ancestor potentials down and I just want to emphasize that these are potentials you still need to go through and do research to verify or validate whether or not these are the correct most recent common ancestor with you in that match. So I have 24 and this comparison looks like it took about four minutes to actually run the whole thing. Going back to the start of the tool, I’m gonna actually change the minimum centimorgans up to 12 centimorgans. So the default is 7 centimorgans. So I’m gonna go up to 12 centimorgans take out all those matches that match less than 12 centimorgans, and here is the result. If we scroll down, we can see that hey, there’s a lot of the same people, although once we get down to the bottom, all those bottom ones are not there because this is only found 14 most recent common ancestors cuz it’s only looking for those that share at least 12 centimorgans or more. (12:15): Likewise, you can see, hey, this only took 67 seconds, just a little over a minute in order to run because there’s a lot less information it’s trying to process. One of the other things that you can do is you can change the in a match score. Now GEDmatch actually recommends that you change us up to at least a three or greater in order to filter out any of those false matches. Now, I showed you an example already where I had a match that we matched 35 centimorgans, we had the same name, but from the birth date and the birthplace, it looks like this was not a most recent common ancestor and they only had a match score of two. So by doing with a match score of three or above, you’re going to limit the number of people that are shown, but these will be much more likely to be most recent common ancestors. (13:08): In other words, the information that is shared in both GEDcoms files is much more similar. So here is my run, and this is with a minimum of 7 centimorgans, but a match score of three, you can see that the Jane Gordon is not the first one. It’s now this Jane May. And all of the twos that I had are gone. In fact, were down from 24 to just 18 of these are a grade three or higher. So this is one way that you can limit it if you end up having a lot of matches in this area. Now this is based on the number of your matches that have GEDcoms files attached to them. So as more people add GEDcoms information into the GEDmatch database, you are going to see more and more matches on this list. So I hope that explanation of the finding the most recent common ancestor with your DNA matches is helpful in getting you started in using this tool to really streamline some of your research. (14:15): You can do this with some of the other tools on GEDmatch, but you have to sort through a lot of matches between two GEDcoms files. This tool makes it really easy so that you can just put in the GEDcoms file of your match. It’s going to search through all of the GEDcoms files of the other matches and identify the potential most recent common ancestor that can get you started on doing more research to verify whether or not that most recent common ancestor is the most recent common ancestor of you and your match. If you have any questions on how to use this tool, then put it in the comments below and I’ll try to answer it for you. --- ### [Visual Phasing with a Twist - Segment Phasing (Part 2): Advanced Genetic Genealogy](https://www.gedmatch.com/education/visual-phasing-with-a-twist-segment-phasing-part-2/) **Published:** November 18, 2022 **Author:** digitalmarketing3 **Content:** # Visual Phasing with a Twist - Segment Phasing (Part 2): Advanced Genetic Genealogy ## Video Transcription (00:00): Segment phasing is another way you can use visual phasing techniques in order to find out information about your grandparents. (00:11): Howdy, I’m Andy Lee with Family History Fanatics where we help you understand your DNA, climb your family tree and write your ancestor stories along the way. In part one of this two part series, we went over the first five steps of segment phasing. There’s three more steps and we’re going to start on them right now. After we have colored our chromosome map, it is now time to assign the recombination points for those recombination points that we have identified. Now there’s a couple of ways that you can assign recombination points. You can visually look to see how recombination points are assigned. So for instance, if I’m looking at this first recombination point here, I can see that there’s a change from a B, and I can see that there’s a change from B, C, and so B is common to both of them. I would assign this to B. (00:59): Another way with this table that you can do is look at this table. So for instance, at recombination 0.4 0.4, it’s highlighted too as the likely recombination point of B because B shows up in both of those. So I’m going to assign B here. I’m gonna assign B here. I’m going to assign C here, and then I’m gonna assign B right there, C there B right there. And now I have all of my recombination points assigned. So with this, we’re now going to start assigning grandparent segments. Now I call ’em grandparent segments because these are the segments that came from each of the grandparents, even though right now we don’t know who those grandparents are from. Now this is just using your visual phasing techniques. So identify all the grandparents segments in the section below. I usually wanna start with the person that has the least number of recombination points. (01:59): In that case, this is person A. And so I’m just gonna assign A one on the top, B one on the bottom. And I’m gonna go through and I’m going to copy that over the entire chromosome right here because there are no recombination points on A, we’ve already got the grandparent segments on A, they each came from a single grandparent. So there’s two grandparents missing on this chromosome. Let’s go down to B and C and solve for those on B. We know that A and B match right here, so I can just paste that right there. And we know that A and B match right there. Now there happens to be recombination points that are blocking both of those in. So if we go down to C, I know that A and C match right in this area right here, and there’s a hard recombination point right there. (02:51): So then B and C, well, B and C, they match right there. That’s good. And B and C, they match right here, which we don’t know which either one of them is right now there are no matches. So we’re ready to make our selection now to make our selection. It doesn’t matter where, but we wanna try to solve the most possible. In this case, I’m going to switch this one right here to A two and this one is going to still be B one. And I’ll just copy that and extend that over because there is no B recombination point right here. So down below. Now I can make this one the same because it matches and that means that this is going to be the same as well. So if I look back up at the top, I’ve solved as much as I can with just this graphic. (03:44): There’s one little section right here that I can’t solve because of that, but I’ve been able to solve everything else. So let me go through this process again with another chromosome. I’m going to duplicate my chart. I’m gonna rename this and I’m going to call this chart number 16. So that means here’s number 16 on the chromosome and it is pulled in all of that information. Now you notice this one is not quite as perfect as the other one because every line doesn’t have a blue highlighted. There’s a lot of ’em that do have a blue highlighted, but not all of them have a blue highlight. So I need to go through and I need to identify where these recombination points are. Now, if I look here real carefully at this 1.4 and 1.5, if I combine those together, then they’re really the same one. (04:32): So I’m gonna actually put a C on the number five and an R on 1.5. That C is telling me that I’m combining it with this 1.4. It is all the same 0.3. That’s a good recombination point it looks like. Then we jump up to 24.4 and 25.1. Even though they’re a little bit apart, there is two common. And so if we combine them together, then that would look like a recombination point. Okay? So 27.8 is odd because hey, there’s just one in one. 29.6 is close to it, but there’s just one in one there. So let’s go back over and look and we see that, yeah, 27.8 and 29.6 are from the same segment. Now this was back when I could download all the way down to 1 centimorgans and you’ll see that this segment is just 1.40 centimorgans long. This is not a real segment match. (05:28): And so I’m actually going to X both of those out because there’d have to be some other match with A here in order for one of these to be a recombination point. And there’s nothing around there that is like that. I go down to 50.2 and 50.5, and there’s another good recombination point 54.3. Looks like a good recombination point 55.2, 57.1 58.28 and we’ll get down to 71. Okay, and then 72 or 71.2 looks a little odd. We got a two and a two, well the closest one is this 71 or this 72.9. So let’s take a look at those over here. This 71.2, okay, that goes to an 84. So that’s not just a little tiny, that looks like a real recombination. And whereas our other 71.2, it’s right here. That’s also a real one. So what about this 71 and the 72.9? Well, here’s my 71 and 72.9. (06:34): They’re actually both the exact same thing. And when I start to look at this a little bit more, hey, let me look at this. 50.2 to 71.2 is an ab, and 71.2 to 84.0 is also a. Now it’s possible that there was a break, but it is extremely unlikely. So initially I’m going to assume that this was just an error in the algorithm and that this 71.2 and 71.2, it really just merged together. So I can ignore this 71.2. So then what about this 71 and 72.9? They are both really small segments and as I can see, they both fall right together. I’m going to actually eliminate both of them right now, so they’re not going to be real segments for me. (07:35): Now, as I’m eliminating some of these, I want to X them out over here as well. And you can see it graze them out whenever I x them out. So here’s 27.8, 29.6, and that’s so that I don’t start mapping them over in the next portion. So 84, that looks like a good recombination. 86 looks like a good, and that looks like the end. And we have the beginning. So we have a total of 10 recombination points right here. Now I want to put in 10, I got four, so I need to put in six more there. I’ve just put in six more. And I’m just going to copy the formulas that are up there. I’m gonna come down here and I’m gonna copy the formulas that are down here. Now I can go and I can start mapping this out. So we start AB from or, so we have our recombination points of 1.4 and then we have 3.0. We have 24.4, we have 50.2, we have 54.3, we have 55.2, 57.1 58, 84, 86, 86 0.1, and 90.2. So I’m gonna go and I’m gonna resize these columns so that they are better representative of what the length is. And now I can go through and figure out how much centimorgans is in each one of these. So this to 1.5, this is 5.10 cent to Morgan’s. And you can see already, hey, there’s 5.1 which is less than seven. So if I didn’t select that seven, this is one segment that would not have shown up. All right, from 1.4 to 3.0, that is 3.4. There’s another segment that wouldn’t have shown up as well. (09:38): Let’s see here, 24.4, we got a 24.4 right there. And 24.4 is merge 25. That’s gonna be 42.9, 24.4 to 50. Well, we’ve got this 62.8 and that’s going to be 11.4. So 50 to 54 we don’t have, but 54 to 55 we do is 2.8 and 57 to 58 is 1.5. And you can see these are two really small segments that you can’t actually find now on Gedmatch with a 3 cent Morgan limit. But I’ll be showing you in a second why you still may want to get down to three centimorgans as well. Okay, between, we already said that 72 was combined between those two. So between 50 and 84 is 26.4 plus 27.7, that’s going to be 53, 54 0.10 cent of organs. And then we have 86.1 (10:58): 290 is 8.3, and that means that between 84 and 90 is 17.5 minus 8.3 is gonna be 9.2. So there we have our mega bases and we have our centimorgans all calculated out. Now we can make our chromosome map A B is yellow there, a C is yellow throughout this section. BC is or AC is green right here. AC is green right there. BC is yellow right there. A B is yellow all the way up to 90. That’s the rest of the length here. A B is green between 50 and 71.2 (12:04): AB That’s all the way to 84 because we have to include that other one down here where we combine them. A AC is between 54 and 55 is gonna be half matched. And BC between 54 and 55 is half matched AC between 57 and 58 is half matched and BC is also half matched. And then we get down to the last ones. BC is 84.0 to 90.2 bc, 84.0 to 90.2, and a B is going to be 86 to 90 is full. And then our last one is AC is, oh, this one was BC here. I just messed up already. I can see that AC at the bottom is 86,290. This one right here. So there we now have our chromosome map. Now we can assign the recombination points. This first one is going to go to A, this second one is going to C, the third one is going to B. The fourth here is going to A 54 is going to C, C, C, C. And then we have the B and a C, B and a C, and that is our recombination points. We can see that B has two recombination points and A has two recombination points. So when we’re doing our next step of assigning the grandparent segments, we can start with either B or A. I’m going to start with B in this case. So I’ll do A one here and I’ll do B one here (14:02): And then I will copy that over to the next recombination point. And that is my starting location. So a B is the same in this section, but then we have BC is opposite (14:26): In this section. So that one, that one and that one. Then we have, oh, BC’s also opposite right there. Okay, now we can length out some of these. So for instance, this AB here goes to the end cuz there is no A to stop it. Whereas down here we can actually copy this to here cuz that’s where the C stops. We have these C stops here, but we can also copy this to right there. Now because we have this section right here, you’ll notice it doesn’t match up with any of these. We don’t have the a B there, so we can’t do that. So we’re stuck. Now I’m going to, oh, oh, you got one little other section I just about missed there, right on the end, A has that and B has to match that. So what we should be seeing right now is as much of the green and the red as possible and the places where we don’t have a double green and a double red, it’s because we just haven’t been able to extend it all the way there. Now to extend this, I’m going to extend the B because that’s gonna extend this all the way to the end of the B. So I’m gonna go A two and B one and I’m going to extend that. (15:56): And now let’s see what else I can solve. All right, A B is opposite right here. So this is A one and B two and it’s gonna go from there to there, but it’s also gonna go to right there. And that’s where an A recombination point is. So we can see that now a C is green right there. So we can copy that same thing down there and since there’s no C there, we can move that all the way across. Now we can already see that, hey, it looks like there is a little bit of a problem because this BC says that there should be a green or a yellow right here and it’s showing a red right here. We’ll come to that in a little bit and on the other end we don’t have anything that we can solve more. So this is the extent of what we have. (16:48): Now, one of the things you might notice here is that we have these little tiny portions of stuff right here that it looks like we’ve solved for A, and we’ve solved for B in this area, but it looks like C changed and C changed again. Now what could have happened here? Well, if we had this change here, well that one would have to stay the same. And then you’d have to have something similar happen here. And let’s just do a b2, a B one, sorry, and an A two. You’d basically have to have two recombination points on the same chromosome happening very close together in this case, 2.80 centimorgans and 1.5 centimorgans. Now, is that possible? Well, this is where we go to the next step. Now the next step is if you have impossible segments, in other words segments that could not exist, then you need to delete them. (17:48): Now because we’re do dealing with many segments that are below 7 centimorgans, this is where most of those impossible segments are gonna show up. So we want to remove all of the impossible segments. So let’s look at our impossible segments. Here are these really impossible segments? Could we have two recombinations that close together? If I go back to the setup page, there is this chromosome information and this is where it’s important because what this shows is it shows our starter end location, how long that chromosome is, but then it has this minimum internal segment length. And what I’ve done here is I’ve solicited information from lots of people, several thousand matches, and I’ve looked at all of the interior segments between grandparents and grandchildren to see for each chromosome what is the minimum length that that interior segment could be. Now if we’re looking at this here, we can see that yes, these are interior segments. (18:54): These little segments right here are interior segments. So what’s the minimum length? Because right now one of these is 2.80 centimorgans and one of ’em is 1.50 centimorgans on this chart. If I go down to the 16, I can see that for paternal chromosomes the minimum segment length is 38 centimorgans. Well, this is way smaller than that, so maybe it’s a maternal chromosome. Well, the minimum segment length for maternal chromosomes is eight centimorgans. So that means this is much smaller. Now, we can also look at mega bases as well. It’s 12 and six, and if we go back here, we can see that this is just a single megabase if that much between both of them. So these two little segments are false segments. Now, one of the clues that we can use for that also is the fact that we had so many C recombinations all at one point 54, 55, 57, 58, and if we look, they’re all basically the same thing. They’re actually AC and BC of both of them. So we can delete all of these segments in order to do that, just go highlight the columns for those and delete them, and those segments are gone. We need to redo our formulas. Let’s get this resized and change our formulas down here. (20:33): And there we go. That is how we can eliminate those impossible segments. Now, really at this point, everything else is just visual phasings. There is a link to this spreadsheet down below and you can duplicate that into your own Google Drive and then you can make adjustments to it and copy it as much as you want. You can figure out ways to improve this or make it better. If you want to learn more about visual phasing, there’s a couple of videos right here and make sure you subscribe to the channel. Leave a comment below about your successes with visual phasing. --- ### [How Phasing Improves GEDmatch DNA Match Results](https://www.gedmatch.com/education/how-phasing-improves-gedmatch-dna-match-results/) **Published:** November 18, 2022 **Author:** digitalmarketing3 **Content:** # How Phasing Improves GEDmatch DNA Match Results ## Video Transcription (00:00): You have lots of matches, and I’ve told you before that a lot of those matches aren’t even real matches. But how can we find out which matches are the real matches? Well, if you happen to have a parent that is tested as well, you can phase your kit to help improve your match results. (00:22): Howdy, I’m Andy Lee with Family History Fanatics where we help you understand your DNA, climb your family tree and write the story of your ancestors along the way. Now, many people will ask, what is the purpose of phased kits? And the simple answer is, is that it can improve your match results because you have two of each chromosome, one from your mother and one from your father. The companies, when they’re testing and reporting that information, they don’t know what letter belongs on which chromosome. Now if you have, let’s say, at a certain location, two a’s then yeah, A belongs on each chromosome. But if you have an A and a C, well, one chromosome has an A and one has a C, but they don’t know which chromosome it is. And so some of those matches are false matches because they’re not looking at a single chromosome. They’re actually jumping between chromosomes as they’re going through the match. (01:24): Phasing compares your DNA with one or both of your parents in order to separate out into a maternal chromosome kit and a paternal chromosome kit. So now when you are doing a match, you’re not comparing some of your dads and some of your mom’s DNA. You are only comparing the DNA from your dad or the DNA from your mom, and that improves your match results. But by how much does it really improve your match results? So I did a little experiment and let me go through what all that involved. First off, I only wanted to use matches that had at least 10 centimorgans or more. Why stop at 10 centimorgans? Well, as you go below 10 centimorgans, lots of reaches has shown that the number of false matches increases quite a bit. I created a phased kit using both of my parents’ kits. So I compared my kit to both of my parents and that helped divide out which of my kit is the maternal side and which is the paternal side. Next, I gathered the match list of just my regular kit. I gathered the match list of my paternal face kit and my maternal face kit, and I gathered a shared match list between my kit and my mom and between my kit and my dad. (02:57): In a perfectly organized family where everybody always had the same number of children and there was the exact same number of people that tested on both sides of the family, you would expect to have 50% of your matches from your mom and 50% of your matches from your dad. Let me start off by telling you no family is that perfect. It just doesn’t happen and mine is no exception. So let’s look at some data of these phased kits. Now again, this is comparing my match list with my paternal phased kit and my maternal phased kit match list. If I look at my maternal face kit match list, it only has 24.3% of the matches that are on my regular match list. That’s a lot less than 50%. So on my mother’s side of the family, it basically looks like there’s either not as many children and grandchildren and great-grandchildren, or they just don’t test their DNA near as much. (04:07): On my paternal side, I had 52.6% of matches from my regular kit. Now, this is right around the level that you would expect for a perfect family, but it’s twice as much as what my maternal kit had. So this side of the family either has twice as many kids or they have twice as many people that want to have their DNA tested. The whole point of this video though is the people that don’t match either one. Remember the whole point of phasing your kit is to improve your matches, to get rid of matches that aren’t really matches. And there was 24.4% of my matches that didn’t match either my maternal face kit or my paternal face kit. So most likely these matches were actually using segments from both of ’em to say that it was a match. So a quarter of my matches didn’t match. (05:02): Now these were all people who shared 10 centimorgans or more with me. So we’re not talking about people that share small segments. If we look at these three percentages, 24.3, 52.6, and 24.4, it adds up to 101.3%. It should add up to 100% In a perfect world. Why doesn’t it? That’s because there’s some of those matches that actually match both my maternal kit and match my paternal kit. Now, I do not have a lot of multiple lines of a relationship in my family tree. There’s a couple that I’ve found, but they’re not necessarily between my maternal and my paternal side. They’re actually either on my maternal side or they’re on my paternal side through multiple lines on those sides. So having a little bit less than 1% of matches that match both sides was interesting to me. If your family has endogamy, this number’s probably going to be really high. (06:08): So that was the paternal kit and the maternal kit. Each of the companies has a shared in common with tool, and I also wanted to see, well, how good would a shared match list be compared to a phased kit? So I took a look at a shared match list for myself and my mom and a shared match list for myself and my dad, and compared those match lists to just the match list for myself on my maternal side using the shared match list, there was 26.5% of those matches were also on my regular match list. So a little bit more than with the phased kit, but right in the same range. (06:54): My paternal side had 54%, again, a little bit higher, but still within the same range. Now the neither one, in other words, the matches that showed up on my match list, but were not present on either my maternal or my paternal match list was 21%. And again, based on the higher percentages of the other two, this is right around where it’s expected. And again, it’s right within the range of where we’d expect with the phase kit. If we go and add all of those up, we get 102.3%. So I would actually expect more matches that match both of us. And in fact, yeah, using the shared match lists, it ends up that there’s almost 2% of those matches are found in both my mom’s side and on my dad’s side. So this was some really interesting data and I thought, okay, now what could I do to compare this more? (07:52): And I said, what if I actually combine these two lists and see what the discrepancies are between that? So I did a combined analysis of the phase kit matches and these shared match lists on my maternal side, there is 23.8% of matches that show up both on the phased kit and on the shared match list. On the paternal side, it’s 51% that show up on the phase kit and the shared match list. Now the neithers actually drop even lower down to just 19.7%. What this means is, is that these are the matches that don’t show up on any of those four lists. The maternal phase kit, the paternal phase kit, the mom and me shared match list and the dad and me shared match list. So I expect that number to be lower and it actually has dropped some, adding all those up. Whoa. Now I get 94.7%. (08:55): Why is that so low? Remember, before when we had over a hundred percent, we really had to subtract out those matches that matched both, and in this case we’re under a hundred percent. So subtracting out the both matches is actually gonna make it even less. People that matched both were 0.7% of all matches. So what is going on? We have to look at one other thing, and that is the people who matched the phase kit but did not match on the shared match list. So when we’re looking at my maternal phased kit, they were on that list, but they weren’t on the shared match list with my mom. That ended up being about 2.8% of matches. That’s actually a pretty significant amount. On the paternal side, it was 3%. These are the people that matched my paternal phased kit but did not match my dad and i’s shared match list. On the flip side, we also need to look at those who don’t match the phased kit, but they do show up on a shared match list. (10:20): In this case, the maternal side was 0.6% of matches and the paternal side was 1.4% of matches. Now, that is just a lot of percentages that I’ve thrown out in different ways, and probably the question that a lot of you’re asking is, so what can I really gather from this? Well, first off, I would say that having a face kit is slightly better than a shared match list, but honestly not that much better. So if you have access to a shared match list but you don’t have access to a face kit, you’re gonna still be okay. On the other hand, if you can create a phased kit, that’s going to be just a little bit better. The next thing is about a quarter of my matches above 10 centimorgans were false. Now, the majority of your matches are going to be false matches, but that’s because they are stacked on the less than 10 centimorgans. (11:19): I was just worried about the more than 10 centimorgans. So when you’re thinking about that as far as your research, as you get down to the matches that are in the 10 centimorgan range, recognize that one in four of ’em might not be a real match. I decided to break this down even further, and I created this table. So this is each one of the different ranges from 10 to 15, 15 to 2020 to 25 and 25 to 30, and what the percentage of the false matches fell into each one of those. So of all the false matches, which were a quarter of everything, 80% of ’em fell in the 10 to 15. That’s what you’d expect. That’s where the smallest one is. That’s where we expect most of those false matches to be. 15% were in the 15 to 20, and then 3% and 1.2%. (12:14): So very few of these false matches were in the highest. This matches up exactly with what I would expect. However, I then expanded this table out and I wanted to see, okay, well what about my percentage of matches that are false matches? So if I look at all of the matches I have between 10 and 15 centimorgans, 22.9% of those are false matches, okay, that’s expected. If I know 25% overall and 22%, that makes perfect sense. If I look at the next category, 15, 2 20, about 15% of those are false matches. So it’s decreasing, which is what I expect. But what really surprised me was the 20 to 25 and the 25 to 30. If I’m looking at all of my matches in the 22 30 centimorgan range, it ends up that 9% or more of those matches were false matches. I actually expected a much lower percentage in that range. (13:22): Now, when I say false match, I mean they don’t match my mother or my father, whether it’s a phased kit or a non, or whether it’s a shared match list kit. They don’t match my mother and my father, so I couldn’t have been a match with them. They’re a match just because the DNA was jumping across between one chromosome to the other to create this match. From a research standpoint, that’s something that you just need to be aware of as you’re looking at each of these matches. Hey, even when you get into some of the higher values, this 20 to 30 centimorgans one in 10 is probably a false match. (14:09): So if you are focused on one match and you just can’t figure out how they’re related to you, it’s a good chance that they might be a false match at that point. Now, there’s still plenty of matches that you can use to help find ancestors, so this isn’t gonna derail the overall research with DNA, but it’s something to be aware of so that you don’t get caught going down a rabbit hole that you’re really not gonna find how that person’s related to you. Now, if you’d like to learn more about small segments and how they show that they’re not really matches, I’ve got a video up here for you. If you’d like to learn more about how to do a phased kit, you can watch this video right down here and if you wanna subscribe to the channel, then you’ll be able to be notified about any upcoming episodes. Put your comments below and I’ll try to answer them. --- ### [Visual Phasing Part 4 - Reconciling Matches](https://www.gedmatch.com/education/visual-phasing-part-4-reconciling-matches/) **Published:** November 18, 2022 **Author:** digitalmarketing3 **Content:** # Visual Phasing Part 4 - Reconciling Matches ## Video Transcription (00:00): You’ve assigned all of your segments to grandparents and now you’re ready to start using that to find out where other matches fit in. But wait, you might be wrong. (00:18): Howdy, I’m Andy Lee with Family History Fanatics, where we help you understand DNA. Climb your family tree and write your family stories along the way. This is a segment of DNA. Be sure to subscribe to our channel and click on that bell if you wanna be notified about upcoming episodes. If you’ve been following along and trying out yourself in the first three videos, we’ve been able to create this. We’ve been able to assign the segments of these three siblings chromosomes to each one of their grandparents. And if you stopped right here and went forward, you might think that you are found the success that everything’s exact and ready to go, and you’d be wrong because sometimes there’s things that just don’t quite line up. In the first three videos, I talked about principles that needed to be followed as you’re going through visual phasing. And today’s video is no different, but there’s only one principle for reconciling matches, and that is that all matches must be reconciled. (01:17): Now what that means is, is there’s got to be a reason why things don’t line up. Now, there can be various reasons. This could be because your genealogical tree is incorrect. It might be that there was an npe along the way that you didn’t know about, that DNA is just now revealing. It may be that your visual phasing was wrong, you might have done the switch twice and that messed up where everything is lining up. There can be any number of reasons, but the important thing is, is that for every match that doesn’t line up, you need to go back and reevaluate that and determine is there a way that I can make this line up correctly? So in our example, we’ve had two matches, one on the paternal grandfather’s side and went on the maternal grandmother’s side. And we wanna take another look at those two matches. (02:07): Starting with the paternal grandfather’s side, there was a small segment in here that matched person B from 1 27 to one 30. Now we have said that orange was the paternal grandfather, but we see that, hey, there’s not a match up here and there’s not a match down there. So orange really can’t be the paternal grandfather in this area because it would have to match all three people, but that wouldn’t support what we already did as far as our recombination points. And I can understand that right now. But that’s something that now we need to reconcile. Let’s look at our maternal grandmother match. Now, the maternal grandmother match, it had from one 12 to 1 31, it had from one 19 to 1 31, and it had from one 12 to 1 31. We had said that teal was the maternal grandmother, but we can see right here that on person B, this match is overlapping where the maternal grandfather is. So this is curious because this happens to be in the same area as our paternal grandfather discrepancy is going to be. And so it’s likely that this area of our visual phasing is incorrect and we need to do something different. So step one is we want to delete the assignments of those non reconciled segments, and that’s going to be these ones right in here. (03:44): We want to go in and we wanna delete those, and we’re going to actually start over with our match data just like that. They’re gone. Now, it’s important to remember that our matches have to align with the recombination points and the segment data and vice versa. Originally what we did is we created these segments based on the recombination points. Now we’re actually going to go a little backwards. We’re gonna use those matches to create these segments on these areas that our suspect. So step two is we want to assign non reconciled segments based on matches. Right now, we’re still going to use these same four colors and they’re gonna represent our paternal grandfather, mother and maternal grandfather and mother, but we’re going to assign things based on the matches to see what we get. So let’s start with our paternal grandfather match. He matches B at 1 27 to one 30. So in this area, on B, he matches. So we can color that orange, and we know that he doesn’t match person A and person C. So we want to color those. The other one that’s gonna be the maroon one. So if I go here and I color this maroon and I color this maroon, (04:22): Now I’m only doing those segments that are common with the match. I’m not crossing the recombination points, I’m not extending these down and over. I’m just coloring those segments. So now let me go to the maternal grandmother. This is match number four from our example, (05:45): And we have person, our maternal grandmother is teal, so we wanna make sure we select teal and maternal grandmothers from one 12 to 1 31. So that actually spans both of these matches. I’m sorry, both of these segments. So I want to color that. B is from one 19 to 1 31. So that actually is just this part right here. And C is one 12 to 1 31. That spans both of ’em. So I’m going to color that one right there. So this is now what we have. We still have these segments right in the middle that we haven’t decided on yet, but we have the other ones already. So we go onto our next step, and that is we want to check for unidentified recombination points. Points. Now what do I mean by unidentified recombination points? Well, visual phasing, just like it says is visual. You’re using a graphic to determine where things happen. (06:49): As we can see in, even in this one, there can be recombination points that are really close together. There can be recombination points that are even closer together, and that can start to confuse what we’re seeing visually. Now, that’s because we usually use a much smaller graphic. This graphic is representing several thousand snips along this chromosome, and this graphic is only maybe a thousand pixels wide. So it’s not actually showing all of those. It’s only showing one out of every 20 of those we want to go through and we want to see what missing recombination points will be. Now this is where looking at the numbers of mega bases starts to be important. So for instance, we have a couple of things is we already had identified that one, 18.9 was the recombination point based off of what GEDmatch was reporting. When we’re looking right here, we see that hey, this one 12.8 and this one, 12.4, it shows up a couple times, and then there’s this one 19.3, which is close to one 18.3. (08:00): But if we’re talking about recombination points that are really close together, it might be that this is just not showing up the right way because of how close that is together. So we’re going to go to GEDmatch. We’re gonna do the one-to-one comparison, except we’re going to do the full resolution and we’re gonna zoom in on this area between about 110 and a hundred and twenty, a hundred and twenty one mega bases. So here we are, and this is going to be all of the data. So each pixel represents a snip. This is the starting point at 110. So we count over two tick marks. That’s 112 million, and that means this next one is gonna be 113 million. So one 12.31, 12.5 or six. That’s all right in this area right here. What we’re doing now is we’re taking a look at these areas and seeing is there anything that is odd where there may be a miscall or a single red or something like that that might give us a clue that this has a recombination point. (09:07): And right now I’m not seeing anything on here that’s telling me that there’s a recombination point. It looks like it’s pretty consistent as far as the yellow green on both AB and ac. There’s no real overlap between those two. We can see on the BC that there are a couple of red tick marks in there as well as the yellow green. And again, it is not consistent with the AC or the ab. So I’m gonna say that that one, 12.81, 12.3, there’s not an extra recombination point in there. Now if I go down to the one 18 to one 19.3 area, well this one 18 is right here, the one 18.3, and that’s where jet batch is saying, Hey, this starts. Now, if you remember, I said that no matches. Those red regions, they start and they end on a red marker. But within it you can see that there is lots of yellow and green markers interspersed throughout. (10:10): So the reds don’t necessarily begin and end on a red marker. They may begin and end before and after that red marker. You just don’t know for sure because it’s just the yellow and green, which looks exactly like a half match. And that’s because humans just share a lot of DNA. So if I look past that, and again, here is one 20 and this next tick mark is gonna be one 19. So I’m looking between one 19 and one 20, I can see that there might be some recombination points that I’m not seeing. Now, originally we called this recombination point as a C because these two right here, they almost aligned. And the common one there is C. But now as I’m looking at this, I can see, hey, this might be a fully identical region. That’s a really small, fully identical region. I can tell just by looking at this that this is only about 50 snips and it’s maybe a 0.6 mega basises. (11:29): So from a centimorgan standpoint, it’s probably 1 centimorgan or less as far as a fully identical region. So it’s not gonna show up on any of your match data, even when you’re lowering the threshold really low. As I look down, I can see that, hey, that sort of lines up near to where this actually starts going from green to yellow, and that might be where this red actually ends. Instead of the red ending right here, we might actually have the red shifted over and it ends right here. We just don’t have another no match snip, even though this whole segment might have all been part of this. So let’s take a look at that and see if that solves our problem. Which brings us to step four. Sometimes a recombination point when they’re really close together like this, we’re gonna call it as a point C, but really what it is is it’s a double recombination point, an A and a B that are right next to each other, and that’s what makes it look like a C. (12:40): Let’s change this to an A and a B, and then let’s C what our colors change to. So starting with person A, and there’s a recombination there, which means that this purple has to change to a orange. And so I’m going to color this first part orange up in here, and since there’s no other A that lines up right with the other orange of that segment. Next, let me go on to B now, because I don’t know what either one of these colors are. I don’t know whether that orange changes or whether that blue changes. So I’m gonna go to C and see if we can use that to figure it out. Well, C, there is no recombination point here. Now remember before there was a recombination point, but now we’ve removed that recombination point, so I’m going to make this whole thing maroon, and now we can go back up and we can see that BC is opposite of each other. So if this is maroon and teal, then this has to be orange and purple. So let me go back and let me color my orange in and then let me color my purple in. (14:11): Now I can go and do a quick check. So A and B, they are half matched. They have to share one color and they share orange A and C. They have to share one color and they share teal and then B and C, they can’t share either color and they don’t. So this solution works. So after I’ve done that, now I wanna go to the next step, and that is to validate this using that full resolution. I just assumed something and I tried to change something and see if everything works, and this happens to be where those matches line up. Now I want to validate this, and to do that, I’m gonna go back to this full resolution. And again, I’m focused on this area between one 18, and what I said is, is that there’s A A and a B. So can I assign an A and a B in this area? (15:05): Now this example can show where something’s really tricky because where half matches start and where half matches end and full matches start and full matches end is a little fuzzy. So we need to think about that as we’re doing it. Now, what we did say though is we did say that there’s not a C recombination here, so I shouldn’t be looking for common things between AC and bc. What I need to look for is common things between AB and ac, and I need to look for common things between AB and bc. So let me first assume that this half match is not starting until much later. So this is all part of the no match right at the beginning here. At this point, I have A, B and B, C. So to me, that’s looking like a nice little B. Where a start is next is I want to see where the end part is. (16:07): The next part has to be an A. And if we’re looking at this full match up on a B, it ends almost right about the time that BC does. But just like with a B, if we assumed that this AC really had more yellow as it goes further along, then that might indicate where the other match is. So we could say that A, B and AC have a common point right along here, and I’m gonna call that one a. Now this, as you can see, just looking at this, it could be kind of hazy and you could make another call that way. But remember, principle one on reconciling is that all matches must be reconciled. So no matter what you choose or how you choose it, it has to match with all of your matches. So if you come up with a different solution, you need to go back and resol and then check against your matches. (17:16): And if your matches don’t line up, that can’t be the right solution. So what I’ve done now is I have gone and I’ve put in two new recombination points, one assigned to B and one assigned to A, and I’ve changed the numbers of what they are from that one, 18.9 to one 19.3, and about one 19.8. When I do this, all of those matches are reconciled. They all line up with what my known information is and what this chart shows. Now, if you’ve tried this and you just can’t get it to work, then it’s very possible that your match from a genealogical standpoint is not related to that person, not related to that grandparent. And so you may need to go back and validate your genealogical evidence to show whether or not it is really through a different person. And that leads us to step six. (18:12): You may think that you’re done right now, but you’re still not done. In fact, with visual phasing, you’re really never done. As with all genealogical evidence, there can be new evidence and every new match you have is new evidence that needs to be reconciled with all of the old evidence. So as you find new matches, you need to compare them to your visual phasing and see do they line up with what I expect? If not, you gotta go through the reconciliation process again, which may mean changing your graph, which means re comparing it to other matches. And if nothing works, maybe you need to go back and check your genealogical records and see whether or not that person’s really related in that way. Now, the reason why I chose this is because I happen to have information on my paternal grandfather and my paternal grandmother, and so I can actually compare what I’ve done here with what the DNA actually shows. (19:14): So if I pull up my person with the grandfather of person A, you can see that it lines up nearly perfectly with that blue bar. Now, again, this is probably due a little bit to scaling issues, but that’s exactly what I would expect. That blue bar is right over where the paternal grandfather is. I look at person C, and again, that blue bar is exactly over where the paternal grandfather is, which means when I pull up my grandmother, it’s going to be the opposite and those other areas are covered, and I pull up person C who didn’t share anything with the paternal grandfather once we solved it. And that’s exactly what the DNA shows. So this is an example of how visual phasing is able to recreate the DNA. And because I used people who I have the grandparents’ DNA, I can validate that this process works. (20:12): And that is the end of this series on visual phasing. Remember, each chromosome is separate and all of your matches must be reconciled. If you keep those two in mind as well as the other principles and follow the steps, then you’ll be able to help recreate some of the DNA from your grandparents. Now, if you want to do this with four or five or six siblings, that’s perfectly fine. I find that it’s a lot easier to just do it with three. So if you have four siblings, and I’d do it in two sets of three where you actually have two people that overlap. The great thing about that is is their solution should be the same for both ways that you do it the same way with five and six and even more siblings. If you have any questions about visual phasing, put it in the comments below and also join the visual phasing Facebook group where there’s lots of people who have experience with visual phasing that can help answer your questions and help you solve any problems that you come up with. If you like this video, give it a thumbs up. Make sure you share it with all your friends. --- ### [Visual Phasing with a Twist - Segment Phasing (Part 1)](https://www.gedmatch.com/education/visual-phasing-with-a-twist-segment-phasing-part-1/) **Published:** November 18, 2022 **Author:** digitalmarketing3 **Content:** # Visual Phasing with a Twist - Segment Phasing (Part 1) ## Video Transcription (00:00): Visual phasing is a way you can take the DNA from three siblings and determine which parts they got from each grandparent. Today I’m gonna show you something that I call segment phasing, which uses the principles of visual phasing to reach the same goal. (00:17): Howdy, I’m Andy Lee with family history fanatics where we help you understand your DNA, climb your family tree and write your ancestor story along the way. Today I’m going to be talking about segment phasing. Now, segment phasing is very similar to visual phasing and a lot of the steps are the same, but instead of using the graphics to try to determine where the recombination points are, we’re gonna actually use these segment data to determine where those recombination points are. Let’s begin by going over this spreadsheet that I’ve put together. This is in Google Docs and there is a link in the comment section down below so that you can download and duplicate this as many times as you want. Now on the setup page, there are three really different parts. There is the segment designation, which includes the colors for each type. Now initially there’s going to be the initial where you don’t know which side it’s on. (01:10): Then you determine which one’s a parental on your paternal and your maternal side, and finally you determine which of your specific grandparents each of those segments are a part of. Next is the siblings, and you can have up to five siblings. I’ve actually got sheets here for three, four, or five siblings and you just need to put in your GEDmatch number as a reminder to yourself. And finally, there is some chromosome information table. Now this is a table I put together based off of data that I’ve gathered to help you with some of the selections, and you’ll see that as I go through this process. Now for those of you who have used Steven Fox’s Excel sheet for visual phasing, this looks very similar and actually when I saw his, that’s what I sort of based it around. However, this does not automate all of the pulling information from GEDmatch. (02:03): You just have to do that to yourself. But there are some things in this spreadsheet that are automated so that it will help you in determining where to put recombination points. Now the first step is we need to copy our data to the spreadsheet and what we’re gonna be copying is we’re gonna be copying the segment information. So for each of the siblings compared to each of the other siblings, we need to copy both the half match regions and the fully matched regions back on the spreadsheet. I’ve filled in for three siblings and I’ve blacked them out for privacy. But what I’m gonna do now is go to GEDmatch and I’m going to do the one to one comparison for each combination of these three siblings. So on the one to one comparison, I only need the position and this is just gonna give me the table and that’s all the information that I need. (02:57): The next thing that I want to do is I want to change the minimum segment size. Now, normally I would advise against changing this, anything less than seven. However, this is a special circumstance and you’ll see in a minute why we want to change this down and you wanna change it down as low as you can right now GEDmatch allows you to change it down to 3 centimorgans. Previously they allowed you to change it all the way down to 1 centimorgan’s, and I found that even changing it all the way down to 1 centimorgans, there was still some more useful information. I am going to click on the prevent the hard breaks, and then I’m going to compare these two kits. Now, GEDmatch puts out this table that has all of this. Now this was just the half matched region, so that’s important to remember. (03:44): I’m going to just highlight all of this, everything in the table, I’m going to copy it and then I’m gonna go back over to my spreadsheet. And in the segment information, I’m going to paste this in starting in column B, and I paste all that information in there and I really don’t need this first one that is the title row. Now I can type in what the comparison is. This was person A two person B, so I’m going to copy that all the way down. And then what is the identity? This is you, whether it is half or full. So I’m going to put in half and I’m gonna copy all that down. Now you’ll notice that it just changed this to yellow, and that’s part of the coding that I put in here, and that will be important later on as we start mapping out each of the segments. (04:35): Going back to GEDmatch, I can now do the fully matched region. All I need to do for that is click on the full match box and then I can compare. Now I have the list of fully matched segments and I’m going to copy those and I’m going to paste them into my spreadsheet. So I’ll just go down to the bottom of this in column B right there, paste them all in and it’s highlighted all these green, it doesn’t really matter, but these are all a B, so I’m going to make that all A B. And these are all the fully identical regions. So I’m going to copy that down. And now you see that this is just change that all green. I’m going to do this now for A to C. And then I’m gonna do this for B to C as well. Here I’ve added all that information for the different combinations, A to B, B to C, and A to C, and I’ve gotten both the half and the full identical regions. (05:35): Then I’ve sorted this by the chromosome and by the stark position. So now I have all of my data copied into the spreadsheet. The next step then is now I need to go through and identify the recombination points on each one of the chromosomes. In order to do this, I’m going to duplicate this sheet. Now I just have three siblings, so I’m using the three chromosome sheet and I’m going to duplicate. So now I have a copy of this. Now I’m gonna change the name of this and I’m gonna name it the name of one of the chromosomes and I’m going to work on chromosome number 20. Normally I start from 22 and go down to one. I’m just gonna give you three chromosome examples in this. So I’m gonna start with chromosome number 20. Now I’ve relabeled this as chromosome number 20, and then I need to put in the chromosome number up here and it is automatically now going to pull all of the chromosome 20 information from the segment sheet and put it on here. (06:33): Now there are three really four sections of information to this sheet. First off is the segment information, and this is being pulled directly from that segment sheet. That’s why you need to download all that segment information first. Next is the recombination point section, and this is then going and looking at this segment information and trying to identify the recombination points based on the common characteristics. And the third is the mapping section. And this mapping section over here is where we will do basically the visual phasing that you might have learned in other videos. So let’s go over the recombination point. Now the recombination point is looking at where the stop and starts of our half and our fully matched regions are. Now this one on chromosome number 20 of this example happens to really be a perfect example because everything lines up exactly right. What do I mean by that? (07:32): Well, at a recombination point, recombination is going to happen with just one person. It doesn’t happen with two people at the same time. It might happen two people close together, but it happens usually with just one person. And so that person should show up in two different things. So if I take a look at this first one, 4.4 and I go down, I can see that hey, at BC there’s a 4.4 start of a fully matched, and at a B, there’s a 4.4 start of a fully matched. That means that B is the owner of that recombination point. So I now have a rough idea from this of where the recombination points are. They are at 4.4, 19.1 30, 2.9, 50.2, and then the chromosome ends at 63 and it starts at 0.1. So I wanna go through and I want to label each one of these lines. (08:33): So I’m gonna put a B here for the beginning. And on each one of these I’m gonna put an R because there are a recombination point and I’m gonna put an E on the very last one because it’s an N right above here. You can see that this has found four recombination points throughout this whole thing. So now that I’ve identified where those recombination points are, I want to label these recombination points with the mega bases and where they fit in. So now it’s time to go over to our graph here. Now we have by default four recombination points already said in here you can add or delete recombination points by just adding in new columns or deleting columns. (09:23): So I have four year combination points. That’s all that I need. So I’m gonna go through and I’m going to label what the mega base is in this line right here. And all I’m doing is I’m taking that mega bases right from this column right here. So this is 0.1, that’s where the start is. Then I got a combination of 4.41 at 19.1, one at 32.9, one at 50.2 and the end at 63. One of the things you’ll notice is as I’m typing in those numbers, little bars start showing up here and that’s because the distance between these all varies. And this column is a representation of where those are going to fit in. If I now highlight everything and I resize it all, then this is more of a relative size of how long each one of these segments are compared to the others. (10:17): Now this is in mega bases. This is similar to those graphs that you would get from GEDmatch when you’re downloading the little graphics. And that’s what we’re going to be recreating here. I’ve got the mega bases for each one of those recombination points labeled. The next thing I want to do is figure out how much centimorgans each one of those segments is. I’m going to putting the centimorgan’s information in this row right here. And so I wanna figure out how much centimorgans is between 0.1 and 4.4, how much between 4.4 and 19.1 and so on. Now, I can use the information over in this column to figure this out. So for instance, I can see already between 4.4 and 19.1 there are 33.50 centimorgans. So I’m just gonna put it in 33.5 right there. I can also see here that between 32.9 and 50.2 is 23.6, so I can put 23.6 and I can put 36.3 right here because that last line tells me that it is 30, it is 36.3. (11:27): Now, to fill in the other two lines, I need to look at some of the combinations. So for instance, between 0.1 and 32.9, so between 0.1 and 32.9. Right here it is 54.90 centimorgans. That doesn’t help me out so much because I have two blank spots right there and I know between 0.1 and 63 is 114.70 centimorgans. So again, that also doesn’t help me out cause I still have those two blank spots. So once you get to a point like this, you need to make a rough guesstimate. Now how much centimorgans do we have left? Well, there’s 114.7 minus 93.4. That’s going to be 21.3 centimorgans. I’m going to put in five centimorgans right here and I’m going to put in the remainder right there. So that would be 16.4, 16.3, sorry. (12:31): Now you don’t have to be exact and if you find out that it is different later on, then you can recalculate that. But for most purposes, just a simple estimate is going to be okay. We’ve got the centimorgans all labeled. We know where the recombination points are, the distance in mega bases. So now it’s time to make our color segment map. So the color segment map is basically that little graphic that you downloaded from GEDmatch if you’re using Steven Fox’s Excel spreadsheet or if you’re just doing it manually. In this case, we’re going to make the own graph based on the information that we have right here. So for each one of these lines and each of these segments, we’re gonna go in and put whether it is half matched or whether it is full matched. You’ll notice that everything is read to begin with indicating that it’s a no match. (13:21): So if we work from the top down, then we will be able to fill it all in. The one rule to remember right here is that if it is already green, don’t recolor it yellow, but if it is yellow, you can recolor it green. Let’s go through starting with the first line on AC right here. Between one and 32.9 is going to be green, so I’m just going to put an F for full on all of those. And then I go to A and it is half all the way across and BC is also half all the way across and AC is half all the way across. Now I’ve already colored these first three blocks greens, so I’m not gonna color them yellow. I will just color those last two blocks yellow. So I’ve already got this first portion done. So let’s go to the next portion. (14:16): BC from 4.4 to 19 is a full match and a B is also a full match there. And then BC again is a full match from 32 to 50 and A is from 50 to 63. So now I have my color map all made with our segment map colored. We’ve completed the first five steps of segment phasing. Now there’s three more steps which I’ll cover in another video, but if you’d like to learn more about visual phasing, you can look at these videos over here and be sure to subscribe to our channel. Make sure you click on the bell if you wanna be notified about upcoming episodes. Be sure to hit the button and leave a comment in the comment section below. --- ### [Visual Phasing Part 3 - Assigning Segment Matches to Grandparents](https://www.gedmatch.com/education/visual-phasing-part-3-assigning-segment-matches-to-grandparents/) **Published:** November 18, 2022 **Author:** digitalmarketing3 **Content:** # Visual Phasing Part 3 - Assigning Segment Matches to Grandparents ## Video Transcription (00:00): You started visual phasing and now you want to assign those segments. Well, today we’ll show you how (00:14): Howdy, I’m Andy Lee with Family History Phonetics, where we help you understand your DNA, climb your family tree and write the story of your ancestors along the way. This is a segment of DNA. Be sure to subscribe to our channel and click on that bell if you wanna be notified about upcoming episodes. This is the third video in a four-part series about visual phasing. Now, in the first two videos, we set up our visual phasing and we created the segments based off of the recombination points and the assignments we made to them. Today we’re ready to actually start assigning who those segments belong to. After you’ve created as many segments as you can, you’re ready to start assigning those segments. There may be some segments that haven’t been created, you haven’t assigned a color to them. We’ll go through how you can assign those colors. (01:03): As we’re going through the assignment steps, the first principle of assignment is to remember that the four colors represent four grandparents. Now I want to bring in one of the principles I talked about in the first video, and that is, is that each chromosome is separate. So one thing not to be confused is that the four colors representing the four grandparents in this chromosome don’t necessarily correlate to the next chromosome that you do. So each chromosome separate, these four colors represent four grandparents, but between chromosomes, those grandparents that are assigned to those colors, they may change. In fact, they will change. But right now we are just worried about this one chromosome. So step one is I want to go through and I want to add the megabase numbers to each one of these recombination points. Now, you can find this on GEDmatch. Let me show you where I’m on. (02:01): And this is the comparison between person A and person B. And the one that I’m looking at is chromosome number 10. So I can see that on chromosome number 10, I have a start of 1 35 6 56, which really I just need that first digit. It’s 0.1 and it goes to 93 million. So let me go and take a look at where these numbers fit in. So on GEDmatch, that was showing where it was just a half match. That 0.1 was the very start of this part right here, and the 93 million is where it ends. So it’s gonna be this point right here, which is why I’ve put that 93.6. Now I’ve gone through on AC and on BC to find where each one of these different recombination points are. Now that’s going to be important as we’re comparing with other people because all those other people may not be on GEDmatch, but we may be able to have this segment information to find out how we are matching with them. (03:07): So step two is you need to have some kids that you know your relationship. Now you don’t necessarily need to know the exact relationship, but you at least need to know which grandparent that person is related to you through. Now for this chromosome, I actually have four that I know are related through the paternal grandfather, and I have four that I know are related through the maternal grandmother. So I’m going to use those eight different cousins to compare which of these colors belong to which people. So let me start with my first match. And this is on the paternal grandfather’s side, and this person matches person A from 29.3 to 34.9. So that’s right in this area here. Now again, I don’t know which color the paternal grandfather associates with, so I’m gonna just highlight both of those chromosomes on person A. Now in person A and B, this person matches from 108.7 to 118.3. (04:14): So that’s about right here, halfway through on both of these that they match. And it goes up almost to that line probably. Now, one of the things with this is these values of where these recombination points are is they’re not always going to be exact because there’s some different things that all feed into that. So if it is close, it’s probably right at that line. In this case, I have this match that actually looks like he matches across two different recombination points. Now what I want to do is I want to take a look at that and decide, okay, what color is in common with all of those matches? And I can see that orange is the color that’s in common with all of those. And so I’m going to go over and I’m going to give me 1.4 orange. Next, let me do match number two. (05:09): Now, you can see on match number two, it matches between 1 27 to one 30, which is gonna be right in here. Now you might say, well, this could be purple or orange, except that there’s a problem here because if my paternal grandfather was orange in this case, well then he’d have to match up here and he’d also have to match down there. If he was purple, well he wouldn’t match there and he wouldn’t match there because they’re blue. So this is really a point for purple. So I’m going to go over here and give 1.4 purple. Now my third match. Now this person matches person A from 36.3 to 1 0 2 0.4. That’s a big segment. So 32.3 to 1 0 2 0.4 in this area here, and they match person B from 95.9 to 1 0 2 0.4. Well, that’s right up against this right here. And again, it looks like the common thing between those two is the color orange. (06:11): And so I’m going to give another mark for orange and we’ll make that number two. So match number four, right now it’s two looking up for orange and one for purple. Match number four matches person A between 28.7 and 34.4. Well, the 28.7 is really close to 29, so I’m actually going to guess that is that area right in there. Now again, this looks like it could be orange or it could be blue, except that if it was blue, it would match down here and here. So it would match all three of these people and it doesn’t. So this match is only for person A and the orange is what’s different between person A and person B and person C in this case. So this is gonna be another point for orange being my paternal grandfather. Now just looking at the numbers, my initial assumption here is that orange is a paternal grandfather and red is my paternal grandmother. (07:15): Now again, I say that’s my initial assumption because I still have this that I’m going to worry about. That’s gonna be in video four. But for right now, let’s label everything that’s orange as my paternal grandfather and everything that is maroon as my paternal grandmother. Now let’s look at those maternal grandmother matches and see where they line up. So match number one matches A from 11 to 56.2. So that is going to be in this area to 56. Point two is probably about halfway matches B from 24 to 56. So that’s actually right here, and it matches C from 16.9 to 56.1. So there’s a 16.9 right there to 56.1. It’s sort of nice that they all end at roughly the same spot. Now, since I’ve already labeled the orange and the maroon as my paternal grandmother and grandfather, I’m going to focus on the purple and the teal. (08:26): Now, one thing you will notice about all three of these is they all cover the teal, and for two of them it looks like they end at a recombination point where a color has to change. So in this case, I’m going to say that this is probably a good evidence of teal. Let’s go on to the next match. Match number two, they all start at 73.2 and they go to a couple of different places. So let’s just start this here for a 73.2 to 108.8 and 73.1 to 92, that’s about right there. And then 73.1 2, 108.8. Well, this is interesting because now we actually have the colors to show us. We can see when we’re looking at the teal, that B ends right at a recombination point where we know the color changes. And so this is another good evidence of teal being the right color. (09:37): Let’s go to match number three. Now, match number three, they match person A from 12.6 to 55.7. This is looking similar to what the other one was. This is from 24 to 55.8, and this is 12.6 2, 55 0.7. So this is almost like match number one for my maternal grandmother, and it again is very similar to a teal. Finally, match number four. Now this one’s a little bit interesting. We start at one 12, which is where the other one ended, if you remember. And it goes from one 12 to about 1 31 0.5. It goes from one 19 here to 1 31, and it goes from one 12 to 1 31. (10:36): And the reason why I say this is interesting because so far I’ve been looking at teal as my maternal grandmother. All four of these matches are on my maternal grandmother, but as we can see, B clearly does not have any teal there. Now, there is orange on some of these, but on person C, there is not orange all the way across because there’s some maroon right there. So this could be orange, it could be something else. We’re not really sure. We got a question of where this is, but for the most part, we can make our initial assumption. And that is is that teal is our maternal grandmother. And so we’re going to label the teal ones as a maternal grandmother and the purple ones as our maternal grandfather. Now, again, when we get to video four, we’re going to take another look at this and see whether or not it’s accurate, but we’re ready for the next step. (11:32): And, that is the step three. What we want to do is we want to use that match information to extend some of these segments. Let’s go back to match number one. Now, match number one, it ended right here and it ended right here. And the other one was actually right in the middle here. Now, these two A and B, they have these segments ending right where we know there is an end segment. And since this is what we’ve already said is gonna be a maternal grandmother match, then there’s good chance that we’re gonna be able to figure out what color one of these is. So let’s use some logic here. If we said that teal was a maternal grandmother and this person matches person A from 11 to 55, well, if the teal did not change, and if the maroon changed instead, then we would have a match actually on B from 11 to 56.1. But we don’t. What that means is this can’t be teal, it has to be purple because otherwise we’d have that match for B from 11 all the way up. So I’m just going to extend that all the way because that is between my two B points. Well, that means that the switch happened there. So this top one has to be maroon. So I can go through here and I can color that one maroon. (13:15): Well now I can use my ab match up here. It has to be the same. So it’s saying that this is maroon because those two are maroon, and it’s saying that this other one is purple. And so I’m going to color that purple. Let me clean that up. Now I can see where some of these segments are for my entire chromosome. I’ve actually got all of these segments created, and just from those eight matches, I’ve got all of those segments assigned. So again, just to reflect back on a couple of the principles is this is for just one chromosome. And just because I have maroon as my paternal grandfather on this chromosome doesn’t mean that maroon is gonna be my paternal grandfather on the next chromosome teal could be my paternal grandfather on that chromosome. Don’t get the colors confused between chromosomes. Remember, look at each chromosome separately completely separately. (14:18): And that’s why I like to work on just one chromosome at a time so that I don’t get confused in thinking that one is related to the other when they’re not. But at this point, our assignment of chromosome segments is complete, and you may think that you’re done right now, but if you do, then you’re gonna be missing the last step. So stay tuned for the fourth video in the series. So that is how we can assign those segments on our chromosome, but also how we can fill in some of those blank spaces that we have left over from creating those segments. Now, if you have any questions about how to assign segments based off of visual phasing, then put it in the comments below and I’ll try to answer it for you. And if you like this video, be sure to give it a thumbs up and share it with all your friends. --- ### [Visual Phasing Part 2 - Create Segments Based on Sibling Shared DNA](https://www.gedmatch.com/education/visual-phasing-part-2-create-segments-based-on-sibling-shared-dna/) **Published:** November 18, 2022 **Author:** digitalmarketing3 **Content:** # Visual Phasing Part 2 - Create Segments Based on Sibling Shared DNA ## Video Transcription (00:00): Are you ready to create some segments? We’ll, let’s use visual pH and create some segments today. (00:13): Howdy, I’m Andy Lee with Family History Fanatics where we help you understand your DNA, climb your family tree and write the story of your ancestors along the way. This is a segment of DNA. Be sure to subscribe to our channel and click on that bell if you wanna be notified about upcoming episodes. This is the second video in a series about visual phasing, and there’ll be a total of four videos. Now, in the first video, we went through the basic setup process and we’re just looking at one chromosome. So remember that, and if you want to go back and review that video, then there’ll be a link in the description below that, you can review the first step of setting up your visual phasing. This is where we left off. We have our comparison with other people. We have gone through and we’ve identified each one of the recombination points, which is where they change from one color to a next. (01:06): And we have assigned those recombination points to a specific person, and that’s what those letters along the bottom are. So we are now ready to create our segments. The first principle of creating segments is that every chromosome pair has a maternal chromosome and a paternal chromosome. Those chromosomes are separate from each other and they don’t intermix. So for instance, you’re not going to have a segment of your paternal grandmother right next to a segment of your maternal grandmother. That just can’t happen cuz they’re on separate chromosomes. So while we are looking at one graph for each pair of people from this, we’re actually going to create segments for six different chromosomes, two chromosomes for each person. So step one is let’s draw a table that has those two chromosomes for each person. How do we do this? And again, depending on what you’re using, that’s going to depend on how you will draw it. (02:07): If you’re using Excel, then you can just use a little table on there. If you’re using Word or PowerPoint, you can create a table that has that. If you’re doing it by hand, you can actually just draw it out. I’m gonna draw it out for you just to show what it might be. And I’ll try to keep the lines as straight as possible. But we’re gonna start and end right along with these other chromosomes. So here I’ve drawn one bar and I’m gonna divide it in half. So that’s going to be one for the maternal and one for the paternal. So I’ve done that for A, and I can do that same thing for B. And drawing on the computer is not as easy as drawing on paper. So my lines aren’t totally straight, but that’s the beauty of this is I’ll straighten this up here in just a second. (02:55): And C. So each one of these bars represents a chromosome pair and I have them divided out into two chromosomes. So you can see that the pink lines go through and they identify different segments along that. And the black bars there are representing the different chromosomes for person A, person B, and person C. Let me clean that up just a bit. So that looks a lot better. And again, if you’re using a spreadsheet or a Word document or even a PowerPoint file, then you’re just creating a table on here that then overlaps where these different segments are. Now I said that on principle number one, that each chromosome pair is made up of a maternal and a paternal chromosome. And that leads us to principle number two is that each chromosome, not chromosome pair, but each chromosome is made up of grandmother and grandfather segments. (03:53): Okay? So on your paternal chromosome, it represents your paternal grandfather and your paternal grandmother. And on your maternal chromosome, it represents your maternal grandfather and your maternal grandmother. Now, because the paternal and the maternal chromosomes are not related to each other, they don’t interact with each other For this, your grandparents segments have to say separate. And I mentioned that already once, and I’m just gonna mention it again so that you don’t get confused. Now, at this point, we still don’t know which one of these bars represents the maternal side and the paternal side. And we certainly don’t know which of these segments is the grandparents for the maternal or the paternal side, but those are principles we need to keep in mind as we’re going forward because we’re eventually in the next video actually going to assign those segments to different people. Now, principle number three as we are creating segments is that segments can only switch between grandmother and grandfather at a recombination point for that person. (04:57): Remember, we assign people to each one of these recombination points. And so as we’re creating the segments, it can only go from a grandmother to grandfather at one of those recombination points. So for instance, if I’m just looking at right here with the C, it’s all the way at the end. Well that means C, it’s gonna have a big long segment that goes all the way to the beginning of the chromosome no matter what because there’s no other place where a C shows up. So step two is you want to pick a location and assign the segments. Now union may be wondering, well, what segments should I assign and where should I start? And honestly, it doesn’t really matter. You can actually pick anywhere to start. Now there’s some places that’s probably more advantageous. Usually I like to pick the place where I’m going to see the most solved right away. (05:57): So looking at this, I can see that recombination point C at the end of the chromosome, there’s only one of those. And so if I pick something to the left of that, then that entire segment’s gonna be the same. And I’m just gonna use colors to actually represent this. And I’ll use four different colors. So in this case, I’ve got a maroon and I’ve got a blue, so a maroon in a blue. And you can see I filled in everything all the way across. Now again, if you wanted to start with B or with A, that’s fine, but let me just show you real quick what that B or that A might have looked like. If I had started with A, then I might fill in this area right here and you can see that a stops right there. So I get a couple of those segments and then I’d be able to change the color down below to the teal. (06:51): And you can see that it’s not near as much information as what I’m seeing with the C by choosing the C. And so that’s why I say usually you wanna take a look at it and choose what’s gonna give you the most to start out with. But in the end you’re going to be able to get the different parts of it regardless of where you start for the most part. Now that leads us to step number three. We’re going to use the full match regions and the no match regions. That would be the green and the red. And we wanna assign our other segments based on those greens and those reds. Let’s look at one principle before we start coloring is that those segments, they’re always going to be extended to the next recombination point. So once you’ve colored one of those segments, you can extend it to the right or the left until you hit the next recombination point for that person. (07:48): And let’s go through this as we are drawing these out. So I’m gonna start with from the far left going to the right and I have a maroon and a teal, and so I’m gonna start and just color it in the maroon. And these first little bits are all the same. So I’m gonna color this in maroon and I’m gonna color this in maroon and B and C happen to be the same in the next section as well. So I’m gonna color that maroon there. Now I’ll go in and color my teal, and that’s gonna be right below that. So there’s my teal and there is my teal. So you can see A and C right there. We’ve called that a green. And then B and C, well that’s a green right there. So next on A and C is this segment right here. And so I can color this teal and I can color it actually goes, extends out to there. You can see that’s between A and a, so it extends out. And I can go and get the maroon colored in that same area because A and C are the same colors. So you can see A and C, A and C down here. Now B and C, it’s just yellow there. So I don’t know which one is different, but one of those two colors is different. But then I get to this next part, and this is where B and C is the same, and it goes all the way down to right here. (09:25): Where where the next B is. So that’s gonna be all colored. And let me go and get my teal and color the bottom one as well. (09:41): And a C. They’re yellow in this area, so I don’t know what color they are. Next is this little skinny bit and it’s just A and B that are different. And so I’m not going to worry about it because I really need to see what C is. I don’t know what B is right there. And I don’t know what A is right there. But let get to the next one. I can see B and C. This is a red region, this is a no match region. And so I need to change the colors for B, and I’m gonna use orange and purple. So let me change this to orange. And in this area it’s going to be orange range, so it’s a separate color. And in the bottom one I’m gonna make that one the purple. But I haven’t filled in that little skinny area in between there because I don’t know what it is. (10:36): But, you can see that there’s a B and a B there. So one of these is changing to orange and the other is changing to purple at each of those locations. I just don’t know which one yet. I’m gonna try to solve that. And then I go to this next last one. And this is A and C are the same except I don’t know what C is right here. Now I want to go and I wanna look and C, what I can extend out. So starting again for per and A, I can see that hey, there’s an A right there. So I can’t change that. In this next segment there is an A, and then there is another A at the end of it. So I can’t change that. I go to the B, there’s a B right there, go to the next segment. There’s a B there, there’s a B there. The next segment, there’s a B there. Ah look, there’s a C there. So I can actually extend this segment out. I can draw this purple all the way to the end, (11:30): And I can draw this orange all the way to the end, but that tells me nothing about A and C yet. So this is where I’ve gotten just with the initial coloring, and this looks like it’s about half done. Now, depending on the chromosome, you may get more than this done just in our initial look. Or you may get less of this done in our initial look. Let me clean that up just a bit so we can start to see how some of these segments are. Now again, we don’t know which one is the maternal and which one is the paternal. And we don’t know within those, which one is the grandmother and the grandfather yet all we know is that they’re separate segments. Step number four is a difficult one for some people to understand and it’s because it’s not really that intuitive. But up till now, like I mentioned, we don’t know which one is a paternal, which one is the maternal. (12:22): So, maroon and orange could be paternal and teal and purple could be maternal or it could be the other way around. And at this point it doesn’t really matter because we haven’t assigned anything else because they’re symmetrical. But what we’re going to do is we’re going to choose one segment and one recombination point and we’re going to switch it. And that’s going to lock in what the rest of our solution is going to be. Now we can only do this once. So whenever you’re doing a chromosome, make sure you understand that you’ve either done this or you haven’t done it. That’s why I like to get this as complete as possible with just the greens and the reds. And then do your switch. And again, you can only switch it once. So let’s just take a look at this in general and think about where we might want to switch it. Again, as with the beginning, we want to get as much information as possible. And so usually I look for where is the biggest gap that I’m going to be able to fill up. Looking at this, I can see that hey, at this recombination point A, there’s no other a’s over here. So if I switch one of these colors, I can fill in everything in this area right here. So let me do that. I’m going to go and change this top one to orange and I’m gonna be able to fill in all of this orange. (13:58): Now again, I said just change one segment, not both of the chromosomes. So this bottom one is going to be teal. So now I have an orange and teal all throughout here. (14:21): So let’s take a look at how that matches up. So with A and C, A and B, they have to have at least one of those colors the same cuz it’s a yellow, well, A and B have that blue in this segment, the same A and C also have to have one of those colors because it’s yellow. And again they have the blue, whereas B and C, they have to have both colors. So they’re still both maroon and blue. So this is all matching up and you can actually go through the whole thing and see that. Now, once I’ve done that, I’m ready to start filling in some other things. So for instance, now I can go back to this little skinny sliver where A and B are red. They’re opposite colors. So if they are opposite colors, then I know that the red has to be the maroon in here for B. And I know that this has to be the purple. So I’m gonna change this to my purple. And you can see that because I have those two Bs right together, one of those chromosomes switched the blue to the purple, and then shortly the other chromosome happened to switch. And this is just by chance. Again, these two aren’t related to each other, but those two recombination points happen to be pretty close together. (15:48): Now the other thing I wanna do is come down here to this last part, A and C. They are the same. So it’s gonna be orange and blue on this last part. So let me go over to my orange and I’m gonna put this orange right in here. And now I’m going to go and put the teal right in here. (16:17): So that allows me to solve that end of it. Now if I go back to this other end, remember I can only switch once, so I can’t do a switch on this other side. So these are gonna remain unsolved because at this point of a, I don’t know whether it’s the maroon that switches or whether it is the teal that switches. And likewise on the B person, I don’t know which one switches at either one of these points, but let me clean that up for you. So that is now what our segments look like. We’ve gone through and we’ve painted everything that we can with different colors. And again, these four colors represent our four grandparents, but we don’t know which color corresponds with which grandparent. And we don’t know which chromosome of the pair corresponds with the paternal or the maternal side yet we just know where the segments are. (17:09): And segmenting now is mostly complete. Like I said, there was a few little areas that we weren’t able to solve. And you may find that as you’re going through a set of chromosomes, you’ll be able to solve all of the high number chromosomes. So in other words, a shorter chromosome, cause there’s not as many recombination points in them. But once you get into the longer chromosomes, there’s gonna be some areas and in some cases some big areas where you’re not gonna be able to solve it. And again, it’s because you can only do that switch once. Don’t do that switch twice, it doesn’t work. You can only do that switch once. And what we’re gonna see in the next video is some ways you can actually use some other people to help solve these other areas. That completes video two in our four part series about visual phasing. In the first video we talked about getting started and setting up your visual phasing. In the second video here, we have gone through creating our segments. So if you have any questions about creating segments, then put it in the comments below and I’ll try to answer it for you. And if you like this video, give it a thumbs up and share it with all your friends. --- ### [Visual Phasing Part 1 - Setup](https://www.gedmatch.com/education/visual-phasing-part-1-setup/) **Published:** November 18, 2022 **Author:** digitalmarketing3 **Content:** # Visual Phasing Part 1 - Setup ## Video Transcription (00:00): Have you ever wanted to identify a DNA for people who have already passed away and so you can’t get a sample from them? Well, visual phasing might help you out. (00:18): Howdy, I’m Andy Lee with Family History Fanatics where we help you understand your DNA, climb your family tree and write the stories of your ancestors along the way. This is a segment of DNA. Be sure to subscribe to our channel and click on that bell if you wanna be notified about upcoming episodes. A visual phasing is an advanced technique that people can use in order to create the DNA of their grandparents. Now, it’s not gonna create all of the DNA of their grandparents, but it can create a lot of that DNA and you can use it to help narrow down your searches for other matches because you’ll be able to tell which grandparent those matches came through. I’ve divided visual phasing up into four parts, and so they’ll have a video for each one of them. Now, this first part is all about setup. We want to get our information set up so that we can start the visual phasing process. (01:15): Step one of our setup is that we need three siblings, at least three siblings. If you have more siblings, that’s great, but three siblings is really the minimum to start with. Now, you also want to have all these siblings information uploaded to GEDmatch. If you want to use the graphics from 23 and me, you’ll have limited success in visual phasing. But GEDmatch provides the most detailed information as far as matching segments in order to do visual phasing. If you have siblings that already tested, ask them if they’ll up all that information in GEDmatch. And if you have siblings and they haven’t tested, then talk with them about perhaps taking a DNA test that you can create some of your grandparents DNA. Now through this I’m going to introduce both principles and steps. And these principles are really things to keep in mind as you’re going through. (02:05): And this first principle is really important and it can confuse a lot of people, and I’ll talk about it more as we’re visual phasing throughout the four videos. But each chromosome is separate and you have to treat each chromosome separately. And so for visual phasing, one of the things I like to do is I like to visually phase one chromosome at a time before I go on to the next chromosome. So I’ll actually complete this whole process in these four videos with one chromosome. Now, along with this principle, you need to remember that the visual phasing on that chromosome, it’s completely unrelated to all of the other chromosomes. So just because you might have something funky happening on another chromosome, doesn’t mean it’s going to happen on this chromosome. So bear that in mind. Every chromosome is separate. You can’t be looking at these chromosomes together. (02:56): You have to be looking at these chromosomes separately. So step two of the setup is you want to go onto GEDMatch and use the one to one tool. And for each one of the siblings, you want to get the graphics of the shared DNA. And so again, this is for a single chromosome. I’m using chromosome number 10, and this is three of my brothers. So I have brother A, brother B, brother C. So I’ve grabbed a comparison between A and B. I’ve grabbed a comparison between A and C, and I’ve grabbed a comparison between B and C. Now, you can use various tools to do this. Some people like to use a spreadsheet, some people like to use PowerPoint. You can even print these out and do it by hand if you want. There is a spreadsheet on a Facebook group by Steven Fox, which helps automate a lot of this process for Excel users. (03:52): But that has some limitations if you use a Mac or if you only have Office 365 rather than the full version of Excel. So if you wanna check that out, then check that out. But I’d like to teach people how to do it really manually on a piece of paper without a lot of this automated stuff, just so you understand what’s happening when you start seeing some of this automated information. So again, going back to principle number one, I’m just going to put one chromosome on one sheet of paper. I’m not going to try to clutter it up with everything. I’m just looking at one chromosome that’s shared with all three of these brothers. Now there’s some terminology that just needs to be understood that I’m gonna be using throughout this. And this has to do with the color region. So the first color region is if you have a solid green on the top line and a blue bar underneath that, then that is a full match or an F I R a fully identical region. (04:51): So, green on top with blue on bottom means it is a full match, and that’s always going to be the case. The next colored region is if you have yellow on top that has some green or maybe it doesn’t have some green interspersed in it, and you have blue on the bottom when you have the yellow on top with some green interspersed in and blue on the bottom, that is a half match or a half identical region. Now the difference between a full match and a half match is with a full match on both chromosomes. You share the exact same snips with a half match. You only share a snip on one of those two chromosomes. So chromosome 10, you have one from your mother and one from your father. If you had a full match in that area, then you share both of ’em. (05:43): If you have a half match in that area, then you just share one. And a third color region is going to be red on the top. Although this is rarely a solid red, it is usually red intermixed with yellow and a black on the bottom. Now what this indicates is this indicates it is not a match. So this is a segment where you don’t match the other person on either one of your chromosomes. Now the reason why I say it is red with some yellow and sometimes even green and dispersed is because we share a lot of DNA, just humans we do. And so just by chance there’s gonna be a lot of what you shared that is in common. And so usually these no match regions are defined by the start or the first red marker and the ending red marker with red markers periodically throughout at various intervals. (06:39): And that has to do with the thresholds. And I’ve done videos on that, but you’re rarely going to see a solid red. What you’re usually seeing as you can see here with a couple of examples, is some red bars with some yellow and maybe even some green interspersed in them, but it’s going to be black on the bottom, and that indicates it is a no match. Now the second principle that we can learn from this is that the color ranges changes represent recombination points. Now recombination happens when the cells are dividing before they’re being passed on, and these are the egg and the sperm cells. And as part of that, the two chromosomes swap different places. So that what’s passed on is actually a recombination of that chromosome. It is a combination of the two parental chromosomes. Now, sometimes this doesn’t happen at all and you receive a full chromosome. (07:34): Other times it might happen a lot and you receive a really jumbled up chromosome from your mother or your father. When we’re looking at these three graphs here, every time we go from a color region one to a color, region two, that’s a recombination point or vice versa. Now the next principle, and I know it’s looking like we really haven’t gotten very far because I haven’t drawn anything on here at all I have is these graphs up here. But these other principles are important to understand before you start drawing so you can start to keep things straight. And principle number three is a really important one because it tells us that a full match cannot be adjacent to a no match. That would be a color region. One cannot be adjacent to a color region three, or you can’t have a solid green followed by a bunch of red. (08:28): There has to be some yellow in between those two. There has to be a transition point. Now you can start a chromosome with either red or full green, or it can start with a yellow and you can end a chromosome with a red or a full green or even with a yellow. But inside you can’t go from green to red. You always have to go to yellow in between those colors. So now we’re ready to actually start drawing our recombination point lines. And so remember our recombination points are where we have a color change, and I’m gonna go through and draw these out. So if we’re looking at this, there might actually be a green right here at the beginning. And so I’m gonna draw a line right here on down. And then I can see this next point here. There’s this solid green right here. (09:22): And then there’s some more solid green right here. It looks like there’s a little bit right here and another point right here. And so you can see I’m changing from green to yellow to green to yellow to green, back to yellow. And then I have this big long stretch of just the yellow on the top and then the green from BC and then it changes. And I go from a yellow to a red. So I didn’t go from a green to a red. I went from a yellow to a red, which is perfectly fine. And then it’s very shortly thereafter, it goes from red to yellow and we can see, hey, this is where that principle three comes in, because I had this big long stretch of green and then it had to go to yellow just for a little tiny bit. Then it goes to this big red region. (10:07): So, I had to have this yellow region in there. And then here there is another one where it goes back from red to yellow. Now it doesn’t go to solid green because it was red right there, but that is my recombination points. And so once you’ve done that, you have completed step number three. Let me clean this up just a bit for you. So that leads us now to step number four is we want to assign the recombination points to a certain person. Now, how do we assign those recombination points? Well, what we need to look at is we need to look at where they are happening. And so a recombination point is going to affect one person at a time, but because we’re comparing that person with another person, it’s going to affect at least two lines at the same time. So what we’re looking is which lines are changing and what’s the common person between those? (11:09): So if we look at this first recombination point right here, okay, we can see that we go from green to yellow. So there’s a change. So a B is that, and then it goes from green to yellow, a C, well, that is a common A. And so we can assign that first line to a person A. Now we go to the second one and we see that it’s going from yellow to green. So that’s an A, B, and it doesn’t change on AC right here, but down on BC it goes from green to yellow. So what’s common between AB and bc, that’s gonna be B. So this next one is gonna be B. Same thing as we go through all of these. This next one, one is going to be an A, cuz it has those two in common. This one is gonna be a B because it has those two in common. This next one is an A. We are going with an A, B, a, B, a. Now if you start to think that, hey, there’s a pattern, and guess what the next one is, don’t think that this pattern is going to happen. This is purely by chance right now that we have this pattern. This next one could be anything. It just so happens it’s B, but the next one is also A B. And this last one, well that looks like that’s a C. (12:30): So, what we’ve done is we’ve gone through each one of these recombination points and we have made a assignment as to which person that recombination point belongs to. And with this our setup is complete. We have gathered the data that we need in order to get started with visual phasing. We’ve identified our recombination points and we’ve assigned those recombination points. So if you’ve been able to get this far on just one chromosome, then congratulations, you are ready to go on to the next step. If you want to try this out yourself, then make sure you have at least three siblings go to GEDmatch and download that data. Then you can set up your visual phasing. So I hope this introduction to visual phasing has been helpful. If you have any questions about how to get your visual phasing set up, then put it in the comments below and I’ll try to answer it for you. And if you like this video, then give it a thumbs up and share it with all your friends. --- ### [The Lazarus Tool: How to Bring DNA Back from the Dead](https://www.gedmatch.com/education/the-lazarus-tool-how-to-bring-dna-back-from-the-dead/) **Published:** November 18, 2022 **Author:** digitalmarketing3 **Content:** # The Lazarus Tool: How to Bring DNA Back from the Dead ## Video Transcription (00:00): We all have relatives who’ve passed away before taking a DNA test, so is there any way that we can recreate their DNA? (00:14): Howdy, I’m Andy Lee with Family Houston Fanatics and this is a segment of DNA. Be sure to subscribe to our channel and click on that bell if you wanna be notified about upcoming episodes. Commercial DNA testing has been around for almost 20 years and really for genealogical purposes for about 10 years. During that time, we’ve had lots of relatives who may have been interested in genealogy or may wanted to support our genealogy hobby and they’ve passed away without having a DNA test. What I wanna look at today is the Lazarus tool on GEDmatch and show you how that tool works and how much of an ancestor’s DNA you might be able to recreate. Here we are on the Lazarus page on GEDmatch and it is going to be asking us for some information about matches that this person has so that it can help recreate it and we’ll go through what those matches are and how important each of them are. (01:13): Now first if you want to read some more about Lazarus and how it works, you can click on this link and it’s gonna go to the GEDmatch Wiki and it will give you some information about how Lazarus works, but I’m gonna show you today how to create a kit and what information is best for creating the best kit. Now this is for a deceased ancestor and in this case what I’m going to do is I’m actually going to compare it to my dad because I have my dad’s DNA, so I will be able to use these Lazarus kits to compare to my dad to see how close those kits end up being. I know that my dad is male, so I can click that there, and this really comes into play with the X chromosome because it needs to know whether there’s going to be one X chromosome or whether there’s gonna be two x chromosome. (02:02): The next is gonna be the CM threshold for segments. Now I usually just stick with the default of 6 centimorgans, but you can increase that to a higher or decrease it to a lower depending on your family situation. For instance, if you have a lot of end domy in your family, you’re probably gonna want to increase that to 12 or even 15 centimorgans, whereas if you maybe wanna take a look at some speculative segments, you might wanna lower that, but if you stick with about 6 centimorgans or 7 centimorgans, you’re gonna be just fine. The next step is the processing. Now you can put a trial run which is just going to let you know what kind of information is there and whether or not it’s going to be able to find everything. Or you can do the no batch processing and that will allow you to do one to one matches, but it won’t allow you to do one to many matches or you can do the full processing. (02:58): Now if you are just playing around, I would suggest that you stick with the trial runs or the no batch processing until you can create a good kit that has enough to do the one to many and do the full processing on that. So then it is time to start entering in our kit numbers. Now this first group is group zero, and as it says, group zero is optional. What this group is is this is the spouse of the person. So in this case I’m trying to recreate the kit of my father, so I would put my mother’s kit number in here. Now if you don’t have that spouse’s kit, what you want to do is you want to put in kit numbers of relatives of that spouse that are not related to the person you’re targeting. So for instance, I would put in, let’s say my maternal aunt or if I have some maternal cousins, I could put them in there as well. (03:53): But since I have my mother’s DNA, I’m just going to put that one in and if you have that, that’s all you need to put in. The next is group one. Now group one, you need to have at least one entry and what group one is, is it is the descendants of this target person. In my case with my father, it would be his children or his grandchildren or maybe even his great-grandchildren. Now, one thing to remember here is you don’t need to put a grandchild if you have that grandchild’s parent DNA kit already. So for instance, my dad had four children, me and my three brothers, and I have all of their DNA, so I just need to put in those four people. Now, if I didn’t have one of my brother’s DNA kits, but I had a couple of his children, I could put in those kit numbers and that would add some more information to the overall mix. (04:53): Ideally, what you want is you want to have all lines of dissent represented here, but if you don’t only have let’s say one child, that’s okay. That’s something to start with. Next we’re gonna go down to the last group and this last group is those people who are related to your target person but are not descendants of your target person. So this includes parents, it includes siblings, it includes aunts and uncles, cousins, anybody that is related but is not a descendant. These really come into two groups of people. One is the group of people that you know what that relationship is, and that’s usually parents, siblings, aunts, uncles and cousins, and that’s the known group. Then the other is maybe the unknown group, and these I like to call your distant matches. You can actually use a match list of people that are related to this person and put them in there even though you don’t know exactly how they’re related. (05:56): These can have any number of kits in here and I’ve made kits with more than a hundred people in this group too. And in fact, if you don’t have certain relationships, that’s what you want to do is you want to put as many people in this group too as possible. So let’s generate this Lazarus kit based off of the information that I have. Now, it’s going to go through and it’s going to take a second and we’ll go through this to see what information is being collected. First off, it’s going through on this first table and it is finding all of the matching segments between those people in group one. That’s gonna be in this first column of kit one and those people in group two, that’s going to be those in the second column kit two. So it’s comparing group one and group two. (06:47): It’s finding all of the matching segments in that big group of people, and so the more people that you put into both group one and group two, the longer this table’s going to be. The next thing it has is it has this group zero segments, and what it is is it is comparing that group zero also to that group two, and it is finding any segments that are in common that it can remove. Here we see that hey, there was about 34 cent organs of segments that were removed from this overall kit. The third table here is the resulting Lazarus segments. So these are these segments of DNA that have now been added into this kit, and you can see in this case some of these are really, really big segments. Some of them may not be so big depending on what the segments that we’re matching between groups one and groups two are overall this kit created 3558.70 cent of organs, and that is really close to the best that you’re going to get. (07:55): S0 if you see something that is in that range of 3000 to 3,500, that is the best Lazarus kit you’re probably going to be able to create. Now this final table is which kits match with which segment, so it’s just the same table as above that is really reordered into the chromosome and the starting location. And then down at the bottom we have some information. Now, one thing I will say when you’re creating a Lazarus kit, this is the only time you’re ever gonna be able to say, see this information. So you might want to save all of this onto a spreadsheet in case you want to look at any of this information. There’s no way to go back to this information and find it again. So down at the bottom it tells us a little bit about the snips that it has created. In this case, it’s created 480,000 single allele snips. (08:48): What that means is that is a snip with just one letter. So instead of an aa, it just has has created 164,756 biallelic snips. So that would be an AA in this case, which is normally what most kits that you’re just doing a DNA test have is they have bilic snips. In the case of males with the X chromosome, it’s just going to be a single allele snip because we only have one x chromosome total is 645,000 snips, and that is a huge amount for a Lazarus kit. And like I said, this is about the best that I can get a Lazarus kit to be. It gives me my kit number, which is going to show up back on the homepage and it tells me that, hey, I can do one-to-one comparisons pretty much immediately down at the bottom. There is the opportunity here to download this file of people, and this is not all this information on this page, but this is the data file that you use to create that. (09:56): Let me show you why you might want to do that. If we go back to the Lazarus homepage, you can see that one option is to actually upload a previous file, and this would be that file there that you had just downloaded. So I can choose a file, I can upload it, and I have a starting place for my Lazarus kit. And that’s really what I’ve done with my father is I actually created about 50 different kits using lots of different combinations as far as relatives to try to figure out what the best one is and what effect different changes in the amount of matches and the amount of or how distantly related those relatives are, how that affects that overall Lazarus kit. Now, I told you that this kit that I created was really about the best Lazarus kit that I can create because I have lots of those very close relatives. (10:54): I have both of my dad’s parents, I have all four of his children, I have his spouse and I have numerous other distant relatives that all can feed into that kit. Now ideally what we want is we want this Lazarus kit to look just exactly like what a regular DNA kit would, and so to show you what a regular DNA kit would look like, let me compare my dad’s kit to my dad’s kit, and what we see is we see it is all green on top and all blue on the bottom, and what that means is that both of the snips on that chromosome match each other in every single location. Now, there are a couple of places where we’re seeing just some little bits of red there as far as processing errors, but overall this is 3586 centimorgans that is totally half matched. (11:52): If I go back and I look at just the fully matched segments, it is all the fully matched segments as well. So that is what a perfect Lazarus kit would look like. But no Lazarus kit is perfect and in fact, no Lazarus kit is anymore really than half perfect. Let me show you. I’m now gonna compare my Lazarus kit that I just created, which again is the best Lazarus kit that I can create to my dad’s kit. And in looking at the thing, it is much different here. We can see instead of green all the way across the top, it’s actually almost all yellow on every single one of these chromosomes, meaning it’s just a half match as well. You can see that there’s a few little places where there’s a no match and that’s just because there wasn’t enough data available to fill in those little spots. (12:47): Total, it looks like there’s 3544 centimorgans of half match. If we look at the fully matched, there’s none. It’s all black. We can see there’s no part of the chromosomes that are considered fully matched when comparing the Lazarus of my dad to my dad’s actual DNA kit. Now, why is that? To answer that question, let’s go back to the end result that we had right here. Remember I said there was something like 480,000 single allele snips, and what that means is is that in 480,000 places, there’s only one letter instead of two letters, whereas there’s only about 164,000 where there’s two letters. Now it’s on almost all of the kits. It ended up averaging out to about 25% were bio allelic and the other three quarters were single allelic. And so that makes creating a full match pretty much impossible because you would need to have a long enough string of bilic snips together that all match to make it a fully matched area. (14:05): And when one out of every four of your snips are bilic and the others are not, in order to get a string of 200 to 500 snips that are biopic is really just mathematically impossible. So one thing to remember and really one of the most important things to remember is that your Lazarus kit can only recreate about half of what the DNA looks like of that person. That is a product of how the Lazarus kit works. So let’s go over a little bit about how Lazarus works. Remember I’d said that Lazarus, what it does is it takes these segments that match between group one and group two, and then it subtracts out those segments of group zero and group two. So this results in looking at your children or your grandchildren who have received DNA from both the target person as well as the spouse of the target person and trying to divide out which is from the target person. (15:18): Now, whenever somebody has received from the target and a T from the spouse of the target, and if the spouse of the target is tt, then you know that thatt had to have come from the spouse, which means the A has to have come from the target person. On the other hand, whenever you have them receiving an A from the target person and a from the spouse that they had to have gotten the A from both of ’em, but you don’t know what that second snip is. So for the spouse, that might be an A T, that might be an AA for the target person that also might be an A T or it might be an AA if the child has an at and the spouse also has an AT that adds one more layer of complexity into it because you don’t know from the target person whether they receive that A or whether they receive that T. (16:28): And it’s in processing all of those little bits of segments that makes it where you really can only find about half of the DNA. Now unfortunately, we get one chromosome from our mother and one chromosome from our father or one set from our mother and one set from our father. This recreated Lazarus kit is not one of those sets. So it’s not, let’s say the paternal chromosomes or it’s not the maternal chromosomes. It is a combination of both of them. If you have the parents of this target person, or at least you have one of the parents of this target person, you could in effect create a Lazarus kit that is just the paternal side or just the maternal side by only using matches that are related through the paternal side or related through the maternal side of the target person. Now, that would be a great tool, but there’s limits then as far as how much DNA you can get as well. (17:28): You’re not gonna be able to get to 3500 centimorgans for each one of those kits. The limit is right around, I think 2000 centimorgans or so for each one of those kits. So it’s still good, it’s certainly better than nothing, but I just don’t want people to be thinking that, Hey, if I create this Lazarus kit, this is a true representation of what this deceased deceased person’s DNA looked like. It’s not. It is only still a fraction of what their DNA looked like. Now, why do we want to have as much DNA in the Lazarus kit as possible? Well, first off, that’s going to improve the possible matches and it’s going to make it more likely that those are real matches. But the second reason is is that there’s this threshold of 1500 centimorgans where if a Lazarus kit does not have at least 1500 centimorgans in it, it’s not going to be able to do the one to many matching. (18:19): You can still do one to one matching, but you won’t do one to many matching. So whenever you’re making a Lazarus kit, the goal should always be to get as many cent organs as possible. Now, how do we do that? So when you’re selecting people to include in a Lazarus kit, what should be your priority? What should you be looking for? Well, obviously the group one is going to be the descendants and children are preferred over grandchildren just because children are gonna have more DNA. Not only that, you want to have as many children as possible if you have just one child and you can still do that. But if you have two or three or four or more children that you can put in there or equivalent children. So for instance, if you have the grandchildren of a child whose DNA you don’t have, you can put those grandchildren’s DNA into that Lazarus kit and with children. (19:12): I did a video a couple weeks ago about how much parental DNA children have and what you see is that by the time you get to four children, it’s about 93% of DNA. So more than four children is not going to have a big impact, but going from one child to two child, that can actually double the amount of DNA that your Lazarus kit has. Then we get to group two. As with most things DNA, the closer relationships the better. So if you have parents and siblings, those are the first people you want to put into a target kit, and it doesn’t matter if you don’t have both parents, if you just have one that is going to make mounds of different. I created for my dad, like I said, about 50 different kits where I tried different combinations, all of these things, and that’s how I came to the conclusion that these parents, single parents, or even single sibling vastly increases the amount of DNA that you’re going to be able to create in a Lazarus kit. (20:15): So to reiterate, parents and siblings are the most important relationships to have in the group two. What about if you don’t have any parents or siblings that you can include in group two? Well, in this case, what you can do is you can find as many of these more distant relatives as possible, and these, like I said, can be aunts and uncles, they can be cousins, they can be second and third cousins. Pretty much your entire match list that you know is related to that person and not to that person’s spouse is who you want to be able to have. Now, this can be a little bit tricky, but if you have the target person’s spouse, let’s say for instance, I’m recreating my father. So if I have my mother’s DNA and I have my DNA, I can use the matches both or one of two kits tool and I can get three different match lists. (21:09): So, the first match list is going to be who matches both me and my mom. I don’t want this one. Then I’m going to have one that is matches me but not my mom. That is the list that I want because that’s the list of matches to my father. So I can actually select as many of those as I want and include those in my Lazarus kit, and that gives me a lot of distant matches. Now in my research of creating kits as far as distant matches, the more distant matches the better. For instance, between me and my three brothers and my mom in groups zero, in group one, I put nobody else except for these distant matches in group two. And in group two I put 33 distant matches initially and that resulted in a kit of 1200 cent to Morgans. Then I increased that to a hundred of these distant matches, and some of these distant matches are only sharing 30 centimorgans of DNA with me or with my dad. (22:14): In essence. Now, just by going from 33 distant matches to a hundred distant matches, most of which shared much less DNA than those initial 33, I increased the size of that Lazarus kit from 1200 centimorgans all the way up to 1900 centimorgans. So almost a 50% increase in the overall size of that kit. So if you don’t have the siblings or some of the close relatives of this target person try to get as many of those distant matches as possible to put in a kit. Now because of the importance of parents and siblings or children and grandchildren, one thing to bear in mind is if you don’t have parents and siblings, you need to have at least two and preferably more children in order to get your kit to 1500 centimorgans. Now again, you can do that by either having the children’s DNA or having the grandchildren’s DNA of children who you don’t have DNA for, but if you don’t have at least two children’s DNA represented, you’re probably not gonna get to 1500 centimorgans. (23:23): Now finally, let me talk about the spouse. Now, the spouse is important, particularly if you might have some closely related family members, and if you have people who are related on both sides, because a spouse will take out those little small segments. However, for most cases that I tried, the spouse had very, very minimal impact. Yes, it would remove 20 or 30 centimorgans overall, but when I was up in the two thousands and 3000 centimorgans, as far as my kit, 20 30 centimorgans was not that much. So before I end, let me reiterate a couple of things that I said that I think are really important when dealing with Lazarus kits. First off, this Lazarus kit that you create at best is only going to recreate about 50% of the DNA. That DNA is not gonna be separated out into paternal chromosomes or maternal chromosomes. (24:16): It’s all gonna be mixed together. So one thing that you should be looking at whenever you are matching with a Lazarus kit is that is just a clue, and there is a much greater possibility that those matches are false matches with a Lazarus kit than with another DNA kit. And that is because those matches may actually be spanning part of it of a paternal chromosome and part of it of a maternal chromosome, which is all looking like one thing on the Lazarus kit. There’s no way to start to distinguish those in a Lazarus kit. Another thing to keep in mind is some diminishing returns. I mentioned that if you have more than four children, you’re not going to see much of a difference in the Lazarus kit, which is true if you go beyond about a hundred distant cousins, then you’re not going to see much more of a difference in the Lazarus kit. (25:12): But getting from 20 distant cousins to a hundred distant cousins that can actually have a significant amount of DNA added to that Lazarus kit. And finally, if you don’t have close relationships like children, parents and siblings, then it is really unlikely that you’re going to be able to create a kit that has enough DNA to be able to use the one to many matching. So unfortunately, Lazarus is not going to be able to recreate all of a target person’s DNA. However, it’s certainly better than nothing and I would encourage you to try it and see how much you can create. Now, it is just another tool in your toolbox to use, but it might be able to simplify some of the tasks and some of the matching that you’re wanting to do. If you have any questions about Lazarus kits and how to make them, put it in the comments below and I’ll try to answer it. And if you like this video, be sure to give it a thumbs up and share it with all your friends. --- ### [Creating a DNA Superkit from Multiple DNA Kits](https://www.gedmatch.com/education/creating-a-dna-superkit-from-multiple-dna-kits/) **Published:** November 18, 2022 **Author:** digitalmarketing3 **Content:** # Creating a DNA Superkit from Multiple DNA Kits ## Video Transcription (00:00): Your DNA has hundreds of thousands of markers, but each company uses a different set of those markers. So is there any way that you can combine them all to get a better match set? (00:18): Howdy, I’m and Lee with Family History Fanatics and this is a segment of DNA. Be sure to subscribe to our channel and click on the belt to be notified about upcoming episodes. If you’ve ever wondered if there’s a way that you can get a better match set, then today is a day that I’m gonna show you how. If we look at the different DNA kids, they each use a different set of snips from your DNA. Now there’s some overlap between each one of the companies, but there’s also a lot of original snips that no other company is using. So I had the idea of actually combining all of these into one kit that I then was gonna upload to GEDmatch and start using that as my major matching kit because it would be the one with the most information. Let me show you how I went about doing this. (01:11): Today I’m gonna be using Google Docs and these sheets, functioning Google Docs to do this, but I would actually caution and suggest that you use Excel or Open Office or Apple Pages when you’re doing the full thing because today all I’m gonna be doing is one chromosome and I’m doing the smallest chromosome. As you get to the larger chromosomes, there is so much information in there that it will overwhelm Google Docs. And the very first thing you’re going to be doing is you’re gonna separate things out by chromosome because you can’t have all of it for all of these tests in one tab. So that’s the very first thing that you want to do, is you want to import your data into your spreadsheet and you want to divide out the chromosomes so that they’re all on separate tabs. Now in this case, as we’re looking at this file, you can see that hey, this first one is my 23andme kit, and then this next one is my Ancestry kit, and then we have the Living DNA kit, and finally we have My Heritage Kit. (02:13): Now, some people may ask, why didn’t I use Family Tree DNA? And the reason is because Family Tree DNA and my heritage use the exact same micro array chip, and so the information on them is identical. So if I included Family Tree DNA, then almost all of that information is gonna get deleted out anyway because it’s gonna be a duplicate of something I already have on there. So the first thing that I wanna do is I want to go through and clean this up a little bit and what I’m gonna do first is for each one of these, I’m going to delete this intro part that tells a little bit about what this all is. And so I’m gonna just delete these cells, shift this up, and then I’m going to add a little company moniker just so I can keep track of where the different data is coming from. And this one is 23 and me. And so what I’m gonna do is just copy 23 down throughout the entire thing. I’ll make the columns just a little bit narrower because they don’t need to be so big. (03:17): And now my 23andme data is almost done. I’m gonna go through and I’m gonna color code everything so that it’s also visually easy to see where this information came from. For 23andme, I’m going to use this nice pink color on Ancestry. I just want to delete this opening part, shift the cells up. Now ancestors is interesting cuz they have their information divided out into two separate columns. So I actually need to do a function to combine these two together. And so what I’m gonna do is I’m going to insert a column and then I’m going to type in my formula that’s gonna combine these two and that is Concat. And then I type in these two cells or I just highlight them and you can see that that is the same thing. And then I copy that all the way down. (04:12): Now one thing I want to do here is right now there’s just a formula in there. I want to just have the actual value in there. So I’m going to copy this and then I’m going to paste the values of this. So now you can see when I go and look at that, it is actually showing just the values. It’s not showing a formula that allows me to delete these two columns and I can add my company and that’s going to be Ancestry. I’ll just do an for ancestry and then I can go through and I can hopefully find the bottom and I can color all of these and these are going to be Ancestry’s Green. (04:58): Now that I’ve colored all of them, I’m gonna actually copy those and I’m gonna come down here to the bottom of my 23 and me and I’m going to paste all of that information down there at the bottom. So now I have all of my ancestry and my 23 and me in one column and I can delete out the old ancestry. Let’s do the same thing for living DNA. And you can see I’m already up to over 20,000 rows total. So this is gonna get up probably into 30,000 maybe for my heritage. Same thing. Now again, if you’re doing this in Google Docs for some of the larger chromosomes, then it’s going to overwhelm Google Docs. And so you might want to do this in Excel or pages or open office, but the functions are basically going to be the same. The steps are gonna be the same that you have to do. (05:55): So there I can delete all these extra columns and now I have all of my information in one single column, but so far they’re not in order. So let’s actually get this in order. What I’m gonna do is I’m going to put a couple of headers here for some formulas that I’m gonna be using to sort out the stuff that are duplicates that I don’t need. And I’m just gonna bold this and then I’m going to freeze that first row so that way as I scroll through, it’s not going to go. So right now I have each company stacked on top of each other. What I want to do is I actually want to go and I want to sort everything by the position, cuz again, we’re talking about one chromosome. So when I sort by position, it’s gonna put everything in order, it’s there. (06:53): So, now it’s sort of by position. You can actually see that Living DNA has the first bunch of them before you start getting into some of these multicolored ones. And if you just scroll through, you can see that different companies actually focused sometimes on different areas of the chromosome, but for the most part they have a pretty good spread all throughout the chromosome. So our next step is we want to remove the duplicates that are all the same call. And by call what I mean is, I mean these two letters that indicate what that part of the DNA is. One thing you might notice if you’re scrolling down through is that there’s some patterns to how this is called. Now the computer really doesn’t care which letter comes first because it doesn’t know which chromosome that letter is from. So we actually need to standardize some of these things. (07:43): For instance, when I go and I take a look here, I can see that there is a two dashes or two zeros, which means it’s a no call, it couldn’t figure out what it was, an AA and AC and AG and AT. Then there’s a, well that ca is actually the same thing as an ac. And as I continue to go down, I can see that there’s a dd, which means a deletion or an I, which is an insertion, but then there’s ga, which is the same as a G gc, which is the same as CG and on down through it. So I actually wanna take some of these ones that are really the same as something else and I wanna swap them. So what I’m going to do is I’m gonna just highlight this column and I’m going to do a replace. So the first thing that I want to replace is I wanna replace this zero zero with a dash dash, and that means it’s going to be a no call. (08:42): I click on this and it says, Hey, it found 10 instances that it did this, and then I’m gonna do the last one, which is TG and replace it with gt and then I’m done. So now I’ve actually simplified what this is and I’ve made it easier for the computer to sort out whether or not it is identical. So we want to first remove all of the duplicates that are the exact same call. So we need to find them. And what that means is that means that this column matches this column. Now since these are in order, we’re really just looking for the one that’s right above it. So we’re gonna write a formula here which is going to be equal and it’s gonna be an if statement. So if this C2 is equal to c1, then we’re gonna do another if statement. And if D two is equal to D one, then we’re gonna call that a match and I’m just gonna use one as my match and then I can put zero as a no match. And so if C2 doesn’t match c1, then that is a no match as well. (09:52): I’m gonna copy this formula all the way down the spreadsheet and now I’ll easily be able to find every single one of my matches, all of the duplicates. So if I go and I remove just the zeros so that I’m only looking at the ones, these should all be my matches and I can go and I can just count up real quickly how many total matches there were. And there was almost 19,000 of them, which if you’re looking down here, there’s 41,000, 42,000 lines total. So 19,000 is almost half of all the lines are matches, which is really what we expect because again, each one of these companies, they use a set of snips and there’s some overlap between each of the companies. So we can go through now and we can delete all of these duplicates and I’m just gonna highlight all those rows and I’m gonna delete those rows and almost half of my file will be gone, but the half it’s gone is just the duplicates. (10:55): And there you go. It has deleted all that information. And now what we want to do is we want to show what is left. Now we’re gonna go through and we’re going to actually delete this formula because we’re gonna redo it, but all of the duplicates that had the exact same call have now been deleted. So the next thing we want to do is we want to go through and we want to look for any duplicates that are a no call from one company so that we keep the other company’s information. So for instance, let’s go and just take a look at our different no calls here. So we have a couple of no calls here from Living DNA and as we just scroll down, we have a place right here where there is a no call for My Heritage, but 23 and Me has a call. So in this case, we want to keep the 23 and Me information and get rid of my heritage information. Now again, we can do this by using a formula and it’s gonna be pretty similar. First thing we want to do is we’re gonna be looking at if, and we’re gonna look at same thing, the position and see if that position is equal to the position above it. And then we’re going to look at the no call. We’re going to see if this value is equal to that no call. (12:30): Then we want to put a one and then we can say zero for the others, and this will be zero as well. And so there’s our formula and we copy that all the way down through. Now remember the first time we ended up with 19,000 of these matches, for this one, it’s going to be a whole lot less because there’s not gonna be near as many no calls. So in this case there’s 537, which is not near as much as 19,000. We want to delete all of these. So I highlight all of them and then I’m just going to delete those rows and it’s all deleted now. So I can go back through and I can see this and what I’m gonna do is I’m going to delete all of these zeros. You can see that there’s still some places where there are some no calls, but that’s not going to hurt anything. (13:34): And so I’m just gonna leave those no calls as is right now. So we get onto our next step and that is we need to compare those same positions that actually have different calls. So let’s say for instance, one company calls it an AA and another company calls it an A. Well, in this case we have to decide which one we’re going to select. And you can do that in a couple of different ways. If you have multiple kits, three or four kits, you can actually see, do two companies call it one thing and one company calls it something else? Or if you wanna just choose, I’m gonna always choose Ancestry to be my primary one or 23 and me to be my primary one. That’s another way that you can do that. And so in this case, I’m just gonna go through and I’m going to choose 23andme to be my primary one. And so I’m gonna actually use a similar formula again to the last two. It’s going to be equals if, and I want to compare the position first, so C2 equal to c1, and then I just want to call it one because if those positions are the same, then it is a match that has a different call. And since I know that the 23 and Me one is gonna come before any of the other companies, I’m just gonna keep the 23 and me. (14:53): So there’s a one right there and there is a zero right there. And what this will do is now all of these ones will be ones that the companies had a different call, but I’m going to keep the 23 and me one. Let’s take a look at how many of these we have. So remember we started off with 19,000 duplicates, and then we had another 500 from the no calls. And now what we’re gonna see is how many of these ones we have and there’s about 225 of these ones. So I’m gonna go through and I’m going to delete all of these, (15:42): Deleting ’em the same way that I’ve deleted everything else, just highlighting all those rows and then deleting them there. And now it’s all deleted. I can go back and now what I should have is I should have everything that doesn’t have any kind of duplicate. And so each one of these is going to represent a unique snip all the way throughout the file and you can see that it’s combined with everything. Some companies are going to have more information in there, and in this case, 23andme is probably going to have the most because they were with the primary company that I chose. And as you’re looking through, you can actually see there’s very little of that orange, which was my heritage, and that’s because most of that, my heritage stuff ended up being duplicates on one of the other three companies kits. But at this point, I am ready now to delete my formula columns and if I want to, I can actually delete my company column as well. Because on this next step, what you’re going to do is remember, you’re doing this for each one of the chromosomes all on a different tab. We now need to get these all together. And so the first thing to do is to export it. (16:53): And in this case, what I want to do is I want to export it probably as a comma separated file or as a tab separated file. So what I wanna do is I just want to call this we’ll call it Crumb zone 21, and I’m gonna end up having 22 of these files in the end. So the next thing I wanna do is I want to go in, I want to open that file in Notepad. I don’t wanna open it in Word, I want it in Notepad or some sort of text editor. And you can see this is what it’s going to look like. It’s going to have the format that’s very similar to what that original file that you downloaded from each one of the company’s websites has. Then all I’m going to do is for every one of these, I’m going to highlight all of the chromosome 21. (17:39): I’m not gonna highlight the headers, and I’m gonna copy that and put that into a master file on Notepad so that way I can combine all 22 of those chromosomes into one file. And at that point you have a master file, save it as a txt file, and then you can upload that to GEDmatch. Now, why would you want to upload that into GEDmatch? Well, let me show you what the difference is. So right here what I did is I went into GEDmatch and I looked at my ancestry kit and on my ancestry kit I went through and I pulled out some of the matches that it had. Now, one of the important things that GEDMatch can tell you is the amount of overlap, and this is the number of snips that it is using to compare with some other kit. Now really, the more snips that it can compare, the more accurate it’s going to be as far as the match and as far as how much centimorgans and how close that match is to you. (18:40): So we can actually compare here between these two matches. I have my super kit and I have my ancestry kit, and you’ll notice that, hey, when we’re just looking at overlap, some of these, they don’t increase that much. Like for instance, this first one, it only increased by about 20,000 on the overlap. However, some of these increased a lot. This one down here went from 178,000 to 302,000. So it increased by 125,000 snips, almost twice as many s snips as what the other one had. One thing that you’ll notice is there was actually one match that my super kit was able to find that my ancestry kit did not find. So by having this super kit, you are able to find more matches because it has more information to be able to compare to. Another interesting thing is there was this one kit and I don’t know what company that it had been uploaded from, but it went from 134,000 on the overlap to 234,000 on the overlap. (19:46): But most importantly, it went from total of 12.40 centimorgans when comparing it to the ancestry kit to almost 21.60 cent of Morgans. And that’s really because that much overlap allowed more information to be shown. Now here’s one that the overlap didn’t actually have that much of a difference from borderline genetics. This kit had only 194,000 snips of overlap on the ancestry kit and it went double. It went up to almost 400,000 snips on the super kit. Yet the centimorgans for both of ’em is the exact same. So it’s not always going to increase the amount of shared DNA that you have with somebody, but in some cases it will just because of that snip set that the different kits use. So if you have a little bit of savvy with spreadsheets, I would encourage you to make yourself a super kit and upload it to GEDmatch and you’ll find that one, you’ll be able to actually get all of those matches without having to look at each one of the kits to find those one-offs that some of the other kits weren’t doing. (20:56): But two, your matches are going to be more accurate because you have more information. Just as a reference point, my super kit ended up with 1.5 million s snips total in the kit, whereas the most that I had before was my 23andme kit, which the version three I believe has just over 900,000 snips. So I had more than 50% more snips by combining all of my kits into one super kit. Now if you have any questions about how to make a super kit, put it in the comments below and I’ll try to answer it. And if you like this video, be sure to give it a thumbs up and share it with your friends. --- ### [How to Triangulate your Matches](https://www.gedmatch.com/education/how-to-triangulate-your-matches/) **Published:** November 18, 2022 **Author:** digitalmarketing3 **Content:** # How to Triangulate your Matches ## Video Transcription (00:00): You have thousands of matches, but where should you start as far as looking at them? How do you know which ones are going to be the ones that you’re gonna be able to find out are actually related to you? Well, I’m gonna show you a tool that might be able to help you out. (00:23): Howdy, I’m Andy with Family History Fanatics, and this is a segment of DNA. Be sure to subscribe to our channel and click on that bell if you’d like to be notified about upcoming episodes. You may have heard of triangulation in relation to genealogy or DNA and are wondering what does that mean? Triangulation is a way that we can group a set of matches and know that they are related through a common ancestor. Now, if you know a group of people is related through the same common ancestor and maybe a little bit about how some of them are related, then you can focus your research on those direct lines as opposed to trying to look at all of your different lines of where they might fit in. So simply match A has to match match B, and then match B has to match match C, and then match C has to match match A. (01:20): Now these are three different matches, at least three different matches. They all match each other, but this is not enough. The most important part of triangulation is that all three of these have to match each other on the same segment. If they match on different segments on different chromosomes, then the group’s not triangulated. You still may be related to a common ancestor through them, but that’s not a triangulated group. If they match different segments on the same chromosome and maybe those segments are adjacent to each other, it’s still not a triangulated group. You still may have a common ancestor with all of those people, but it’s not a triangulated group. But when you have the same segment that is matched by everybody in that group, then that segment was passed down by a common ancestor. And what you’ve basically formed here is you formed this triangle where everybody is equal to everybody else, hence the name triangulation. (02:16): Now, I started off with just three people, but you can have a triangulated group with multiple people, 5, 6, 10, 20 people. The key is is that everybody has to match everybody else. It’s not good enough that you match all of them. Everybody has to match everybody else. In most cases, triangulation indicates that you share a common ancestor because that segment that you all share together had to have been passed down from preceding generations. Now, there are a few special cases where a triangulated group doesn’t share a common ancestor, but those are really rare. So from your match list, if you can start creating triangulation groups, then you’re gonna be well on your way to actually identifying common ancestors you share with those particular matches. Now, in the GEDmatch tier one, there is a tool that you can use to help speed up this process. There’s ways to do this manually, and I’ve shown some of those before on the YouTube channel, but the GEDmatch tier one tool speeds up this process greatly for you. (03:25): I’ve logged into my GEDmatch account, and as I scroll down, you’re going to be able to see the different tools. Now, the free tools are in DNA applications, and that’s not the one we’re going to use. There is a way that you can do triangulation using these free tools. It takes a lot more time and a lot more effort. But the one that we want to look at is down in the tier one and it is called triangulation. Now, on the triangulation page, there’s going to be some information that you have to enter in. So first off, you have to enter in a kit number. So I’m going to put in one of my kit numbers. Next is what is the maximum number of close match that you want to look at? Now, you should have an idea on your match list of how much DNA you share out to, you know how many matches. (04:18): So for instance, if you have a lot of people that share a lot of DNA, let’s say 20 or 30 or 40 centimorgans or more, and it is in the hundreds or maybe even in a thousand or a couple thousand, then you might want to go with a higher number For people who don’t have that many closely shared matches, then you probably wanna stick with a default of 500. The more that you go, the longer it’s going to take, but you might have more triangulation groups that are created from that. The next thing is the upper segment threshold limit. This is the people that you want to exclude really from your triangulation groups. For instance, right now it is set as a default at 3000, which means that everybody, except for my parents and my twins are going to be included in this analysis. Now, why you might not want to do this is because your siblings are gonna be included. (05:20): Now, you share a lot of DNA with your siblings, and because you both have that common parent, there’s going to be a lot of triangulation groups between you one sibling and some other match. In fact, your sibling triangulation groups are going to be the vast majority of these. So I usually like to make sure I lower this to eliminate siblings and in fact eliminate a lot of close relatives. So if I put this at 2100, it’s going to eliminate siblings, but it’s going to still have grandparents, aunts, uncles, and of course my cousins. Now again, I still share a lot of DNA with all of them and even with my grandparents. For instance, if I’m doing triangulation through my grandfather, well, it’s just me and my grandfather. Technically it is triangulation because we both got that same segment of DNA with whatever third match that there is. (06:11): However, it’s not really a good check of it because it’s really just between my grandfather and that match. So I can lower this even further. At 1500, I’m only gonna have a few of those aunts and uncles and grandparents. I like to actually lower it down to 1100 or even to 500. At 500, you’ve eliminated most of your first cousins. If you’re particularly looking for people on your mother’s side or your father’s side, you might not want to eliminate your first cousins because that will tell you automatically where that match is going to be on your mother’s side or your father’s side. However, it’s still going to produce a lot of triangulation groups. So starting out, I’d actually go with lower and start to build up from there. (07:01): Next in line is the minimum segment length. I usually never change this. I keep this at the 7 centimorgans as a minimum. Now if you are part of an endogenous population, you might want to increase that to 15 centimorgans or more. The next we have what chromosome you want to triangulate on. Now you can do all of them, and that’s going to give you all your different triangulation groups. Or you can do a particular chromosome if you are already researching something that maybe a match that you have on a particular chromosome. So for this, I’m just gonna look at chromosome one. It’s gonna take less time to run right now, and you can always do it as many times as you want with a tier one membership. I the build the same at the default of build 37. Next is the different display options, and there’s two options. (07:55): Then show the results sort of by the chromosome segment and the start position and then show the results sort of by the kit number, the chromosome segment, and start position. I like to show it both ways, but if you want to just look at one way after you’ve seen it, then that’s fine. Now we’ll get into cross matching after I show you this initial search. So I’ve set up all of my options. I’m going to submit, and that’s going to give me my triangulation list. So right now what it’s doing is it’s going through and it’s analyzing the kits. There’s 500 kits that it’s analyzing, and you can see the progress on the little asterisks as they appear down below. Once it’s done processing, it’s going to come up with this match list. Now, a couple things about this match list that’s different from others is this is a triangulated match list. (08:42): So you’re actually matching with two people. So for instance, there’s going to be a kit one, which is one person that matches you, and there is a kit two, which is another person that also matches you. But that kit two also matches kit one. So as I go and scroll over, what it’s going to give me is it’s going to give me the start and the end location, how long of a segment that is, and then a little representation of where that is on the chromosome. So you can see that there’s these first few that are scattered throughout the beginning part of the chromosome. And then it looks like I have a big chunk of people who are all in the same part of the chromosome. Now, I mentioned before that there is cross matching. So let’s go back to cross matching and see how that is a little bit different because right now each one of these lines represents one triangulated group. You’ve just matched between the three people. I’m going to do everything the same except this time I’m going to click on the cross matching box. And what this is going to do is not only is it going to look at just those three people, me and then two matches together, but whenever there is a segment that is similar to another segment, it’s also gonna add in that person. (10:05): Let me show you what I mean by that. Now, before all of these segments were the same color. They were green because it was just looking at each individual one. But now as I go through, I can see that some of these are green, which is clearly just those three people are triangulated. But then there’s a group that we saw before that’s all around the same segment. Well, all those segments also triangulate with each other. So this isn’t a group of three people. This is a group of, it looks like almost 50 people altogether. Now we can see down here at the bottom there is another segment, this little green segment right here that it overlaps this, but it’s not colored red, so it doesn’t triangulate. With that, we can see that this also overlaps with this next one, which is orange, and it doesn’t triangulate with that. (10:53): So this is a separate group than these other ones. So using cross matching allows you to take your triangulated segments and then even further group those into a cluster of people that are going to share a common ancestor with you. Triangulation is a great way to help focus your genetic genealogy research because now you have a group of people that you know have to be related through a common ancestor, and you can communicate with those people and find out share trees and see where your families may match up together. If you have any questions about how to use the GEDMatch tier one tool for triangulation, put it in the comments below and I’ll try to answer it. And if you like this video, be sure to give it a thumbs up and share it with all your friends. --- ### [What is a DNA Triangulation with a Crossmatch](https://www.gedmatch.com/education/what-is-a-dna-triangulation-with-a-crossmatch/) **Published:** November 18, 2022 **Author:** digitalmarketing3 **Content:** # What is a DNA Triangulation with a Crossmatch on GEDmatch? ## Video Transcription (00:00): I’ve done videos about triangulation before. We had one viewer ask about cross matching and whether or not I could explain cross matching, so it’s more understandable. Well, today I’m gonna try to do that for you. How do you Welcome to family history fanatics, where we love helping you to climb your family tree and have fun along the way. If you’re new to genetic genealogy, chances are you have tons of questions. Be sure to check out the link in the description below to get our free guide. On the five most common questions we are asked about DNA cross matching is a term that is used on the website, GEDmatch, whenever you are going to use triangulation at the bottom of the form, you have the option of whether you want to cross match your results or not. Now, during my video on triangulation, I went over really briefly about what cross matching means and why you should do it. (00:53): There’s some options there as far as how much cross matching is allowed, but basically, let’s go over what triangulation is first, and then we can go over cross matching to understand triangulation. We have three people, three matches here. We have person A and person A has to match person B and person A also has to match person C. So we’ve got two matches that both match A. Now, to triangulate, we have to look at person B and C, and if person B and C match also, you’ll notice that what we have here is we have a triangle, and this is what triangulation is. Now this is all on the same segment. So let’s say maybe this is on chromosome number 13 from 5.6 million to 20 million. So it’s a specific location on a specific chromosome that these three matches triangulate on. Well, if we take that to the next level, what we might look at is we might look at four matches instead of three matches. (02:03): Now with four matches, we have some other possibilities. So I’m gonna change colors here, and we can start with our A, B, and C that we just had before. Remember, A to B, A to C and C to B. We have little triangle there, it all connects. But with this fourth match, what if you see that A matches to D and D matches to C and C? Of course, we already know matches to A, we get this other triangle on this other side. The question is really whether or not this last part is going to be true, and that is does D match B? If D matches B, then (02:59): What we really have is a triangulated group of four people, which means that they are all crossmatched. So with three, with our triangle, we just had to have those three to create that triangle with four, we’re really creating two triangles plus a cross between that. Maybe that’s where the term cross match comes from. I’m not sure exactly, but this can be done with any number of matches. So let’s take a look at six matches and how that would play out. Start with, and we go around A to B, B to C, A to C. Well, there’s one little triangle, but then we have our D, remember D matches C. D matches A and D matches B. Okay, we’re starting to get some more lines here, which means we gotta add this next one. E. Well, E to D, E to C, E to B, E to A. (04:09): And then we gotta add this last one, F to E, F to A, F to B, F to C and F two D. So we have every single one of these matches all matching each other. On a certain chromosome, let’s say chromosome number five, between 152 to 165 million base pairs, they all match in that specific location. Now, some of them may match at a little bit more than that on either the front end or the back end, but all of them share that specific location in common, and that’s what cross matching is. It’s when we have more than just three in a triangulated group that we’ve actually checked to make sure that they all match each other. Now, it is possible, let me erase some here. We won’t worry about where they’re matching, but it is possible that hey, we might not have everything in those same spots. (05:21): For for instance, F may not match A and F may not match E, but F matches everything else and everybody else matches everybody else. Well, this could be that because of the length of that segment, it just keeps on getting too small as we add more and more in, and perhaps those ends for F to A and F to E might make it lower than what the threshold limit is for calling it a match. So it may actually be a triangulated group still, but it doesn’t match there. Once we start to see something that is, let’s say F, it (05:56): Also doesn’t match C, I’m gonna just erase this line right here going to C, but it only matches a few of them. It might be that F is getting some of the matches from the paternal side and some of the matches from the maternal side. So in that case, A through E would all be a cross match group, but F would not B. As we look into F more, what we may find here is we may find that F matches C, F matches A and F matches E, which may be once we look at the other relationships, a new triangulated group that is on one of the other sides of the chromosome. That’s possible. Now, the bigger your crossmatch group is, of course, the more complicated it’s going to be, and that’s why there’s some limits on that GEDmatch webpage. If you have instead of six 200 of these, then that’s actually gonna take a lot of computing power to make all of those connections together and see whether or not they’re crossmatched. (07:11): So what kind of practicality does this have though for our genealogy research? Well, let’s take a look at a family tree that I’ve just really simply put together. Now, this really just involves one person on each line because they’re just getting the DNA up through those single persons back to a common ancestor for all of ’em. And I’ve put along the bottom where A C, D, E and F R, for instance, if all we had was A, B, and C down here, what we would be able to see is that, hey, they all come back to this most recent common ancestor, and they all happen to be second cousins, which is nice. We found a common ancestor there. But with this family tree, if we happen to add in another person D or even E, we add in D and E. Well then all of these flow back now to one generation earlier, another most recent common ancestor who happens to be the father of that first one and D and E will be third cousins to A, B, and C. Again, if we are able to find a different match that now goes back to another generation, we can see that, hey, with F, all of these go back to one generation before our most recent common ancestor, and (08:55): That’s two generations back further than what we found with just the original triangulation group. And F would be fourth cousins with D and E and A, B and C. So the major advantage with cross matching is that as we get more than just three matches together that are triangulating, we are able to show that we have a much bigger group that all triangulates together, which means they all share a common ancestor. Now, when we actually start to look at a family tree or put together a family tree for that, if there are enough branches of that tree, we’re gonna be able to go back more generations than we would with just a single triangulated group coming back to just this family tree. With these three being second cousins, they may share a triangulated segment that maybe is as much as 40 centimorgans or so possibly more, but a very sizable chunk. (09:58): Once we add in the next group, the d and e, they’re gonna be third cousins. Now it’s possible that they could receive a 40 centimorgan segment, but we might actually see a triangulated segment that’s only 20 centimorgans as we go back and include these other two. And likewise, as we continue to go backwards in time with our triangulated group and add in F, we may see that hey, there’s only a 10 centimorgans that is actually shared between all of them. And that’s just because these segments get divided up each generation, and that’s one of the advantages of looking at these larger groups is we can be looking at smaller and smaller segments that are shared between all of the people in our triangulated group to help identify how far back those common ancestors might be. Now, you don’t have to use the cross matching function all the time when you’re using the triangulated groups. In fact, you probably wanna start with just the triangulation to pick out the different triangulated groups. And then for the ones that you want to look at specifically, you might want to go and run a different report to cross match, just those ones on those segments. Now, if you would like to learn more about how to use a triangulation tool on GEDMatch, you can watch this video up here, but if you wanna learn something else about DNA, then why don’t you take a look at this video down below or free. --- ### [Clustering Kits](https://www.gedmatch.com/education/clustering-kits/) **Published:** November 18, 2022 **Author:** digitalmarketing3 **Content:** # Clustering Kits ## Video Transcription (00:00): Clustering is a method of looking at multiple DNA matches at one time to see how you might be related to them, and GEDmatch now has a clustering tool. (00:16): Howdy, I’m Andy Lee with Family History Fanatics, and this is a segment of DNA. Be sure to subscribe to our channel and click on the bell if you wanna be notified about upcoming episodes. Just in the last year, there have been several clustering tools that have been developed and put on various websites. GEDmatch now has their own clustering tool as well, and I’m gonna show you some of the features of it. The first thing to remember though is with their clustering tool, it is part of their tier one package, so you have to be a member that you’re paying the $10 a month in order to access this tool. So here we are on the GEDmatch website, and if I scroll down to the tier one tool, I’m going to find the clustering tool. It’s called Clusters Single Kit, input the basic version. (01:05): I click on that and I’m going to get to the screen of where it’s gonna ask me for some input. Now what you need in order to cluster is you need a kit number and then you need to define what the thresholds are, and we’ll talk about the thresholds in just a second. I’m gonna leave them at the basic thresholds Initially, Genesis is now gonna go through and it’s going to start gathering all the data to create the cluster table. Now depending on what your thresholds are, depending on how many matches you have, this could take several minutes. So just sit tight and wait. Once shed match has figured out where everything is, it is now going to display the table. And initially it’s gonna show you it by the kit number, but as you can see, it’s going to reorganize it based on the average shared centimorgan for each cluster. (01:49): Now again, this can take a little bit, but it’s nice to actually watch this graphic as you’re seeing kits move back and forth and you’re starting to see these clusters form. Now depending on what you set your thresholds at, and depending on the matches, this table could be humongous. In this case, this is about 500 matches. If I look across the top, and if I look down the side, I’m gonna see the exact same names of these matches that I have. Now, each one of these matches match between that threshold that I’ve set, but they also match other people between that threshold as well. And that’s what these boxes all indicate. Now, one of the things that you can do with the clustering tool on GEDmatch is you can actually change how this is going to be displayed. So if I look at the dropdown menu up at the top, it’s going to let me change that by the name, by the kit number, by the cluster number. (02:44): What I’m gonna do is I’m gonna change it to the cluster size, and once I change that to the cluster size, everything’s gonna reorganize based on whichever is the biggest cluster. And then on down the line. Now you can see here for this giant cluster at the beginning, they all share on average about 15 or 16 centimorgan except for one person. Now this is gonna be a very distant relations that all of these people have to myself. So normally what I like to do is I like to focus on those clusters that have the most amount of shared DNA with me, and that would be the cluster average cm to the reference kit. So the cluster that has the most average between all the matches with the main kit. Now on this page, there’s actually a lot of information that you can access. For instance, if you go to each one of the amount of shared cinema Morgans clicking on it is going to show you the one to one comparison for autosomal. (03:44): So you can do a one-to-one comparison with any one of those matches. The other thing is by just clicking on the box itself, the colored box of the match, it will also go to that one-to-one. So there’s two different ways that you can do a one-to-one comparison really quickly between a specific match and yourself. The little i icon is going to open up an information box and that information box is gonna tell you about that match their name, the kit number, and the email that is associated with that kit. So let’s talk a little bit about thresholds. I’ve done just the basic thresholds, which were 15 centimorgans to 50 centimorgans. If I go back, I can actually change that number and changing the thresholds can have a dramatic effect on the cluster chart. It can affect how many people are gonna be showing. It can affect how big some of those clusters are, all because you’re looking at different ranges of the amount of shared centimorgans between all these people. (04:42): So in this case, I’m actually going to just change this lower threshold from 15 centimorgans up to 20 centimorgans, and then I’m gonna click on my cluster. So that’s all I’ve done is just change that by 5 centimorgans. Now you can see initially right off instead of 500 matches, it’s only found 371 matches that meet that criteria. So I’ve already decreased the total matches by a third just by going up by 5 centimorgans. Now where this could be important is for people that have a lot of inmy in their family history. By changing the amount of the threshold from 15 to 20, you’re gonna eliminate a lot of people that may be even more distantly related than what you want to be looking at. So now that the chart is finished, it actually looks a little bit different. I’ve blocked out the names, but I can tell you right now that these names at the top are not the same ones that were at the top before, all because of that change in the threshold. (05:40): Not only that, there’s actually a little bit larger cluster right at the beginning. If I go and I look at cluster size, if you remember that we had this really giant cluster before that was our big cluster. Now as I can already see, this cluster is much smaller than what it was before. Before people were sharing about 15 to 16 centimorgans. I’ve changed that threshold up to 20 centimorgans. So it’s going to be looking at people that share more than that already. So let me go back and let me actually change the size again, and I’m gonna actually change it up to 25 this time. But I’m also gonna change the upper threshold. And in this case I want to include some of my cousins in this. And so I’m gonna change this up to 1300 sent to Morgans. So it’s not gonna be getting into my aunts and uncles and grandparents, but it should be getting into my cousins second cousins and all of that. (06:32): Now, because I’ve changed that from 25 to this 1300, that 25 makes a big difference. You can see instead of that 371, it’s only looking at 55 kits, even though I’ve changed that upper threshold all the way up to 1300. So just another 5 centimorgans dramatically affected how many matches I’m showing. And as I scroll down, I can see some of these, the more centimorgans, the higher the upper threshold for Cento Morgans, the more of these gray squares you’re going to find. Now, these gray squares indicate that they actually probably belong in multiple clusters. So for instance, these people right here, not only do they belong with this orange cluster, but they also belong down here with this purple cluster. And again, that’s because we’re looking at more and more relatives that are closer related to us. So for instance, I’m gonna share a lot more relatives with my first cousins than I am with my second or my third cousin. (07:30): So it’s really important that you play around with the thresholds to find out the information that you’re trying to look for. But in essence, what you’re doing is you’re categorizing people based on other people as well. So no matter what type of clustering you do, you’re going to be getting some information that may help you in your genealogy. So one of the really tricky things with clustering is families that have and dog me, because there is so much shared DNA, you may end up with this huge giant cluster that covers most of your page. Let me show you an example here. This is a family that has end domy, and initially these clusters are looking okay, but then we start to see this orange cluster down here. And as we scroll across, we can see, whoa, this orange cluster is covering everything. This is all still one cluster. And in actuality, when I go through this cluster is 450 people large. Now, from a genealogy standpoint, that is just way too many people to try to work with at one time. And so from a clustering standpoint, this large of a cluster is not very useful. (08:47): So what somebody with endogamy needs to do is they need to go through and they need to adjust their thresholds to try to break up a cluster like this. Now the other thing with this is this may take a long time to load. So for instance, this chart took about seven minutes to actually get created, and that’s just because of all these connections that we see here in this one giant cluster. Now, this is the same family only. What I’ve done is I’ve changed that lower threshold up to 25 centimorgans. Now initially what you can see is that it’s broken out and there’s a lot more little clusters. And so I’ve taken that great big giant one. I’ve broken out into little ones, although once we get down far enough, there is going to be a really big cluster that still is the majority of it, but it’s not as much. (09:38): Before it was 450 people that were in this giant cluster. Now it’s only 344 people that are in this giant cluster. So I’ve started to break this cluster down. And again, as you change those thresholds, you’re gonna be able to start to separate out how some of these families fit together as in which ones are most closely related together. So what are some of the things that you can do with this information? Well, first off, if you want to save this information, you can actually do that as an HTML file. And all you need to do is anywhere on the page, just do a right click and then do a save as. And for that, you want to save it as an HTML file. So change that to html. When you open it up, you can see that the page looks very similar. And one of the nice things about that is you still have the ability to rearrange things based off of the cluster number or the size or however you want. (10:32): And it’s still gonna go through that motion of rearranging your clusters in that way. The one thing that you do lose, as you’ll notice, is you’re gonna lose your links to that one to one comparison, and you’re gonna also lose that info link, but it still gives you most of the information that you’re going to need. So if you don’t do the tier one every single month, and what it is is it’s a good idea to do your clustering for your kits, save those HTML files, and then at least you have the basic information that you can use later when you aren’t a tier one member. Another thing that you can do is use this clustering in conjunction with the multiple kit analysis. Now, the multiple kit analysis is another tier one tool that can be used to look at several kits in lots of different ways. (11:16): I’m only gonna show you a little bit about that in this video, but I will have more videos that show how you can use multipl kit analysis with all their different functions. So for the multipl kit analysis, what you need is you need to select some kits that you want to analyze. It automatically selects your base kits, so I’ve been selected. Then I can go through and I can select some other kits. So let’s take a look at this blue cluster right here. I can go through and I can click on each one of these individually if I want to, but if it is a large cluster, that’s gonna take a long time. So what I can do instead is I can go over and I can find the legend. And in the legend, it’s all organized and it has the colors of those kits. (12:00): So in this case, I want this blue kit. If I click on that, I can see it has selected all of those kits already. For me, the nice thing about this is if I want to select multiple clusters, then I can do that. Now, where would you want to select multiple clusters? Well, if you’re seeing that there’s a lot of overlap. So for instance, right here, I can actually see that, hey, between this red and this blue, there’s actually this one person that overlaps. So let me select the red and the blue cluster just to see how those people combine together. Now, once I have selected the kits, I want to analyze, I go up to the multiple kit analysis, I click on the button, and I’m gonna just look at a compact map for my segments. I’m gonna see what segments I share in common with those people. (12:50): Now remember, I had two selections. I had the blue kit and I had the red kit. I’m gonna zoom in just a little bit here so we can see this more. Now, these first four here, these first four people, these were all part of the blue kit, and you can see that we all share a segment on chromosome number five. Now, these other people, they were part of the red kit, and you can share that we share a segment all on chromosome number four. And then of course, there was one person that was a link between those two, and that is this Logan Brown. Now, it doesn’t show me how Logan Brown matches with those, but then I could change my primary person to Logan Brown, and I can see how Logan is related between those. Maybe Logan shares DNA with them at another location on the, and that is a quick introduction to the clustering tool on GEDMatch. Now, clustering involves a lot of different things as follows, analysis. And so in the future I’ll have some more videos on clustering and specific cases of how clustering can be used to solve some problems. But if you have any questions about clustering, put it in the comments below. And if you like this video, be sure to give it a thumbs up and share it with all your friends. --- ### [How to Compare Family Trees on GEDmatch](https://www.gedmatch.com/education/how-to-compare-family-trees-on-gedmatch/) **Published:** November 18, 2022 **Author:** digitalmarketing3 **Content:** # How to Compare Family Trees on GEDmatch ## Video Transcription (00:00): Do you have a GEDcom file on GEDmatch? If so, then you can use some of the tools that help you find other people and progress your genealogy. (00:14): Howdy, I’m Andy Lee with Family History Fanatics and this is a segment of DNA. Be sure to subscribe to our channel and click on the bell if you wanna be notified about upcoming episodes. GEDmatch actually started out as a GEDcom matching program. That’s why I got its name, GEDmatch, as opposed to DNA match. Those tools that were first created for matching GEDcom files are still available to use with the power of DNA added to them. So today I’m gonna go over how you can use those tools on GEDmatch. So once you log onto GEDmatch, then you’re going to actually scroll down and you’ll see the GEDcom files that you have uploaded and down a little further are going to be the GEDcom tools. Now we’re gonna go through each one of these tools one at a time so that you can see how you can use these GEDcom files. (01:06): Now the first one that I like to look at really is the search all Jed Coms. Now for this one, you don’t need a GEDcom file of your own. This is searching all of the GEDcom files and there’s about a hundred thousand GEDcom files that have been uploaded to GEDmatch. Now, just like with many of the search databases, you’re just going to put in what information you know about the person that you’re maybe looking for. So you can put in a name, you can put in a place a date of birth, let’s just say 1800, and I’m going to say the United States and maybe that’s all the information. And then clicking on the search is going to have results that are gonna show you where all of the GEDcom files might have been from. So here we have a list of the GEDcom files that match that information and I can click on each one of these GEDcom files to zoom into it. (02:06): So for instance, this is that John Smith, he was born in Kentucky in 1800 and it tells me a little bit about what his parents are or if he has any children who he was married to. And that is all provided with links to the pedigree and links to the descendancy. So if I want to look at the pedigree chart, I can look at the pedigree chart if I want to see, well, what are his descendants? I can see those descendancy charts. So the search all GEDcom is probably really easy to understand and it is just like searches on any other of the genealogy websites, you’re just searching those GEDcom files that people have uploaded. So let’s start looking at some of the others. The first one here is one GEDcom to all. So this is actually going to be searching your GEDcom file to all of the others. (02:57): So you need to make sure that you have your GEDcom file number. I’m just gonna copy that and I’m going to go in and I’m going to search all of these other jed coms. It has me enter my number and then it gives me some options here. Now, depending on how closely I want things to match will depend on whether or not it is actually going to show results. So start off with what the default is, and if you’re getting too many results, then you can change those defaults to limit the number of results that you’re getting. In this case, the GEDcom file that I’ve created here was just a bunch of bogus names and dates, so I don’t expect to have a whole lot of matches because it doesn’t actually match anything in reality. Now this is searching through a hundred thousand GEDcom files, so it may take a little bit before it starts to find some matches for you. (03:53): So let’s look at what a match looks like. You can see here in this first box, this is telling me what the GEDcom file is and it gives me the contact information for that person. It gives me the name of the person that donated that, how many people are in that GEDcom file, and if there’s any DNA kits that are attached to that GEDcom file, then it’s going to show me the people who I match in that GEDcom file. And so you can see that I have a William Brown in my file that was born in 1895 in Missouri, and their GEDcom file has a William Brown also, although this one was from Galveston, it has some parents listed as well. So from this I can decide whether or not this is a match and of what I’ve done is I have clicked on the confirm match and it gives me this information that this match is confirmed. (04:47): Now if I want to, I can remove that confirmation as well. The other thing that this shows is this actually has links to both of our GEDcom files. You can see from these two icons right here. If we go up, it tells you that one of these links is to the descendancy and the other link is to the pedigree. So if I want to look at this William Brown and see some more information, I can just click on this link and it’s gonna open up the pedigree or it’s gonna open up the descendency for that person. So the next tool that you want to look at is the two Jed Coms comparison. And in the two GEDcom comparisons, you need two GEDcom kit numbers. So I’m gonna put in my kit number and that other kit that I just matched, and then I can compare these two kits. (05:38): And what it’s gonna do is it’s gonna go through and it’s going to see all of the matches just between those two kits. So this is a lot quicker than what the other search does because it’s not searching through all hundred thousand of them, it’s just searching through this one kit. And you can see in this one kit, I only have this one match, which I already talked about. And again, it has the same links that if you want to be able to go and look at the pedigree or the descendants of that kit, then you can click on those to be able to see it. Also, if you actually click on the person itself, it’s gonna go to that individual’s page and you’ll be able to see the information attached to that specific individual. The last tool is one of my favorite, and that is the GEDcom plus DNA matches. (06:23): Now for this, what you need is you need a DNA kit number. So I’m going to use one of my DNA kit numbers and we’ll see what this is showing you. Now once the results pop up, what you can see is this is like a match list, like a DNA match list only. It’s a little bit different. It is a DNA match list that only has those matches, which have a GEDcom file attached to them, which is great if you’re looking for certain trees. So you can see as I’m looking down here, I have, these are on my other account for my grandfather and myself or my grandmother. And then there are some other kits for other people and I have their contact information. Now a lot of these DNA names and the GEDcom names are going to be hidden because they are indicated as living people in the GEDcom. (07:20): Usually, the only people that are going to show up are those that are deceased. And so in this case, you can see that my grandfather who’s deceased, he’s listed as deceased in this GEDcom file. And so it shows up with his name on there. Now the reason why I like this so much is because now I can actually go to any of these kits and since I know that they have some pedigree information, I can start to do a quick search to see what matches I might find. I can use those kit numbers with the two GEDcom matching tool to see how similar our GEDcom files are if we have a line that is matching. So those are the tools that GEDmatch has for GEDcom matching. And again, this is what GEDmatch started out as is a GEDcom matching website. And so these tools are really great for analyzing different jed coms and seeing whether or not you have something rather than having to go through each line to see if you have an individual in there. So if you have any questions about how to match GEDcoms on GEDmatch, put it in the comments below and I’ll try to answer it. And if you’d like this video, be sure to give it a thumbs up and make sure you share it with all your friends. --- ### [Searching for Segments on GEDmatch](https://www.gedmatch.com/education/searching-for-segments-on-gedmatch/) **Published:** November 18, 2022 **Author:** digitalmarketing3 **Content:** # Searching for Segments on GEDmatch ## Video Transcription (00:00): Segments in DNA are so good today, I’m going to give you two for just watching one video (00:14): Howdy, I’m Andy Lee with his fanatics, and this is a segment of DNA. Be sure to subscribe to our channel line. Click on that bell if you wanna be notified about upcoming episodes. DNA segments can be really useful in genealogy because they help to identify whether or not you might have a common ancestor with someone else. Now, GEDmatch has a couple of different tools that I’m gonna show you today how you can use these segments to find other people that share those segments. Now, one of these tools is a tier one tool and the other is a brand new free tool that you can use today. So over on GEDmatch, we’re gonna go look at the tier one tool first. Now this is part of the paid subscription and this is called segment search. Now this is gonna allow us to search for particular segments that we may share in common with other people. (01:09): So when we’re on the segment search screen, what we need to do is we need enter a kit number and this is going to be the kit that it’s finding all the matches for those segments of that kit. Now in this case, I’m gonna use just one of my kits. Next it’s gonna ask us what’s the maximum number of matches we want to look at. It defaults to just your 1000 closest matches, but you can go up to 10,000 matches if you want to. I’m just gonna leave it at 1000. You have the build to display and this defaults at B 37. If you want to show B 36 or B 38, you can do that. And then we have, just like with most matching, if you wanna change the thresholds, the minimum number of snips or the minimum segment size to be able to look at, then you can do that. (02:01): I usually just leave this at the defaults. The next part is what chromosomes we wanna scan. Now we can scan all of ’em by default or we can scan a particular chromosome. Today I’m gonna show you just one chromosome. I’m gonna do chromosome number one cuz it’s the longest chromosome, and I’ll come back to these other two here in a moment. But then we want to submit, and this is going to take us to the match screen. So once we get to the match screen, it’s going to take about 10, 20, maybe 30 seconds to gather all the data. And then you’ll be seeing this now right at the beginning here, it’s gonna give you a little warning that it didn’t have any mattress closer than 2100 sent to Morgan’s. So this would be siblings and parents. It would also be some of your half siblings, some of your aunts and uncles, some of your grandparents if you shared a lot of DNA with them. (02:59): And it does this just to conserve resources because that’s going to increase the total number of matches that there are. But even if you don’t have those people included, you’re still gonna get a lot of great data from this information. Now as we go down, we can look and see that we have the kit number, we have what chromosome it is, and in this case I just looked at chromosome one. We have the start and the end position. We have how much cent organs we share, how many snips. Then we have their contact information. And then there’s a little graphic over here that shows us roughly where on that chromosome it fits. Now as part of this graphic, we can see that there’s different colors. This is to get different matches together in the same general area. So for instance, when we looking at these red ones right here, if we come over to the start position, we see that hey, all those red ones start roughly in the same spot between 75 or that’s like 750,000 and 800,000, and then it switches over to orange, which jumps up to 4 million. (04:08): So there’s a definite gap in between there. And then we see that at yellow right here, while they’re starting at around 137 or 13 million is where those are. Now, that isn’t going to mean that everything is all close together. So for instance, the yellow starts at 13 million, but it goes all the way down to 30 million. In this case, this is helpful in that by color coding these we can get a rough idea of where some groups may be. So for instance, if I’m looking at a group, I can see that hey, all these reds, they all share almost the same starting point and some of ’em share the same ending point. We see this a hundred and twenty one, a hundred and twenty one, a hundred and twenty one, but if I actually look down, I can see that hey, there’s a couple of these forties that also share that 1-1. So there’s a good chance that this whole group might have some different groups of triangulation within it just because there’s so much commonality between those segments that’s shared. (05:13): And so this should be a big clue to help you know what we want to do next. Now, what do you want to do next? There’s two options really here. First off is we can download this, you click on this and you’re gonna get this information now into a CSV file, which you can put in a spreadsheet. And depending on how you organize your matches, that may be something that’s really useful to you. The other way is through the multiple kit analysis. Now, since this is a tier one tool, we can use the multiple kit analysis. And to do that, all we need to do is check certain boxes. So in this case, hey, you know what, I’m gonna check these boxes right here and I’m gonna not just check the red ones. I’m gonna check these orange ones too since I saw some commonality as far as where they were ending. (06:03): And then I can go and I can click on the multiple kit analysis and do some further work on that. Now the multiple kit analysis just takes me over to the GEDmatch visualization options. And then I have a lot of other tools that I can use to analyze all of those kits. So now that gives us our big segment list, but what if we want to narrow it down to just something really specific? That’s where a couple of these other options come in. Now I said before that we want to just look on chromosome one, but let’s say that I’ve already identified a triangulation group on chromosome one and it is between 65 million and 120 million. What I can do is I can look for the matches that just overlap that segment. Now in this case, since I’m just looking at this one segment, I might want to increase the overall matches. (06:58): So I’m gonna go from that 1000 to 10,000. So it’s going to look at my 10,000 closest matches to see who matches in this chromosome one 65 million to 120 million. So now what it’s done is it’s gone through and it’s analyzed just for the segments that overlap with this 65 million to 120 million. Now it can overlap at any amount as we’ll see in this match list. So for instance, so here we see a couple of matches that they just overlap a little bit right here in the 65 to 68 million. Now they go down to 62 million, but the overlap is really just a really tiny part of that, whereas others, like these first two right here, they overlap between 20 30 million and 120 million. So they actually cover a very large range of that from 65 million to 120 million. And really it’s anywhere within that. If there is any part of a matching segment that falls within that 65 to 120 million range, then it’s gonna show up on here. (08:04): So, you can see that this list is a much shorter list, but I have the same functionality that I can download that as a CSV file or if I want to do the multi kit analysis, then I can check some of those and go to the multi kit analysis to analyze them in some different ways. So that is the first tool, the tier one segment search. It allows you to see which segments you match with your matches rather than just seeing that you match somebody. And that can help you to group together, which matches you want to look at as a group as opposed to just looking at an entire match list. Now if you don’t have tier one, there’s a way that you can do something similar but also a little bit more focused. This is a new feature that showed up just in the last couple of weeks, and it is called Ancestor Projects. (08:54): It’s right down there at the bottom. Now this is going to be able to do something similar, but you have to be part of a project. So I’m gonna go to the page and show you what it looks like. Then also talk about what you need to do to get to be part of a project. So on the Ancestor project you’ll see that a lot of the information you enter in is the same stuff that you enter in for the segment search. So for thing, I’m gonna enter in my GEDmatch kit number, and then if I want to change the segment threshold, I can change that. I can add in what chromosome I want to look at specifically. And just like with the segment search, I can add in a lower and an upper limit as far as a position on that chromosome. I can sort it in different ways. (09:38): And then I’m going to go and get my list. Now this is the list of this project now. So what it is doing is it’s doing a subset of all of my matches. It’s only doing those that are part of this project. And so you have to have joined projects to be able to get this. And I’ll explain those projects in just a minute of why they can be so valuable. So in this case, in this project, there’s only three people that match me and I can see from the chromosome and the start and the end location. They all match me on different chromosomes in different locations. But if I wanted to do the select, I can select on the boxes and then go to the multiple kit analysis and look at those kits in some other different ways. Now, in this case, there was 29 kits in this project. (10:28): So this isn’t comparing to a whole lot of kits, depending on how big the project is. Well depend on whether or not you can get any information out of this. So let’s go back and let’s take a look at the projects. Now, if you’ve done some work with Family Tree DNA, you know that Family Tree DNA has their projects that you can join, which allows other people to see specific parts about your DNA. And usually those projects are centered around a surname or a location or a family or something like that. In this case, it’s the same way You can set up a project really based on just about anything. And it’s gonna give you a list of the available projects right now. And again, this is really new just within the last couple of weeks in August of 2019. So if you’re looking at this video a year or two years from now, there might be lots more projects to join, but there’ll be the name of the project, there’ll be a description, and then there’ll be an email contact or some other way of contacting the administrator of that project. (11:28): So you can go through and you can see some of the different things that people are looking at. And down here at the bottom it gives you some information on if you want to set a project, what do you need? So if you want to set up a project, then what you need is you need at least 20 kits, and that can be your own family’s kits maybe that you manage. It can also be any of your matches maybe that you’ve identified that you want them to all be part of the project. And what you’re going to do is you’re going to arrange those in a spreadsheet and send that information to GEDmatch. And then they will review over that, get that project set up, and identify who the project administrators are and have your project listed on here. And so then in the future, if you have other people that want to join that project, then they’ll be able to join that project and be able to add their DNA to it. (11:28): Now the idea behind this is you want to have people on a project who have some common DNA. So you’re sharing either some particular ancestor or maybe you’re all from some particular part of the world but anything that might have an idea of how you share DNA. And like I said, since this is a brand new feature, there’s not that many projects right now, but I’m hoping that as time goes on, we’re going to see a lot more projects that people may want to be able to be a part of. So that is two tools that you can use to search for segments on GEDMatch. Now, segment searching is really good because from that you can go onto triangulation and seeing how you are related to certain common ancestors. And it really helps to organize your work in identifying the people that are likely related to the same common ancestors. So if you have any questions about segment search or about the ancestor projects, put it in the comments below and I’ll try to answer it for you. And if you’ll like this video, be sure to give it a thumbs up and share it with all your friends. --- ### [GEDmatch Tag Groups - Tricks for Multiple Kit Analysis](https://www.gedmatch.com/education/gedmatch-tag-groups-tricks-for-multiple-kit-analysis/) **Published:** November 18, 2022 **Author:** digitalmarketing3 **Content:** # GEDmatch Tag Groups - Tricks for Multiple Kit Analysis ## Video Transcription (00:00): It’s time to get started on one of the best tools on GEDMatch, the multiple kit analysis. But this isn’t something that we’re gonna be able to cover in just one video. This is something that’s going to take multiple videos. So sit back and be ready for several episodes about the multiple kit analysis. (00:22): Howdy, I’m Andy Lee with Family History fanatics, where we help you understand your DNA, climb your family tree and write your ancestor stories along the way. Today I’m going to cover tag groups and how they can help you with the multiple kit analysis tool. So let’s go over to GEDmatch and show you how you can create tag groups. So here I am on the GEDmatch homepage, and if you scroll down you’ll see that there is nothing here that says tag groups. And if you have just a free account, you’ll notice multiple kit analysis is one of the tier one tools. So how can you create tag groups? Well, there is a trick. If you go over to your profile management page, one of the options is the tag group management. When I click on that, it will allow me to set up whatever tag groups I want. (01:13): Now you can set this up based on matches based on family members. I’m just gonna call this one my close family. I can change this color to any color of the rainbow. And then I can just add that tag group that says that it’s been created. And now when I go to tag group management, I can see there is a tag group. But you’ll notice there is no kits in this tag group. And if I go and display it, it says there’s no kits exist because all I’ve done is create that group. I haven’t added anything to it. I’m going to manually add kits. When I click on this, it allows me to enter up to five kits. I’m just gonna enter one of my numbers and it’s added that one to my tag group. You can see here there is a kit number listed and that is what is in the tag group. (02:06): Now tag groups are a way that you can organize your DNA matches. You can color ’em different ones so that when you do a one to many search, then they’ll show up as that, or you can just be able to go and look at the tag group itself. However, with the free account, there’s not a lot else that you can do. Where the power of tag groups come in is with the multiple kit analysis tool. I’ve logged in now to my tier one account and as I scroll down, what I have access to now is the multiple kit analysis. So I can use this tool in conjunction with tag groups that I create, or I can also create tag groups within the multiple kit analysis. Let’s go in and explore and show you how you can use tag groups. I’m going to start on the one too many and it’s important that you use the tier one one to many for this because we’re going to use the select column over here. (03:06): And that’s gonna allow us to take a lot of kits over to the multiple kit analysis. Now these first few kits are all my family, but as you can see, I’ve gone down and I’ve checked several of these other kits that I want to look at together. So after I’ve checked on that, I can go up and I can click on the visualization options. Once I’m on the visualization options page, all the kits that I’ve selected are listed across the top here. And then I have all these different options. And this is why this is going to take several videos to do. We’re gonna just look at the tag groups right now. Here are my tag groups. Now you can see that I’ve already created some, but there’s also the option to create a new one. And this is based on the kits that I’ve just selected. It says add tag group with kits. So I’m going to create a new kit right here. I can change the color just like I did before. And then I’ll have all these kits that I just selected from the one to many as part of a tag group. So we’ll call this my practice kit, and we’re gonna change this color to let’s do a nice yellow right here at the top. And then I’m gonna just add that tag group with the kits. (04:23): It has added 21 kits to that tag group. Now going back to that tag group, I can do several different things with each tag group. First off, I can display which kits are part of that tag group. I can also remove kits or add kits to that tag group with any one of these. Now, when you are adding kits or removing kits, you have to understand which one it is. These buttons to remove kits and ad kits are not to add or remove individual kits. You’d actually have to go to the display edit tag group to do that. What these buttons to remove or add kits is to remove or add those kits that you just selected that are part of the multiple kit analysis. These are the kits that are just listed at the top here that I’ve already blanked out for privacy reasons. (05:11): Wherever you click on remove kits or ad kits, it’s going to add all of those at the same time. So you can quickly add multiple kits to a tag group or remove multiple kits from a tag group if you need to. Now, when I go and display or edit the tag group, it’s going to list all the kits. Again, just like we did in the free version. One of the things that you may want to do is change who the first person is, and that is with the move to first button. Basically, when you create a tag group, the first person is usually what you’re going to be comparing everybody else to in some cases, although in some other tools that we’ll see, you’re actually gonna be comparing everybody to everybody else. You can also delete a kit anytime you want by just clicking on the delete kit. (06:00): The edit group attributes will allow you to change the color if you don’t like that color that you’ve selected and you want to change it with somebody else. So what other tool might you want to use tag groups with? Well, you actually might want to use it with the comparison tool of people who match both of one or two kits. This tool right here where this tool is very useful is, for instance, if you have a cousin or a second cousin that you know well then if you are comparing two kits, what you have as a list of people who both have a common ancestor in the case of second cousin that would be a great grandparents or in first cousins, that would be your grandparents. By putting them in a tag kit, you’ve basically identified the people that all are related through that line of descent. (06:58): And so when you think about some other programs like Ancestry allow you to color code tag groups are a way to color code things. And by using the people who match both of one or two kits, you can quickly compare many people I have here on this tool. A second cousin of mine that I know is related through my grandmother, so through her parents. And then I also have my kit. So all of the people that match both of us should be related through that single grandparent or that great-grandparent pair. So let me go down and let me see the results. So I have here a list of all the kits that match both of us. Now these first ones are actually all of my close relatives, so I’m not gonna worry about those. But all the ones after this are going to be more distant relatives. (08:24): And so I can just select all of those and I can submit those to the multiple kit analysis. Once I’m in the visualization options, I can go over to the tag groups and add these people to a tag group. I can create a new tag group, but in this way I can actually organize a lot of the matches that I have on GEDmatch. And I mentioned that tag groups are very useful in the multiple kit analysis, but you don’t necessarily need to have tag groups for multiple kit analysis, although I use them with that tool a lot. In the next series of videos that I do about the plicate analysis, we’ll go over some of those other tools. So if you’d like to learn more about GEDmatch, then you can watch this video up here. Or if you just want something fun with DNA, then check out this video right here. But remember to subscribe to our channel and click on the belt if you’d like to be notified about upcoming episodes. --- ### [An Overview of DNA Comparison Matrices in Multiple Kit Analysis](https://www.gedmatch.com/education/an-overview-of-dna-comparison-matrices-in-multiple-kit-analysis/) **Published:** November 18, 2022 **Author:** digitalmarketing3 **Content:** # An Overview of DNA Comparison Matrices in Multiple Kit Analysis ## Video Transcription (00:00): It’s another video about the Multiple Kit Analysis tool, and today we are going to be talking all about matrices. (00:11): Howdy, I’m Andy Lee with Family History Fanatics where we help you understand your DNA, climb your family tree and write your ancestor story along the way. In GEDmatch, there is a tool called the multiple kit analysis tool, and as part of that tool there is a function where we can look at multiple people compared to multiple other people all at the same time. Now, the multiple kit analysis tool is a tier one tool, so you do have to subscribe to the website in order to use it, but there are multiple ways that we can look at multiple people. Now I’m gonna just go over to my tag group selection. I’m going to select one of my tag groups and I’m going to visualize that group so I can start using the multiple kit analysis tool on the visualization options. The one we’re talking about today is the matrices tab for the matrices. (01:03): You can see that there are six different options. We can look with the autosomal matrix, we can look with the generations matrix. We can look with the XDNA matrix, the overlap matrix, the fully identical snip matrix, and the full identical regions centimorgan’s matrix comparison. Each one of these comparisons has some useful information that you may want to use in your research. Let me start with the autosomal matrix comparison. I’m gonna leave all of the presets just the same that they are, and I’m going to look at this tag group of some family members of mine after a few seconds or so, depending on how many people you have. This is the page that you’ll be seeing. Now in this you can see that what it has is it has a list of all the people in that group on the side, and it has a list of the exact same people along the top at each one of these intersections of these boxes, that is the amount of DNA that those two people share. (02:04): And you can see that where the two same people intersect. You have this gray box and that’s going to just be a diagonal all the way across your matrix because those are the same people and we’re really more concerned with how that person matches somebody else. Now these are color coded, so the more closely related, in other words, if they are parents or siblings, then they’re going to be a green or even a dark green. If they are more first cousins or second cousins or third cousins, we’re going to see oranges to yellows. And if they’re really distant, then they’re going to be red. And if there’s no shared DNA, then the blocks is going to be blank. Now, before auto clustering, this is a tool that I would use to actually begin to create clusters. I download this to a spreadsheet and then move everything around to create my own clusters. (02:54): And I still use that because a lot of this DNA data, the amount of shared centimorgans, is very, very valuable. You can start to see, for instance, this person right here, well, they have a parent-child relationship. It looks like a sibling relationship, a sibling relationship, probably a first cousin relationship. So already just by looking at the centor information, I can see a lot of data about many of these people only because I’m comparing it all together. So that was the autosomal matrix comparison. Now, one thing that is very similar to that that provides a lot of the same data is the generations matrix comparison. Let’s take a look at that one. The generation matrix looks almost identical. It is the list of people on the side, the list of people across the top and the intersection boxes. Now, instead of having how much shared centimorgans, it has how many generations removed and it’s been calculated. (03:54): And so one is obviously very closely related, parent child 1.2 is usually siblings. And then as you get further and further out, you’re gonna be more and more distantly related. So you can see real quickly, hey, this actually has a nice little box right here, a cluster. It’s basically a cluster. So this is another way to help start to form some of these clusters and see how they might be related. Here’s another really big cluster of people right down here that are fourth or fifth generations, but they all share DNA in common. So these first two tools, the autosomal and the generations matrix comparison are ways of looking at really the same thing just with a slight different change. Now, the XDNA comparison is going to be very similar, but this is just your XDNA matches. So if you’re using really big groups, then you’re not going to get a lot of data. (04:53): There’s gonna be a lot of blank boxes. I’m gonna switch over to another tag group in order to do the XDNA comparison. This matrix is of my grandfather’s XDNA matches. Now, because he’s male, he only received one X chromosome and that was from his mother. So all of these matches have to be on his maternal side. Now we can see just from this that some of these are actually pretty close. So for instance, these two people are probably a mother and son or a mother and daughter because of how much DNA on the X chromosome they share. But even these others are actually significant enough, 15 or more cent organs that they might be able to figure out the relationship depending on how far distant the autosomal DNA shows that relationship is. So the X DNA matrix is another way that we can look at a certain subset of our matches. (05:52): Next, we get to the overlap matrix comparison. Now, the overlap matrix comparison I don’t find as useful, but if you want to see how different sets may match up with each other as far as their kits and which ones are gonna be the most likely to have good matches, then you might use the overlap matrix comparison. Let me show you. So what we can see on this matrix is that it’s showing how many snips, so in this case 406,000 snips that these two kits share in common. Now, depending on where they tested and when they tested, you might see numbers as low as into the less than a hundred thousand two, as much as here’s one that is 600,000 for those kits that have less overlap. If you wanna understand what that means for your matches, I have a video that I can leave a link to at the end of this video, but for the most part, a lot of the algorithms are going to find the matches that you want based on the number of snips that are already there. (06:58): These last two matrices, the fully identical snips and the full identical region are used primarily if you are trying to determine which kits are parent child, or which kits are the same people. And that’s because parent, child and identical twins are the same. People are both reported around 3500 centimorgans. Let me show you how this can help you determine whether they are these same people or whether they’re a parent or a child. So start with a fully identical snip comparison. This is comparing all of the fully identical snips and what fraction of all of your snips are fully identical between any two people. Now, you would think that, oh, well these two people are different. They don’t share a lot. Actually, most people probably have about half to two thirds of all of their snips in common with any other one person. So in this case, what this group of people is, is this is my dad, myself, Phil, who we’ll find out is actually me, both of his parents and his siblings, my dad’s parents, my grandparents, they are not related, but we can see right here that they share a little more than half of all of their snips fully identical. (08:24): Now, if I’m looking at myself and Phil, we see that it’s basically 1.09999. That is almost the exact same thing as saying 1.0. All of our snips are the same. On the other hand, if I look at my dad and me, I can see that hey, it’s about two thirds of the snips. If I look at my dad and his siblings, it’s about 0.7 of all of the snips are identical. Let’s go back to an autosomal matrix and see where these 35 hundreds are and how they show up over here. So I can see here that hey, these first four people are 3,500 and Phil has a 3,500 right here with me. And then there is this 35 hundreds over here. This is my dad’s siblings, which means that these are his parents. Where do those show up on this other matrix? Well, we said here were the first four. (09:35): Notice that these are about two thirds. And who were all these people? Well, these are all parent child relationships. There’s myself compared to my dad and my dad compared to his parents. The next one was Phil and me who are the same person, and that one was almost a one. And then here are the last ones of the 35 hundreds, and this is my dad’s siblings to his parents or their parents. And it’s also about the exact same amount as these other ones are for a parent-child relationship. So we can quickly see with this which matches are the same person and we can eliminate those kits cuz we only need to compare with one of those kits and which matches our parent sibling relationships. Now if that matrix was showing too much information for you, then go down and use the fully identical CM matrix comparison. (10:31): This is comparing those kits that have fully identical, not just half identical, but fully identical regions. So you can quickly see which ones are siblings and which ones are the same person. So for instance, before I was looking at me and Phil, and we both share all of our DNA in common because we are the same person. On the other hand, I can see these siblings of my dad and how much DNA they share, as well as how much DNA they share with each other. What you don’t see on here is you don’t see the parent child relationships. So depending on what you want to examine, you may use the fully identical CM matrix or you may use the fully identical snip matrix. Matrices are a great way to start analyzing multiple matches at the same time. And this tool, the multiple kit analysis tool, is worth having a subscription to GEDmatch. Now, if you want to learn more about overlap, I have a video up here and if you wanna see some more GEDmatch videos, there’s a playlist right here. But be sure to subscribe to our channel and make sure you like it and leave a comment down in the sections below. --- ### [Chromosome and Segment Tools for Multiple Kit Analysis](https://www.gedmatch.com/education/chromosome-and-segment-tools-for-multiple-kit-analysis/) **Published:** November 18, 2022 **Author:** digitalmarketing3 **Content:** # Chromosome and Segment Tools for Multiple Kit Analysis ## Video Transcription (00:00): Have you been on GEDmatch and been confused about the multiple kit analysis, wondering what that tool is going to do for you today, I’m going to show you a little bit about the chromosome and segments portion of that and how you can use this tool in your research. (00:19): Howdy, I’m Andy Lee with Family History Fanatics where we help you understand your DNA, climb your family tree and write your ancestor story along the way. If you’ve ever used the GEDmatch multiple kit analysis tool, let me know in the comments below whether or not it confused you Very simply, the multiple kit analysis does exactly what it says. It allows you to analyze multiple kits at one time. I have to say that this tool by itself is worth the $10 a month that you pay GEDmatch because the tools that are a part of it can do so many things for you that would take you hours and hours on end to try to do yourself. Here I’ve logged into juma, and again, I’m using my tier one account because the multiple kit analysis is a tier one tool. You can see right here that it is right below triangulation and right before Lazarus MKA multiple kit analysis. (01:23): Get familiar and get excited about using this tool. When you first click on multiple kit analysis, it’s going to bring you to this page where you can manually enter in your kit entries. Now you can type this in directly. You can actually click on the next box, which is all the kits that you manage. So you can select any of those. But the way that I like to use it most is with the tag group selection. So I can go over to my tag group selection and I can select any of the tag groups that I’ve already created and it’s automatically gonna load those kits into the multiple kit analysis tool. I’m just going to click on a kit and then I’m going to go down and I’m going to visualize the groups. The set of tools that I’m going to talk about today is the chromosomes and segment set, and as you can see from this, there are actually five tools here. (02:13): There is the segment search, which I’ve put a video out before there is triangulation. I’ve also talked about that in the video. There’s the 2D chromosome browser, the 3D chromosome browser, and the compact segment mapper. So these three tools are a little bit similar, although they each give a bit of different information. But let’s go through and let’s look at the results for this one tag group. For each one of these tools, I’m not going to change any of the default values of the centimorgans. I’m just gonna leave it at the 7 centimorgans, but I am going to click on the prevent hard breaks because I believe that should actually be a default for everything. This is the compact segment mapper, and what you can see from this is is actually showing all 26 people from that kit each with a different color or a different format in that some of them are crosshatch, some of them are just solid colors, and it’s showing which segments people share in common with this main person that would be the top person for that tag group. (03:25): So, we can see from this that there’s some of these light blue and darker blue that they share a lot of segments with them. While there’s a lot of these other colors, the pinks and some purples, they’re just sharing maybe a segment, maybe two segments, not that much, but the compact segment mapper allows you to see multiple people’s matches and all the segments for it in a really compact spot. You gotta thank Kitty Cooper for developing this and GEDmatch for allowing you to use this for any of your kits. Now this is a good starting point with a tag group of people that you know are related to start to look at more people in particular. So for instance, I might want to be looking at these three people altogether because it looks like they all share a segment of DNA in the same area, and that’s a good spot to start triangulation. (04:15): Also, I notice that there’s this other group down here where we got four people that have some different overlapping as far as which segments they have, but it’s all in that same general area. So the compact segment mapper allows you to have a lot of information in just a small space and show lots of matches and how they line up. Basically, it’s like doing a one-to-one comparison with everybody that’s in your group. So in this case, I have a one-to-one comparison with 26 different people. Next is the 3D chromosome browser, and this is where we’re starting to get into not just looking at one person compared to everybody else, but everybody compared to everybody. So the more people you have in your group, the longer some of these pages may take to run. What you have here is we start off with this page has some tables that give you some underlying information, how many segments are shared between people, how much centimorgans are shared between people, how many segments are on each chromosome that are shared. (05:18): But really what we want is we want this right here, the button that’s going to take us to the 3D chromosome browser. So on the 3D chromosome browser, what you see here is that I can rotate things by the X and the Y axis so that I can see where different things line up. There are people along the top and people, the same people along the side that is all going together, but I can change this by chromosome. So some chromosomes are gonna have different people in different areas. The colors indicate the size of those match, and so this is that information from before that was in a table form that’s now just graphed out. Some people may find this just overwhelming, and I understand. I actually don’t use the 3D chromosome browser very much, but some people that are very visual in how they like to see their data, they find this very good in being able to see how different people are related together over the course of looking at your different chromosomes. (06:26): So try it out. If you don’t like it, that’s okay. The great thing about GEDMatch is they’ve given you so many different options. Next we have the 2D chromosome browser. Now this is similar to the compact segment mapper that we looked at initially because what this is comparing is one person, our main person up here to everybody else in that group. The difference is that this has the information divided up by the segment size and the start and the end. So you can see that more visually where that is showing on the chromosome. But in essence, the 2D chromosome browser and the compact segment mapper are showing the same information, which is different from the 3D chromosome browser, which actually compares everybody to everybody else. Next tool is the triangulation tool. Now this is similar to the triangulation tool that you can get from the homepage. (07:26): The difference is is that now you’re just using this tag group or whatever kits you’ve entered into the multiple kit analysis for that triangulation. It is starting with your main person up at the top there, and each one of these is two matches. You have the first match and you have the second match. Now the first match and the second match both match the main person, but these people also match each other and it tells you where they match each other. Now I’m not gonna go into triangulation too much, but you can always go and check out my other video about using the triangulation tool and how to understand those results to understand this tool more. Finally, the last tool from multiple kit analysis that we’re gonna look at today is the segment search, and this is another one that you can do the segment search from the homepage, but this allows you to use that kit and so we have this main person, then we’re just looking at the people that are part of that tag group rather than looking at everybody in the database that might have a kit that matches with them. (08:34): So you can see with this what it is is it’s going through each chromosome and seeing what segments match. So this first one on chromosome number one, we have from a start position and an end position and then amount of centimorgans between each one. And the nice thing is is it gives you this graphic display over here so that you can start to see, hey, do different people have the same segments in common? For instance, if I look down here on chromosome number five, well there’s a couple of people that have the same segment as another segment that is much larger. Now, that much larger segment is somebody who is more closely related to this person, but these other two small segments are a potential triangulation point. You could have used a triangulation tool to see that as well. So I’m gonna refer you to my other video on the segment search to understand what you’re seeing in this tool even more. (09:33): But that is the five tools in the chromosomes and segment portion of the multiple kit analysis. Again, you don’t have to use tag groups in order to use this. You can actually manually enter ’em them in, or you can click on multiple ones from a one to many match or some of the other tools in order to get to the visualization options. Multiple Kit Analysis has lots of tools and it’s really easy to get confused, so take it slow and start trying out each one one at a time so you can see the results and see which ones help you. Now, if you wanna watch video on triangulation and the tool in GEDMatch, I have a video there and on segment search, I have a video down here and make sure that you subscribe to the channel and click on the bell if you wanna be notified about upcoming episodes. --- ### [Upgrading your One-to-Many Matching with Tier 1](https://www.gedmatch.com/education/upgrading-your-one-to-many-matching-with-tier-1/) **Published:** November 18, 2022 **Author:** digitalmarketing3 **Content:** # Upgrading your One-to-Many Matching with Tier 1 ## Video Transcription (00:00): Are you a tier one member of GEDmatch? And if so, you have some added functionality in the one to many tool. (00:15): Howdy, I’m Andy Lee with Family History Fanatics, and this is a segment of DNA. Be sure to subscribe to our channel and click on that bell if you wanna be notified about upcoming episodes. I’ve already made a video about the one to many tool that is available to everybody who has a free account or the tier one account, but if you are a tier one member, there are some additional features in the one to many tool that you should know about so that you can use them to maximize your efficiency in genealogy research. Now over here on the GEDmatch website, when we scroll down, we’ll see that in the DNA applications there are two one to many tools, and those are the ones that I went over. The one to many DNA comparison is the old tool from before the GEDmatch genesis that provides some of the data, the one to many beta has a lot more functionality for it. (01:09): And then if we continue to scroll down, we see that under tier one there’s also two tools, although they’re almost the same, there’s just a couple of slight differences. So let me go over the one that’s not labeled beta because they’re labeled beta and no beta, and then we’ll go over the beta one. So this is the one to many comparison without the beta, and what we can see is we enter our kit number and then we can change some things and we’re gonna search. So what is the difference between this and the others? Well, I’ll show you a couple of things and then we’ll go over to the other one. Now, first off, you’ll notice that some of these are highlighted, and what that indicates is that indicates that they are a tag group. And so the non beta version of one to many always has all the tag groups showing that’s the first difference. (02:08): The second difference really is that as we scroll over, we see that there is autosomal DNA and there is XDNA information, and then that’s it. There is not anything that gives us the source of that or how much overlap. And that really is the difference between these two tools is this has all the tag groups already listed and it doesn’t have the source and the overlap information. So let’s switch over to the beta and I’ll show you that information and I’ll show you also a couple of the bits of functionality that are available in the tier one that are not available in the free version. So here we are at the one to many tool that is listed as beta. Now we’re gonna put in our kit and we can start our search. (02:59): Now, I said before that the non beta automatically has tag groups. You’ll notice up here that one of the options you can actually choose is tag groups. So I’ll show you that here in just one second. But then the other thing from the non beta is it didn’t have these final two columns. It didn’t have the source and it didn’t have the overlap columns. Now the source column just tells you what company that test was from. The overlap tells you how many snips it shares in common with the match. And so that can give you an idea of how reliable that match information may be. So right off we see that there’s a little bit of difference in the information that’s being provided, but for the most part, the important information is there. Now, there is some functionality here that is not on the non beta version. First off, you are allowed to change your overlap cutoff. And so for instance, if you don’t want to see things that are less than a hundred thousand or 200,000, you can change that information. Or if you want to see things that are all the way down to zero, you can change that as well. So you can just click on the dropdown menu and change this, let’s say to a hundred thousand. (04:19): And then when I search it, it’s going to give me a new list that just has more than 100,000 in the overlap. So I scroll down here, I can see on my overlap, Hey, all these are either the na, which means they’re from the old GEDmatch or they are more than a hundred thousand. Next is the amount of matches that it shows you. Now I believe the default in the free version is 50, but you’re allowed to go up to 3000. Well, in the tier one you are allowed to go to however many you have. Now I’m going to go and I’m gonna select the maximum 100,000. I don’t think that I have that many. I believe I only have about 20, 25,000 matches. Next I wanna show you about the tag groups. Now, tag groups is something that you can have none. You can have all or you can have one. (05:11): What I want to do is I want to show you each one of these because they’re a little bit different. Now none is the default and that’s not showing any tag groups. The all is what the default of the other one to many matching tool is. And so if I go and I click on my search for that, what you can see is you can see that there are some different tag groups here that are just highlighted by these different colors. One thing with the all if you’ll notice, is that it is going to have all the tag groups for that person. So you can actually see that this person right here, JL-M3 is part of two different tag groups. And so their information shows up twice. And that’s one thing just to be aware of as you’re looking at your match list because you don’t want to think that you have more matches in some particular area when really all it is is the same person. (06:05): They’ve just been tagged in different groups. So just be aware of that on all. Now, if you want one, the information appear says it’s gonna show only one row for each person and it’s gonna just do a random tag group. So I’m gonna go down and there is JL who has a green and a mustard yellowish color. Well now on one I’m going to search and I can see that JL shows up as the green. So that is the one tag group. Now the other great thing about the tier one is we’re able to use this select column. Now, if you remember on the one to many tool for the free version, you had the select column, but you weren’t allowed to actually click these boxes. Well, now I can go through and I can click these boxes. And what that’s going to do is that’s going to put a lot of kits over into the visualization options. (07:02): So when I click on that, it goes over to the visualization options. And this is also called the multiple kit analysis. And I’m gonna have some other videos that go through a lot of these different things. But this is very useful for taking a look at different aspects of a group of people’s DNA. And you can quickly select that right from the match list. On the one to many, there are more features of the one to many that are the same thing that you can find on the free version. So if you’d like to learn how to use some of the features of this tool, then go and review that video on the one to many. And if you have any questions about the tier one one to many, put it in the comments below and I’ll try to answer it. And if you like this video, be sure to give it a thumbs up and share it with all your friends. --- ### [What is DNA Overlap on GEDmatch?](https://www.gedmatch.com/education/what-is-dna-overlap-on-gedmatch/) **Published:** November 17, 2022 **Author:** digitalmarketing3 **Content:** # What is DNA Overlap on GEDmatch? ## Video Transcription (00:00): If you haven’t logged onto GEDmatch recently, then one thing you might see when you’re looking at your match list is overlap. And what is overlap? Why is it important and why is there so much confusion? We’re gonna try to tackle that today. (00:21): Howdy, I’m Andy Lee with Family History Fanatics and this is a segment of DNA. Be sure to subscribe to our channel and click on the bell if you’d like to be notified about upcoming episodes. Now, overlap has caused a lot of confusion among people and it was just started to be included in the match list when the GEDmatch Genesis program came out. Now, since that time, Genesis has been merged over to the regular GEDmatch website and so overlap is here to stay and understanding. It might help you understand why you’re seeing some of your matches and why maybe you’re not seeing some of your matches. So let’s get into it. To begin, DNA companies test your DNA and they look at somewhere between 500,000 and 900,000 individual locations out of 3 billion. Now, between different companies, they each select which ones they want to choose. (01:12): And because of this, some of those sites are the same sites, and this is what we call overlap. So for instance, family Tree DNA might overlap with 23andme in about 200,000 of those locations. So it might be that 23 and Me has 300,000 locations that are different from anything that Family Tree DNA has. And Family Tree DNA might have 300,000 locations that are different from anything that 23 and me has. Now because there are thresholds in matching, you have to match a certain number of centimorgans, but you also have to match a certain number of snips. That’s those these individual locations that are being tested. The amount of overlap is important because while both 23 and Me and Family Treatment DNA each test about 500,000 locations, it’s only the same locations that they can look at. It’s only that overlap that can be looked at. (02:08): So for instance, instead of 500,000 locations that are spread out along those, there’s really only 200,000 where they both test the exact same snips. In other words, the overlap that they test that you’re comparing. What this means for segments is as you get into smaller and smaller segments, there’s less and less snips and at some point you may not have enough snips to meet that threshold, so you may lose a segment that really is a match, but just because of where the different people tested, you’re not seeing that. Let me put up a little chart here to help explain it more. And this is a list of the different testing companies and their different chip version. Each time they change a chip version, they change which of those snips they’re including on each one of those tests. Now I’m just using 10 because the screen’s not big enough for 700,000. (03:03): So we’re just gonna be looking at 10 and you can see, hey, ancestry with their version one, they tested these ones of the snips and then their version two tested a little bit different. Same with 23 and Me, same with my Heritage Family Tree, DNA and Living DNA. So next, let me highlight a couple of tests. So let’s look at the ancestry test and the 23andme test. Their most recent versions, you can see that ancestry, they test on 2, 3, 5, 6, 9 and 10, 23 and me they test on 2, 4, 5, 7, 9 and that’s it. And so the overlap between these two is really only positions two positions five and positions nine. Now if we look at a different test, if we look at Family Tree DNA in comparison to that ancestry test, we see that family Tree DNA, they test on 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, and 10, but the overlap with ancestry is only two, three, and 10. (04:02): So because of that, there’s a lot of these gaps in the information and if those gaps get big enough, then you might start to get, or you might start to lose matches that are really should be there, but they’re not being there because of the thresholds. What does the overlap table then look like if we are comparing each one of the different tests? Now the ISOG website, they have a table that shows you how much overlap there is between the tests. And you can see on this table and you can see in the link below how the different tests overlap. And in most cases they overlap by at least a couple hundred thousand and sometimes as much as you know, 600,000 snips. But the Jet match overlap is a little bit different. So based on the test that I’ve taken with all the different companies at different times, I created my own table of overlap. (04:58): And you can quickly see that the overlap when the GEDMatch database is not the same as the overlap that’s listed on is og. Now why is this? Well, GEDMatch doesn’t look at every single snip that is tested. GMA started back in 2010 and at that time Family Tree DNA and 23 and me were both offering tests. It was the 23 and me version three chip. Now the 23 and me version three chip had um, just over 900,000 snips on it. And you can see based on the overlap that GEDmatch is actually looking at the vast majority of those almost 850,000 of those with the Family Tree DNA chip, they had about 700,000 snips on it and GEDMatch decided to look at the majority of those, also about 620,000. And most of those overlapped with ones from 23andme. So there’s really only a few thousand of the Family Tree DNA snips Extra that they added in. (05:55): Now why they didn’t go with the entire group of 23andme and Family Tree DNA snips, I don’t know, but they still got the majority of them. Now as time went on, 23andme changed their chips, ancestry added their chip, my Heritage added a DNA test, but Dares was using the Family Tree DNA chips. So there really wasn’t much change there. And then we also have Living DNA that added their chip as well as some other companies. Now, because of the way that GEDmatch is storing their data, my guess is is that they didn’t want to necessarily expand the overall snip that they were looking at because that might then invalidate some of the past results. And so they kept this same base of about 870,000 s snips. I know that that’s really what the limit is, is because I’ve created a super kit, a GEDmatch super kit using their tool and using their tool. (06:50): It comes up with 870,192 snips and that is using all of the tests that I’ve taken from all the different companies. Now I’ve created my own super kit I showed you in a video before and that kit has over 1.5 million snips in it. And those are all individual snips. So there is, you know, 600,000 of those snips that Jed Max is just ignoring. So they’ve got a specific selection of those snips and it’s really based on that version three of the 23 and Me Chip and the original Family Tree DNA chip. Now what this means when it comes to comparisons is that if you have a 23 and me version three chip or a Family Tree DNA chip or am my Heritage Chip, then you are going to get the best matching results when you’re matching with other 23 and Me Family Tree DNA and my Heritage chips. (07:43): Now the results with the Ancestry chip are still pretty good because it still covers about 400,000 of the common snips between them. But once you get into the 23 and Me version five chip, the latest version they have, and if you’re using the Living DNA chip, then what you’re gonna see is we’re starting to get into much less DNA that’s being compared and that’s where this overlap might be a problem. Now GEDmatch points this out when you’re looking at the columns on your match list. If the overlap column is highlighted in various shades of red or pink, that just means that the overlap is really small and so the results may not be very reliable in that case, the major downside is, is that you’re going to miss out on some matches that you wouldn’t have otherwise. So one reason that I encourage everybody to test everywhere is because the information you get is different. (08:39): Now when you’re uploading that information to GEDMatch, then there really is a priority as far as what the best information to upload is. So for instance, the 23 me version three chip, that’s the best information that you can upload. The My Heritage or Family Tree DNA chip, that is the second best information that you can upload. Then there is the Ancestry DNA chips, that’s the third best information to upload. And finally you have the other 23 and ME chips and the Living DNA chip. So if you haven’t tested at Ancestry Family Tree DNA or My Heritage, I encourage you to test at one of those places and make sure you upload that data to GEDmatch and use that to help in your matching results. So next I wanted to show you this table. And this is a table that basically combines that information from the other table. (09:27): I know that there is a maximum threshold of around 870,000, which is the maximum number of snips based on my super kit that GEDmatch is looking at. And this table is showing the percentage of what each one of those chip combinations has and how much you’re actually going to be matching with. So for instance, if you are matching a 23 and me version four kit to a 23 and me version five kit, you’re only using 11% of overall snips that GEDmatch looks at. And so there’s gonna be a lot of information that you miss. On the other hand, if you have a 23 me version four kit and you’re comparing it to an Ancestry, uh, version two kit, you get about 33% of the overall snips. So it’s three times the amount of information that you’re looking at between those two kits. Now, like I said, the best kit is going to be the 23 and me version three kit, which if you’re comparing it to another 23 and me version three kit, 97% of all the snips that they’re looking at are included in there. (10:29): And so there’s very few matches that you’re going to be missing out on because you’re not missing out on the very much information. Now, if there was a way for GEDmatch to retrofit their website and be able to bring in all this other snip data from these new chips, then comparing a living DNA chip to a 23 and me chip would be as accurate as comparing an ancestry chip to a ancestry chip. You’d still have some issues when you’re comparing, you know, a 23andme chip to an ancestry chip, but those issues would be minimized because we’d be looking at a whole lot more snips. Overall, there is nothing that you can do to overcome the problem of low overlap. The only thing that can be done is for people to test with other companies and upload the results to GEDmatch. So when you’re looking at your match list, if you’re comparing it to one of the match lists on one of the other websites and you’re not seeing some of the same people who you know have uploaded to GEDmatch, it might just be that there’s not enough overlap in the snips to be able to actually identify that match. (11:37): Of course, it’s always important to remember that each website has their own algorithms that they use in order to determine what a match is. And so there might be some cases where there’s plenty of overlap, but one site, just their algorithm doesn’t call that a match, but another site does. Ideally you’re gonna find multiple matches that go back to a common ancestor and in this case, overlaps not such of a big deal because you have multiple matches that are all leading back in the same line. So that’s what you should focus on if you’re dealing with just one match, make sure you’re paying attention to whether or not you have good overlap, whether that box is highlighted in red or not. And if you have any questions about overlap that you would like me to answer, put it in the comments below. If you like this video, give it a thumbs up and make sure you share it with all your friends. --- ### [How to Use One-to-One Comparison](https://www.gedmatch.com/education/how-to-use-one-to-one-comparison/) **Published:** November 17, 2022 **Author:** digitalmarketing3 **Content:** # How to Use One-to-One Comparison ## Video Transcription (00:00): So you’ve found your match list on GEDmatch, on the new Genesis system, and now you want to compare your specific kit with somebody else’s specific kit. How do you do that? (00:19): Howdy, I’m Andy Lee with Family History Fanatics and this is a segment of DNA. Be sure to subscribe to our channel and click on the bell if you wanna be notified about upcoming episodes in this series. I’m going over each of the tools on the new Genesis system by GEDmatch, and today I’m going to be looking at the one to one matching. Now one to one matching is where you can find detailed information about a specific match. So let’s go over the Genesis system and see how this works. Now, once you’ve logged into the Genesis system, there’s actually several ways you can get to the one to one matching. I’m gonna go through each of ’em just so you know how if we scroll down to the DNA applications, we can see that there is the one to one autosomal DNA comparison and the one to one X DNA comparison. (01:07): Now these tools are very similar. The only real difference is is that the X DNA is only looking at one chromosome, the X chromosome, while the autosomal DNA is looking at chromosomes one through 22. When I click on it, it’s going to get me to the Genesis one to one match screen, and you can see what you need is you need two kit numbers in order to use the one to one comparison. Now these could be two kit numbers that you manage or they could be two different kit numbers, but there’s a couple of other ways that are probably actually easier to get to the one to one match screen with a specific match that you want. Now, previously I showed you how you can get to the one to many match screen by just clicking on one of the kits that you manage. And when you do that, it pulls up this information. (01:55): If you click on any one of the As in this column, that is going to go to the one to one match screen and it’s gonna have those two kit numbers already filled out for us. Another way to get to the one to one is through the one to many beta, and if we click on that and we put in our kit number, then it will give us our list of matches and we can go down and what we wanna do is we wanna click on either the autosomal number of shared DNA or on the XD that we share with them. Clicking on either one of those also gets us to the one to one screen and it already has the two kit numbers filled in. So once we get to this screen and once we have our two kit numbers filled in, there are several different options of different things to look at. (02:43): Now, the first one is the show, whether you want to have the graphics in the position, just the position or just the graphics. Let’s take a look at what each one of those shows. So this first is with graphics and position, and what it does is it goes through each one of the chromosomes and there’s gonna be a little table here with these segments that you share. Then there’ll be a graphic that is displaying what those segments are, and that goes through all 22 chromosomes. At the top is the legend of what each one of those colors mean. Now if I just wanted those positions, I didn’t necessarily want the graphics, I can click on the position only and it will give me just this one table that has all of those segments. So if you are taking segments and making your own table of matching segments, then this is really what you would do because then you could easily copy this whole table, paste it into your program and be able to have those matching segments. (03:43): It’s also useful if you use DNA painter in that you can copy those segments and paste that directly into DNA painter to paint your different segments. Now, if you just want the graphic only, then all you’re gonna get is each one of those chromosomes in this little graphic. Now, I use each one of these functions in different ways because sometimes I’m looking at DNA by the tables, sometimes I want to have the computer take those numbers and manipulate them. Other times I’m looking at the graphics for a quick visual of how we might be related. Now that is the basic information. The next option is the builds that you want to display. Whether you want to display build 37, 36 or 38. Now it defaults to build 37, but what this really does is it just changes what the position is for a lot of these things. (04:38): So each one of these builds uses a little bit different example, and so the numbers are slightly different. So you can see in this first one, this goes from 14.7 million to 24.2 million, whereas in build 37 it’s 14.8 to 24.4, and in build 38 it’s 14.52 24.0. So a little bit different numbers because they use a different reference set for determining what those numbers are. Overall, the amount of cent Morgans is going to be the same and the amount of snips is going to be the same. Now, normally I just leave this at the default of build number 37, but if you do work with other kits from other companies that may use one of the other builds, then this is useful for actually being able to compare what segment from a build 37 kit is matches up with what segment from a build 36 or a build 38 kit. (05:37): The next option here is the window resolution, and this tells you how big you want that graphic to be. Now it defaults at 1000, which is a thousand pixels wide. And so let’s just take a look at the graphics. And on this screen here you can see that a thousand pixels wide takes up almost the whole screen, not completely, but almost the whole screen. If I go back and I change that down to 750, well now my bars are all shorter. They only take up three quarters of the screen. So depending on how big your screen is, if the default is beyond what you have, then you can shrink that. You can also make that larger, and in this case you can see yeah, now it’s much larger. I have to scroll to be able to see where all of those segments are on the graphics part. (06:23): The other thing is if you’re really interested in having a single pixel length for each snip, you can click on this full resolution. Now there’s sometimes when this is really useful when you’re trying to pinpoint a specific location on the genome. What is different about this is that this actually has another graphic right underneath it, this white one, which tells you the position. So for instance, 10 M is gonna be 10 million, 10 mega bases, 20 mega bases, 30 mega bases, 40 mega bases, and on. Now each one of these little tick lines, whether it’s red, yellow or green, represents one snip and whether or not that snip is matching between those two people, but you can see that if you do the full resolution, you are gonna get a very, very big long graphic and it’s all dependent on the number of snips. So you can see that some of these chromosomes have much more snips in them than others, and so they’re much longer. (07:26): As we go down to our smaller chromosomes, there’s not near as many snips and so they end a lot sooner. But again, if you need to figure out exactly where a certain part is, then this might be useful for you. I really don’t use the full resolution a lot. I usually stick with just the 1000. So next we’re going to get into the snip threshold size. Now what it is to call a match is there’s two things that are needed and that’s what these next two are is the snip threshold and the centor threshold. Now, for a segment to be called a match, it has to match both of these. And so the first one is is it has to have between 200 and 400 snips in a row that match, and then it has to have at least seven cento Morgans in size match. (08:20): And so that’s what the defaults are, and you can change that if you would like. So let me just take a look real quick here because I wanna see something that I can change that you’ll see a definite change. All right, so here on chromosome number two, I have a segment that is only 7.90 centimorgans long and it is 834 snips long. And so it’s calling it a match because both of those are above 7 cent of Morgans and above that two to 400 snips. So what if I change this snip limit to 900? Well, now when I go down here, I can see that that segment on chromosome number two is gone because it doesn’t meet my snip limit. It’s still 7.90 cent Morgans, but it doesn’t meet my snip limit. The same thing if I take away that snip limit and I put in, let’s say 10 cent of Morgans when I go down, that segment is still gone on chromosome number two because it doesn’t meet that 10 cent Morgan snip limit that I have. (09:21): So where would you want to use these? Well, there’s a couple of cases you would want to use this. First off, if you have endogomy in your family, meaning that you have lots of relatives that might have been third or fourth or fifth cousins that just intermarried over a long period of time, meaning you share a lot of the same DNA, and that means a lot of these segments might be just common throughout the entire population. In that case, you might want to change your segment size from seven to 10 or even 15, in which case now it’s going to eliminate any segments that are smaller than that. So hopefully what’s left is just gonna be the ones for those more closely related about three to five generations away from you. The other time that you might want to change the snip window is if you have kits that don’t share a lot of snips. (10:17): So if you watch that one to many video, there was some kits with overlap that only had about 50,000 snips. Now Genesis for the most part has adjusted for this, but what we can find is that if we put a smaller snip limit in and if we put a smaller segment size limit in, we’re gonna find more segments. The more likely it is when we share a lot of snips, then these segments are probably more just false matches or matches just because we’re from the same general population. So let me show you, I’m gonna actually change this snip threshold to 100 and I’m going to drop my minimum segment size down to four. Now you can see already on chromosome number one, there’s this five cento Morgans right at the beginning of that chromosome that was only 171 snips. So it falls below what that centre threshold is, and you can see here’s some other ones that are below that. (11:22): And so it’s finding some of these other segments that are much smaller. So if you’re going to use the snip threshold size, make sure you understand what it is useful for. Again, if you have a kit that you don’t share a lot of segments with, then it’s useful to change that snip size down to a lower level to hopefully find some more segments. But if you already share a lot of snips, if you’re over that a hundred thousand, then it’s probably not gonna be very useful cause it’s gonna find a lot of little segments that aren’t really matches. So this next one is called the mismatch bunching, and this is actually related to the snip size. It defaults by taking that snip size and dividing it by two. Let me show you what I mean by the mismatch bunching. So when the computer is looking at a match, it is looking to see that it has at least a half a match continuously for that time, but it allows for some mismatching. (12:22): You can see in this match right here, I have a half match over this 24 to 72 mega section of chromosome number three. It’s 51 centimorgan’s long, and it looks like there’s one little red mark right in the middle there, but it’s not been divided up into two segments. What that means is that the computer is going to look for the first mismatch and the first mismatch, it’s gonna basically create a marker. After that mismatch, it’s going to look to see how close the second mismatch is, and you can see in this case it’s not until the end here that that second mismatch is. If that mismatch is closer than half of the snip limit, the snip threshold that was that 200 to 400, then it’s going to cut it off and say that, hey, it’s no longer a match. And so in this case, there probably was not another one in the right range and that’s why it kept this all the way through. (13:22): And you can see that as you go down, there’s lots of different segments that might have one solitary one or sometimes even two solitary ones here on chromosome number 13, you can see a good example of where it found a first mismatch and then shortly thereafter it found a second mismatch and there likely was not. You know that 100 to 200 snips in between those two, and so it actually calls that a little no match in that area. Now if you change that bunching limit, it’s going to change whether or not it calls this a no match. So let’s see if we can actually change the values so that it is not a no match in that area, but it’s actually a match. So in order to do this, what I’m gonna do is I’m going to define my snip threshold and I’m gonna put my snip threshold at 500 and I’m going to make my bunching limit at 100. (14:18): And let’s go down to chromosome number 13 and we see, hey, at those levels it is still a mismatch. Let’s try to change that down to 50 now and there at 50 as a bunching limit. You can see those two red marks still show up, but it’s no longer called a no match in that section. So now this is calling the entire thing one great big section. Now, why do these mismatches happen? Sometimes those mismatches happen just in processing the DNA, and so they may be, they may be errors where it actually is called incorrectly. Sometimes it’s just because those are close together and there was different recombinations right in the same area. And so those really are multiple segments. Now that’s something that when you get more knowledgeable about how to analyze DNA that you may use these bunching limits and this snip window for probably most of your analysis. (14:14): You’re not going to use those. Now. The next one is to show fully matched segments, and this is those areas where you fully match people. So you really only want to use this when you know that you have siblings or double first cousins or something else where there’s going to be fully matched region because if I click on it right now, this is with me and my aunt, you’ll notice that there’s really no areas that we fully match, which is expected because she’s only related to me on one side of my family. But if I come back and I do this same thing now with my mom and her sister, then it’s going to highlight those areas that are fully matched areas, and so I can see, hey, what sections are fully matched. Now, they also will have half matches on some other areas, but this gives me the fully matched segments. (16:12): Now if you are doing some visual phasing, then this is a great tool to quickly be able to grab those numbers as far as where that fully matched region is. Now the last one is this prevent hard breaks. And this one might be a little bit difficult to understand, but it says that its default is to create a heartbreak when the distance between snips exceeds 500,000 base positions. Remember on your genome, the companies have analyzed about 700,000 positions. Some of these are more evenly spread out and in some cases they’re actually really far apart between one snip and the very next snip. And so what Genesis defaults to do is to create a hard break. So let me show you what this might mean. As we’re looking right here on chromosome number one, we can see that, hey, there is this segment right here that then it looks like there’s a part of it where it is a no match, and most likely this is because this has created a hard break. (17:11): There’s a snip, and then there’s about 500,000 bases before the next snip. And so it’s going to default and say, well, there’s a break there because it really doesn’t know whether or not it’s a match in that area. On the other hand, we can see overall with this green, the whole section before and after is a fully matched section. And so it’s really likely that that is fully matched in that section as well. If we go back and we click on this so that we prevent heartbreaks, so it doesn’t automatically put those in, we can see on chromosome number one, it has not broken up that segment. It has maintained that. Now as all one segment, and this is something that I do on almost every one of the searches on GEDmatch, is I don’t prevent those hard breaks. So when you’re doing a one to one comparison, one of the things I highly recommend is you actually go and change this so that this box is checked. (18:10): So that is how you can use the one to one match comparison, and it is a tool that you should actually use on all of your matches before you contact them because the one to many match is just a gross overall look at it. You wanna do the one to one comparison to make sure that you actually match on some segment of DNA and hopefully that that segment is significant enough and maybe you actually match some other family members on that same segment that you can be able to provide this match some information for. Now, if you have any questions about how to use the one to one comparison, put it in the comments below and I’ll try to answer it. And remember that X comparison is operates the exact same way. It’s just comparing the X chromosome. If you like this video, be sure to give it a thumbs up and share it with your friends. --- ### [How to Save Gedcom Files to Transfer](https://www.gedmatch.com/education/how-to-save-gedcom-files-to-transfer/) **Published:** November 17, 2022 **Author:** digitalmarketing3 **Content:** # How to Save Gedcom Files to Transfer to Other Genealogy Websites ## Video Transcription (00:00): Do you need to learn how to download GEDcom files so you can transfer your family tree between multiple different platforms and your computer? Then this video is for you. Welcome to Family History Fanatics. My name is Devin Noel Lee. And before I show you how to do the transferring, let’s explain why you might need to save, create, download. In other words, get a copy of your GEDcom file. Well, the first thing is actually to back up your family tree. If your tree is in a genealogy software program or online, having a GEDcom file of that tree is the file format that is universal. That can be shared through genealogy software programs and websites, but it serves as a backup and you should always be backing up your tree. The other thing that GEDcoms files does, as I alluded to, it’s the universal program that can be used by other websites and genealogy software program. (01:15): So you can transfer your GEDcom files to Ancestry, you can transfer your GEDcom to My Heritage to GEDmatch to find my path to Wiki Tree and so on. Now, there are some platforms. You can just upload your GEDcom file and now you can start editing and making changes. And there’s other programs where you just upload a GEDcom file and just access the information. The one website that you cannot upload your GEDcom file two and then edit it as part of the family tree research you’re trying to do is family search. Now I have a video explaining why you cannot upload your family tree to the family search website. Be sure to check a link in this description below for this video. Now let’s talk about downloading your GEDcom file. The first place you can go to download a GEDcom file is from the program Roots Magic Roots Magic will be very similar to any other genealogy software programs you have out there. You will be able to export your, family tree into a GEDcom file. So let me show you how to do that right now. So come up to look for file. I’m up here on file and when I open it, I have the option to export. So when I export, there are a lot of choices. I can export everyone from my Family tree or I can choose from a list. Let’s say I wanted to get only the people from the Branden Burger Group and I wanna get the Ancestors for 10 Generation (02:59): And all the collateral lines that might actually meet a lot of people. But notice some of these ones right along here. They’re not going to be part of that export. I clicked ‘okay’ , and then there are more choices I can have or not have. I’m gonna turn off multimedia links. It gets a little wonky when you try to transfer multimedia between, platform. So I go ahead and turn that off. Um, you can privatize living people, but when you transfer your GEDcom files between software program, um, don’t privatize living people. If you’re, you’re given a copy to somebody you don’t know, but if it’s somebody you are wanting to research on a different location, then go ahead and and leave that open. So, um, unchecked, I mean go ahead and click okay and then you’ll be told how to go forth and save your, your file. (03:57): So I’m just gonna call a test and then I have a jet com file. Easy as that. So pretty much all genealogy software programs work just like that. What happens if you want to download your family tree, back it up, share it with other websites, and your family tree is over on My Heritage. Let’s walk through how you do that right now. Let’s say you want to transfer your tree from My Heritage to some of the other programs that we talked about. You could download it using genealogy software, but there’s also a way to use it from the website. So when we go to our trees on my heritage, we’re going to go up to Family Tree and then manage the trees. So if you need to transfer your tree from My Heritage to other locations, this is how you download those GEDcom files. So go to My Heritage and log into your tree, then go to Family Tree, manage your tree. (05:06): After you go to manage your Tree, look all the way over here on the right and it’s super easy, easy. You can download your original GEDcom file that started your tree or you can export the one that you have created using My Heritage. Include the photos. I’m actually gonna not download the photos and then begin the export. Once you come here, you have the option to add the photos or take them off. I take them off. They can’t do it that way. Now once you’re on this slide, you have a couple of options. You can’t export your personal photos or your photo album. I’m not going to because I’m going to transfer it to another website and I don’t really want to have the photos attached. So I’m gonna begin the export and when just a moment, all of a sudden (05:56): GEDcom is generated and it typically takes a few minutes, you’ll receive an email when it’s ready to be viewed. So then next website you might be interested in finding out about is ancestry.com. How are we going to transfer our or export a GEDcom file to create one using Ancestry? Well, all you have to do is go to a tree. Now I actually have several trees. I have the Geisler Tree, the Uncle Bob’s tree, and the Rain Tree. But I’m gonna go ahead and export this tree, the Geisler Brown Tree. So I go over to tree settings and then I’m going to scroll down and it says Export the Tree. Pretty straightforward. It’s going to run a calculation and tell you when it’s ready to be it. And if you have a very large tree, it can take a while right there. So unlike my heritage, they’re gonna send you an email when it’s ready Ancestry, you’re gonna download it straight to your computer. How cool is that? (07:20): Now let’s talk about what do we do with Family Search. Well, you can download your treat from Family Search and I’ll show you how to do that now. Now you might be wondering, why, why are you over in a genealogy software program again to download a tree from Family Search? Well, because you can’t download your tree from Family Church because it’s a really big tree. It’s billions of people together because it’s a one tree, not an independent tree. So you have to use third party software. So let me show you how to first get your tree from Family Search into Roots Magic. This is the one we’re using today. And then all you have to do is repeat the process like we did earlier for this group and export it. But first let me show you how to get it, the file from Family Search. So let’s close out of this one. We’re gonna make a new file and we’re gonna call this Test two. And once that’s open, I’m going to connect to Family Search and I want to import data. Now I can import data from myself or I can import data from somebody over on Family Search. So let’s say I’m going to get Geraldine Rain, you hear about her a lot here on Family History Fanatics. I’m going to come up here to this funny little number and that’s her person id. If I click on it, I can click (08:54): On the popup that says Copy the ID. I don’t have to do the copy paste. It does it for me. And then I go back to the third party program, roots Magic and I paste it in there. Now I’m gonna recommend that you don’t download everybody, uh, to Family Search. Just get a couple generations, some more generations you try to include the longer it’s going to take. So I’m just gonna do, you know, just four, generations of ancestors. I can always add more people to, uh, roots Magic. But I’m gonna start there. Oh, it will have me log in and then I’ll wait and I’ll wait until it finishes. And once it’s finished, then I’ll be able to save it to my tree, uh, to my computer as a GEDcom file and then share it to the different places I need to share it. (08:54): So once again, you can save your GEDcom file from a lot of platforms and then you can then upload them to My Heritage Ancestry Wiki Tree, find my Past, and so on. Lots of places where you can use your GEDcom files. Now if you have further questions on how to do genealogy skills, then make sure you put a link, your questions in the comments section because that’s how this question, this video came to be. Someone said, Hey, you know, I wanna get my ancestry tree to find my past and I don’t know how. That’s where the download a GEDcom file from Ancestry and then imported in Find My Tree comes to be. And stay tuned for more videos on how to use Find My Past in the Future. And for now, if you wanna check out our latest video, I’m not sure which way to go. If you wanna check our latest video, it’s right here somewhere. --- ### [User Lookup Tool Explained](https://www.gedmatch.com/education/user-lookup-tool-explained/) **Published:** November 17, 2022 **Author:** digitalmarketing3 **Content:** # How to Use User Look Up Tool ## Video Transcription (00:00): Do you ever need to find some other users on GEDmatch? And sometimes do you have a kit number and you want to figure out what the email address that goes with it? Well, today I’m gonna show you how to use the user lookup (00:19): Howdy, I’m Andy Lee with Family History Fanatics, and this is a segment of DNA. This is part of a series about all the different tools on the new Genesis system for GEDmatch. And today I’m gonna show you how to use the user lookup and talk about some of the instances where you might want to use it. So once you’ve logged into the Genesis system, the user lookup tool is going to be right over here in the information section. And this is a great tool to be able to look up by the GEDcom number, by the kit number or by the email address to find any of the users of the GEDmatch system. Let’s talk about some different ways you may need to use this. For instance, you may have downloaded a match list from GEDmatch a year, two years, five years ago, but you didn’t download the email addresses with them. As you’re going through, you actually have found one of those kits that looks like might be promising for some research you’re doing right now. In that case, what we can do is we can go over to the GEDmatch DNA kit number and we can type that kit in. (01:25): And when we click on display results, it’s going to tell us who that kit belongs to by their name or their alias by their email address. And it’s also gonna tell us whether or not there are any GEDcoms that are attached with that kit. Now, let’s say for instance, that we actually know the kit numbers and we have an email address attached to it. Or let’s say that you’ve gotten an email address from Family Tree DNA or from another match that’s emailed you and you wanna see what that kit number is because they didn’t tell you what that kit number was in the email address section. If you type in the email address, then it will tell you all of the kits that are attached to that email. And so here you can say, this is the main one that I use, and it actually has all of these kits that are attached to that email, and it’s only giving the alias of those, (02:23): But it’s also going to give me the GEDcoms that are attached to each one of those different kits. Now the third way that we can use the lookup is if we have a GEDcom number. If we were doing some research with different GEDcoms and we’re going through and finding them and we want to see what that jcom number attached to, then we can put that GEDcom ID number in this field. And when we display results, it’s going to give us the name of the key person for that jcom. It’s gonna give the email address of the contact, and it’s going to give us the kit number that that is associated with. Now recognize here that this person may not be living, this person may have already passed on the kit number that’s associated with it. Also may not be a living person depending on who has uploaded that kit. (03:18): But, this gives us the contact information as far as the email address so that we can then email those people to find out some more information about that GEDcom. Now, a couple of things that I’ll just point out here, and they say it in the instructions right here is first off, wild cards aren’t allowed. So you need to know the exact kit number or the exact email address. You can’t just know a partial on that. The other thing is, is you don’t have to worry about upper and lower case. It doesn’t matter. And finally, the last thing is that if the owner of this kit or of this jed com has marked it is private, it’s not going to show up. And that is in a nutshell how you can use the user lookup tool on jma. I’ve used it a lot in order to help find some information on different people for kits that I am researching, and also to be able to get in contact with other distant cousins when I’ve lost their email address for some reason. So if you have a question about what kit is attached to what email address, use the user lookup in jma, the user lookup for GEDmatch and for the Genesis system work the exact same way and they look the exact same. So if you have any questions about how to use the user lookup system, put it in the comments below and I’ll try to answer it. And if you like this video, be sure to give it a thumbs up and share it with your friends. --- ### [How to Use One-to-Many Matching](https://www.gedmatch.com/education/how-to-use-one-to-many-matching/) **Published:** November 17, 2022 **Author:** digitalmarketing3 **Content:** # How to Use One-to-Many Matching ## Video Transcription (00:00): Many people take a genealogy DNA test to find cousins. And if you’re using the Genesis system of GEDMatch, you can find cousins by using the one to many tool. (00:17): Howdy, I’m Andy Lee with Family History Fanatics and this is a segment of dna. In this series, I am going over all of the different tools on the new Genesis system of GEDMatch and today we’re gonna be talking about the one to many tool. So when you log into Genesis, the one to many tool is going to be down here under DNA applications. And for those of you who do not have a tier one membership, you still have access to this tool. There are actually two tools right now and they’re each a little bit different, so I’m going to show both of them. But first what I wanna show you is that you manage kits over here in your DNA resources and by clicking on any one of these kits, it’s going to go to the one to many tool. So just like that it will pull up the list of matches for that kit. (01:10): So let’s go back and let’s actually use this one to many tool and we’re gonna start with the one to many comparison result. And this is the simpler of those two tools. Now what it’s gonna have you do is it’s gonna have you enter a kit number. Now this can be one of the kit numbers that you manage. It can also be any other kit number that is publicly available. So this is the quick table that it will give you for a one to many comparison. And let’s just go through each of the columns so that you understand what information is being displayed here. So first off is the kit number column and that is just the kit numbers for the kits that you match. And each one of these is hyperlinked. If you click on them, they are gonna open the one to many tool for that kit number. (01:55): So you can actually jump from kit to kit to kit all the way through as you’re looking at this different information. The second column is one to one, and this is actually a tool to do a one-to-one comparison between your kit. And that’s listed right up here with this kit that you’re doing the one to one comparison to. And what it’s gonna do is it’s gonna open up the one to one comparison form. I will be covering that tool on another video, but if you want to try it out, go ahead and try it out. Now the next two columns are the name and the email and this is the information to identify that kit number. Many people in the name field, they actually use an alias, but the email is the email contact that you can use to contact the person that manages that kit. (02:4o): Now, one thing to remember is that as you can see here, a lot of people manage multiple kits. And in fact, if you come up with dna@lead-web.org, that means you match one of my kits. But I have a ton of kits for not just my personal side of the family but also my wife’s side of the family and also for some other people that I manage kits for. So don’t assume that the person that you’re matching with is the person that’s gonna be answering the email. Make sure whenever you email somebody you include that kit number and that alias because it may not be the person that’s answering the email whose kit you match, it may be somebody else. So the next column is called the largest segment and this is the largest segment in centimorgans that you share with that person. Now with the top of the list here, it’s going to be a, you know, fairly big number if you have very close relatives. (03:36): As you go down further in the list, what you may find is that the amount of centimorgans that you match is the same as the total centimorgans and that just means that you match on just one segment. So the next column is the total centimorgans. And in this column it is telling you how much total shared DNA you have. And this is usually a good identifier of how closely you’re related. In some cases you can actually identify what that relationship is just based on the amount of centimorgans that it’s showing. The next column here is the generations column. And this is an estimate of how many generations removed the two of you are. In other words, how far this kit of this person is to this next person. Now a 1.0 relationship is going to be either a twin or your parents. (04:32): When you get further away it will go to grandparents and then aunts and uncles at about 1.5 and then cousins, first cousins at about 2.0 and it continues on by the time you get to about 4.0, 4.5, it’s really not a good predictor of how closely you’re related other than the fact that hey, you’re at least four generations removed, but it could be a lot further away and that’s just because the amount of DNA you share is not very large and there’s lots of different relationships that overlap with that amount of dna. The next column is the overlap column. And this is an interesting one cuz this is part of the reason why Genesis was created. Now you can see with a lot of these right now it says NA and these were all kits that were uploaded into the old Gedmatch system. And so they were initially analyzed using the Gedmatch algorithms. (05:23): But as you go down your list, you’re going to come across some that have a number and a color highlighted. What the overlap is is it is the number of snips that is being used to compare these two kits. Now the more snips the better. So in this case this is read and it says it’s 50,000 snips and that means it’s not necessarily a really good comparison but it’s still able to compare. Whereas if we go down a little bit further we can see that hey this one has 133,000 snips being compared more than twice as much as that other kit and it doesn’t have a color at all, which indicates that yeah, this is a much better comparison for it, it’s probably much more accurate. So the next column here is the date compared, and this is the last time that these two kits were compared. (06:11): Usually, when a kit is upload it’s going to be compared during processing to all of the other kits as far as finding its matches. So in some of these cases you can see that these were back in 2018 and this is probably when they were doing this initial genesis crossover With some of these newer kits you can see that hey, this was done back in 2018 in December, so most likely this kit was uploaded in December of that year. Finally the last column is the testing company. Now previously GEDmatch used the first letter of the kit number to indicate the testing company, but since then they have gone to just a random two characters for the first. And so they’ll actually tell you the testing company over here. So for old GEDMatch kits you have to know that M is 23 and me A is ancestry, T is family tree dna and H is my heritage with the new system for all the new uploads you can see right here, hey it’s gonna tell me exactly that this is 23 and me and you can see over that the kit number, it has two letters as the first two digits. (07:17): So it is a little bit different as far as the nomenclature for the kit number. Now something else to be aware of as you’re going down is you’ll see every now and then that some of these kit numbers will be highlighted in a green and sometimes it’s a darker green, sometimes it’s a lighter green. What that indicates is that indicates that this is a new kit. You can see that this one was probably just uploaded, in the end of March. But if I scroll down here I can see that this one right here that’s light green, it was uploaded just about a week, two weeks before that. And so it’s a lighter green. What Genesis is doing is it is looking at the last 30 days to see what new kits are available. So if you periodically want to be looking at your GEDmatch list and see what’s new, what you should be doing is once a month go in and look for these green kits which indicate that that is a new kit and you can add those to whatever match list that you organize somewhere else or take a look at them in more detail. (08:16): Now one thing you will notice with this tool of the one to many matching comparison is that there’s not a lot of customization that you can do. There is not a sorting of any of these columns or, being able to move things around. And so what you need to use for that is you need to go to the other tool. Now the other tool is called one to many the beta and that means that there’s still some bugs that they’re working out, still getting the final programming finished with it. But I’ve used it several times and I find it very useful. So feel free to give the one to many beta a try and we’ll go through what is different about that. So first off, when when you click on it you can see yeah this is a completely different user interface that you’re seeing. (09:00): We’re gonna put our kit number in here at the top and then we’re gonna filter by either autosomal X in this case we just wanna do autosomal and then it has this offset. We’ll talk about that in a second. It tells you, well what size do you want? And then whether you want tag groups, what the overlap cutoff is for right now, I’m just going to search and so I get a match list and you can see that hey there it’s a little bit different. There’s actually some different columns in here, some more information and there’s some other things that we can do. Now this first column is the select column and this is for visualization options up at the top here. Now it’s only available to tier one customers. And so right now you can see that it gives me an X that I can’t select any of these boxes. (09:51): But next column is a kit number and that’s what I just described before. It is the kit number and if I click on this, then it’s going to go to the one to many for that kit just like the other one did. Then we have the information, the name and the email address. And again that is the same. Next we have a new column, the GED or Wiki tree. And as you go down here you can see that some of these have either GED or, and I don’t have it listing Wiki tree on any of these. What this is is this is a link to a GEDcom file so that you can actually see how that person is related based on what they’ve uploaded as far as a GEDcom And I’ll go over GEDcoms in another video. The next column is the age and this is how long that kit has been uploaded. (10:42): So taking a look at some of the kits that I manage right here, you can see they’ve been uploaded for you know, 3, 4, 5 years, six years in some cases because that’s how long it’s been since I’ve been on the GEDmatch website. Others of these have only been uploaded for a few months or in some cases you’ll find just a few days. Now let’s column this type. And this is actually something new to me and I am still trying to figure out what this is. I might actually have to email the GEDmatch programmers to figure out what type is most everything that I’ve seen is a two. So when I have some more information on that, I’ll be able to give it to you. Then we have the sex of the person, whether they’re male or female. And this is reported by the person that uploaded this kit as is the next two columns, which are the haplo groups for your mitochondrial DNA or for your Y dna. (11:31): And again, these are all self-reported by that group. So some of ’em may be incorrect, some of them may be outdated in some ways. Then we get to the total centimorgans and this is the total amount of shared DNA that you have with that person. Then there is the largest centimorgans. And again, this is the same as what we saw in the other tool, but the difference now is as you can see, each one of these is hyperlinked and that’s because that one to one tool is now that hyperlink. So that hyperlink will go to that one to one comparison, the generations columns next and that is the same thing. And then we also now have the XDNA. So the beta version is reporting not only the autosomal DNA that you share but also the XDNA that you share with those people. (12:22): There is the source, which is again what company that kit was from and of course the overlap how much overlap there is between those two kits. Now with this format there are some different things we can do. You’ll notice that in each one of these columns you can actually sort by alphabetically or reverse alphabetically. So you can look at the kits in an alphabetical fashion if you wanna look at the ages. So you wanna see what the most recent one is, you can look on that or if you wanna see the oldest one, you can do it that way. If you want to just look at all the ones that have a GEDmatch or a tree, you can click on that and it’s gonna bring all those to the top. Again, with the total cm, that’s gonna be either all at top or all at the bottom. (13:09): If you’re just looking with Hapla groups and you want to group those together, then you can click on the Hapla group and that’s going to group each of the call to Hapla groups together. And another one that is important is XDNA. If you’re looking specifically at XDNA matches, it’s gonna be able to pull up those matches that you share XDNA with. Now with this beta version, there are also some other tools and we can go back to the top, we can actually see this and we’re gonna change some of these around and we’ll see how the list changes. So first off, I’m gonna start a new list and it is 1 – 50. So this is just looking at my matches number 1 – 50. So the first thing I can do is I can go up to this limit and I can change that limit. (13:54): So let’s say that I want to look at my top 100 matches. Well now I have a hundred matches and for the free side you can actually look up to 3000 matches. Now 3000 matches is for most people going to be plenty of information that you need. What we can do is we can go over and see at my three thousandths match how much centimorgans I’m sharing with them. And all the way down at the bottom you can see at 3000 I share roughly 9.90 centimorgans with those people. So the next thing that we can do with this list is we can start at an offset. So let’s say for instance that I’m looking at this list and I’ve already looked through all of my first top 100 matches and I want to just be focused on the next set. So what I can do is I can put 100 in the offset, that means it’s gonna start at my 101st match rather than my first match. (14:57): And it’s going to look for the next 100 matches. So this is my 101 to 201 matches and I can change these numbers based off of anything within here as long as I don’t go above 3000. Now the next thing that I can do is I can change what the limit is. So for instance, if I change this to a higher number, then that will eliminate those matches that only share a smaller segment of that. So how could you use this? Well, I’m going to look at my 500 matches and let’s say of that top 500 matches, I know that I have a lot of endogomy and that is where we have um, family members, not necessarily close family members, but second, third, fourth, fifth cousins that are intermarrying all the time. And so you end up looking like you share a lot more DNA than what you really have. (15:54): And what it does is it means that when you start to look at your match list, you have thousands and thousands of matches that are all these small, you know, 10, 15 centimorgans, but they’re really, really distantly related to you. So by changing this and let’s say I’m gonna change it to 20, then it’s going to look at everybody that has more than 20 centimorgans shared. So you went, so you can see that that match list went from 500 people down to just 143 people because these people all have to share at least 20 centimorgans or more. The next one is tag groups. Now if you have tag groups, you may have made them a different color. Now I don’t actually have any tag groups tagged on this account right now cause I’m gonna show you how to do that in another video. But what this will do is it will actually bring the groups up to the top so that you can focus on any of those tag groups. Now finally, the last tool here is the overlap cutoff. And if you remember I said that the more overlap you have, the better it is for a match. So if you want to eliminate some of these smaller kits with with too little overlap, then you can change that number. So for instance, I want to change this from 45,000 up to 90,000. So I want at least 90,000 snips matching to be able to call it a match. (17:19): So when I search through there, now as I go down, what I’m gonna find is that in this overlap column, the very last column, it’s either gonna be na, which means it was already done on GEDmatch. So it definitely has more than that. 90,000 or any of these new kits are gonna be above 90,000. You’re not gonna see any of those 50,000 kits or the red kits that we saw earlier. So those are some different tools you can use on jma. In the one to many matching, remember there’s two tools. There’s the basic one that doesn’t really have a lot of the sorting and then there’s the beta version that you can sort through different things. You can actually change the thresholds for what you’re looking for as far as your overall matches. I would recommend that this is the first place you start when you’re getting onto Genesis and start going over your match list and seeing what matches you actually already know and which ones you may have already matched with through one of the other programs like Ancestry Family Treating A 23 and Me because if they’ve uploaded their kit to GEDmatch and you match them on GEDmatch, you should also find that match on those respective websites. (18:22): Now if you have any questions on how to use the one to many tools, put it in the comments below and I’ll try to answer it for you. And if you like this video, be sure to give it a thumbs up and tell your friends. --- ### [Are Your Parents Related?](https://www.gedmatch.com/education/are-your-parents-related/) **Published:** November 17, 2022 **Author:** digitalmarketing3 **Content:** # Are Your Parents Related? ## Video Transcription (00:00): Are your parents related? Well, Genesis has a tool that can help you find out. (00:11): Howdy, I’m Andy Lee with Family History Fanatics, and this is a segment of dna. Be sure to subscribe to our channel and click on the bell if you wanna be notified about upcoming episodes. This is a series of episodes about how to use different tools on the Genesis system of the GEDmatch website. And today we’re talking about are your parents related? Now, most people might think, well, my parents aren’t related, but if you go back three or four generations, you might actually find that your parents share a common great, great grandparent, great, great, great grandparent. So let’s see how this tool works. When you log into Genesis, you can find the tool down in the DNA applications, and this is the tool called Are Your Parents Related. When you click on this tool, it’s going to have you enter the kit number of a child. (01:03): Now, let’s just go over real quick how it can tell whether or not your parents are related. There’s a little paragraph at the top here that explains how this tool is working, what it’s looking at, but in essence, since you got one set of chromosomes from your dad and one set of chromosomes from your mom, if there are locations that are long enough that match on both of those chromosomes, then it’s likely that they might have inherited that from the same ancestor. Now these sections are called runs of homozygosity and all you need is you need the kit of a child to be able to tell whether this is the case or not. So I’m going to add in my kit right here, and when I click on submit, it’s gonna go through and it’s gonna tell me what this is looking at specifically. So in other words, specifically it’s looking for an area that has at least 200 SNIPs in a row that are the same between my two chromosomes. (01:59): It’s also looking for that segment to be at least 7 centimorgans long and it gives a map for each one of my chromosomes. And you can see that yeah, there’s some places where it’s green indicating that it is the same for a little bit of a distance. But overall I look at the bottom and it says that there’s no indication that my parents are related, and that just means that in the last, you know, five, seven generations, they probably don’t share any common ancestors. Now if you go further and further back, I think everybody’s family tree begins to collapse in on itself as you find that there was people that you share in common through both your mom and your dad. Now, if you want to learn more about this runs of Homozygosity, you can actually go to David Pike’s website and read some more about it. (02:48): But, I will tell you it is rather technical. So if you are not into this technical aspect of DNA, then this website’s probably not going to interest you. But you can see that this tool ran really fast and it is something that you can do on every single kit. Now, particularly if you know that you are adopted, then this might be good to do to find out whether or not, hey, is there some common ancestry between both of my parents that I might be finding in a genealogical timeframe? If you are part of an endogenous population, I would highly encourage that you run this because most likely you’re going to find that there are a lot of places that you actually had DNA inherited from both parents the same. So what does somebody who has parents that are related look like on this tool? So here’s somebody that actually has their parents related, and you can see that it looks a lot different than what mine did. (03:43): It still has mostly red, but there are some bigger sections of green all interspersed within here. And in those big sections it’s also been highlighted blue underneath, indicating that these are a match. They meet that threshold of 200 snips and of 7 centimorgans now going through this person’s chromosomes. You can see on several of the chromosomes there are these runs of homozygosity. That’s a really hard thing to say. As we scroll all the way down to the bottom, we can see that hey, the largest segment was actually 30 centimorgans. That’s actually a really large segment and there’s total of 242 centimorgans that are part of these runs of Homozygosity. It gives you an estimate of the number of generations. So there’s about four generations between one parent and the other parents. So that’s I think, the great great grandparents. So these parents might share a set of great, great grandparents or great great, great grandparents in common. (04:46): So I would encourage everybody to actually use this tool really is one of the first things that you do. It is a quick tool. It doesn’t take too long. Probably for most people it’s gonna come up with not being related in the last several generations. But for those of you who do, then that gives you a clue of what you might find. As you’re searching your family tree, you’re going to see that those trees from both your mom’s side and your dad’s side actually intertwine together at some point in the last few generations. It’s really exciting to see a lot of the different things that DNA can tell us. Just with your own kit, you don’t always need to have other relatives kits in order to use some of these tools effectively. And the are your parents related tool is one of those. So if you haven’t tried the Are Your Parents Related, go and try it today. If you have any questions about this tool, put it in the comments below and I’ll try to answer it. And if you like this video, be sure to give it a thumbs up and share it with your friends. --- ### [The Tool Order for Beginners](https://www.gedmatch.com/education/tool-order-for-beginner/) **Published:** November 17, 2022 **Author:** digitalmarketing3 **Content:** # The Tool Order for Beginners ## Video Transcription (00:00): Many people have asked, if you’re just getting started with the GEDmatch, which tools should you be using? So I’m gonna go over four tools today in the order that you should be using them. Howdy, welcome the family History fanatics where we love helping you climb your family tree and have fun along the way. GEDmatch has a lot of tools and gonna be overwhelming. Now, I’ve created videos on how to use lots of the different specific tools and hopefully I’ll get through all of them this year. But if you’re just getting started with GEDmatch and you wanna know which ones should I be using first? Then I’m going to talk about four tools today and the order that you should be going and using them. Now, the first tool that I want to talk about is the are your parents related? (00:45): So let’s go and take a look at where you can find this tool. If we go over to the GEDmatch page, you can see that the are your parents related tool is right here. Now, why would you want to use this tool? Well, you can watch the video that shows more about this, but in essence what you want to do is you want to identify whether or not you’re going to have problems sorting your matches. The majority of people have matches that can be sorted into two columns. Those that are related to your father and those that are related to your mother. In other words, you inherited that DNA through one of those two lines. Unfortunately, for those whose parents are somewhat closely related, now this could be second, third, fourth, fifth cousins where you end up sharing a little bit of DNA that you got from both your mother and father. (01:46): Then you may have matches that could be from either one and you don’t know which one because you got that same DNA from both your mother and your father. But like I said, the majority of people do not have this problem. You’re probably gonna come up with no, they’re not related. And then you know going forward that you don’t have to worry about whether they might be in both or if they’re one or the other. Now the next tool after you’ve figured out that you don’t have any problems or that you maybe do have a problem is the one to mini list. And this is the shared match, or this is the match list. This is the people who match you with DNA. Now in GEDmatch, the one to many is a real quick and dirty way to analyze it. So the numbers on that are not necessarily going to be exactly accurate, but we’ll get into that in a second. What you can do from this list is you can identify those who you are most closely related to. Now you can find this tool on GEDmatch and it’s (02:58): Going to be this one right here. There’s two of them. There’s the beta, and then there’s just the DNA comparison. I would almost always use the beta. It gives a lot more information and I think it’s organized better. So with this match list, now you are gonna be able to start to focus where you want to do your research, which matches you want to look at because you know which ones are mostly most closely related to you. I would typically start with those that are share at least 50 centimorgans or more and strive to identify who they are and how they’re related to you. Once you’ve exhausted that list, then you can start to look at some of the others. But this is a good starting point and it actually is a segue into the next one. The third tool is the people who match both or one of two kits. (03:56): Now, I mentioned before that matches usually fall into a maternal side or a paternal side. Well, this tool is going to help you to start to divide those matches up. It’s a way to sort your matches into groups. So for instance, let’s say that you have a cousin that you know that has tested and has uploaded their DNA to GEDmatch. If you do a match both, then what you will find is you’ll find a list of people that you and your cousin both match. Now you happen to know that your cousin is related through your mother because your cousin is the son of your mother’s sister. Well, that means that list that matched both of you is all related through your mother. They’re all maternal cousins. So you’ve already now taken a big group of your matches and them as maternal. You can do this with second cousins, third cousins, and really anybody that you know how they’re related to you, that shared match list tells you that they’re on a certain side of your family tree. (05:15): When we go over to GEDmatch, we can find the people who match both or one of two kits tool right here. What you want to do then is you wanna start taking those matches from the most closely related to you from the one to many match list. And for each one of those closely rated, you want to be running this one or ma people who match both of those kits. And that way you can see well, which ones start to group together. And if you actually know the relationship of any of those kits, then you can actually assign them as, this is my paternal or my paternal, or this is my paternal grandfather (05:57): Or my maternal grandmother. However you know that relationship, you are going to be able to start grouping these and seeing which DNA matches go together. And now you’re actually able to start to do some research into these different people. Before we continue, if you want to support us, there are many ways that you can help out in the description below our links to our show notes, to the blogs, to free guides, as well as information on how to join fhf Extra. The most important thing you can do is leave a comment, share this video with your friend and click the like button. We grow thanks to support from members like you. And with that, you’re gonna go to the fourth tool. Once you have a better idea of how somebody is related to you and maybe some of the other matches that are related to them, it’s time to start looking deeper into this match. (06:56): This tool is going to give you the details, specific details about that match. So it’s not only gonna show you how much you match, but it’s gonna show you which chromosome you match on where that segment is located on that chromosome. Now this can be used in conjunction with this group or these groups that you’ve looked at. When you look at each one of them, do you see anything in common? For instance, hey, you know five of these people all share a segment that is the same in this, on this chromosome that everybody else does. That’s an indication that you all received that segment from the same common ancestor. Now, the bigger the segments are, the more closely related that ancestor might be, although not always. So that should help get you started. Now, if you want to watch each one of the videos for these individual tools, then they are in the description below. Start with the are your parents related, then start with, then go to the match, list the one too many. With that, we’re gonna start using the matches, both kits to start to group things and start looking at each individual one with the one to one. If you have any questions, you can put it in the comments below. Now, if you’d like to just get an overview of GEDmatch, you can watch this video up here. If you want to learn something else, then you can watch this video down below. --- ### [One-to-One Autosomal DNA Comparison](https://www.gedmatch.com/applications/one-to-one-autosomal-dna-comparison/) **Published:** October 10, 2022 **Author:** digitalmarketing3 **Content:** Free GEDmatch Tool # One-to-One Autosomal DNA Comparison ![one to one hero image](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/one-to-one-hero.png) Get personalised insights into your ancestry Visual representation of shared autosomal DNA segments Easy to use: simply enter two kit numbers and view the results Expand your search and match rate with our suite of tools ![genealogy](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/genealogy.png) ### Detailed DNA comparisons Conduct detailed comparisons of two DNA profiles, with results based on default thresholds or on thresholds you specify. ### Estimate the number of generations that separate you from another user Estimate the number of generations that separate you from another user. ![common traits](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/common-traits.png) ![connect with matches](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/connect-with-matches.png) ### See a list of shared chromosomes and nearby matches Use our simple visual representation of shared autosomal DNA segments, with blue segments indicating significant DNA shared between you and your match. ##### How To Use The One-To-One GEDmatch Tool? The GEDmatch One-to-One tool lets us examine the details of our DNA and compare it to our matches by comparing chromosomes. The information One-To-One GEDmatch tool helps you learn just how closely related you are to your matches and demystify family tree questions! If you share many small segments with a DNA match this could mean being related in several ways. Longer segments show an earlier ancestor than shorter segments. 1 Log in to your GEDmatch account To use your One-To-One Tool, you first need to log in to your GEDmatch account. The One-to-One tool is located under the “DNA Applications” title on the right side of your GEDmatch dashboard, which is the screen you see after signing into your account. Enter the following information: - Your kit number - The kit number of the person you would like to compare DNA results ![GEDmatch free tools](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/one-to-one-step-1.png) 2 Select your preferred Visual ![selecting preferred visual](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/one-to-one-step-2.png) The Tool has its own default settings; you do not need to adjust anything else unless you want to update it. The ‘default results’ setting is “Graphics and Position” but you can change that to a list by selecting “Position only” or to a visual graph by selecting “Graph only”. Once you’ve selected your preferred visual – click **Submit**. 3 View your results After you submit the required information on the tool page, you will be able to view the results of the comparison. If there are no matching DNA segments found between you and someone else, you will see a message that says **“No shared DNA segments found”**. If you have matching DNA segments with your match, the results will look much like a spreadsheet. It might be just one DNA segment, or there could be multiple segments. ![one to one results](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/one-to-one-step-3.png) ##### What do GEDmatch One-to-One Results Mean? [ ![Results of one to one comparison](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/one-to-one-results-a.png) ](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/one-to-one-results-a.png) Each person has 22 numbered chromosomes. The results above show that the two people share 12 DNA segments on 10 of their 22 chromosomes. These two users have: - The largest shared DNA segment of 34.9 cMs - 158.8 cMs of shared DNA (of combined segments above 7 cMs in length) - An estimated distance to the most recent common ancestor of 3.2 generations ![Breakdown of how to read one to one results](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/one-to-one-results-b.png) ##### Why Use Graphics? In cases where you are closely related to a match (such as being a sibling), it may be interesting to compare half-identical regions to entire identical regions. Everyone has 22 numbered chromosomes, and two copies of each chromosome. One copy of each chromosome, or around 50% of our parents’ DNA, was passed down to us from each of our parents. The 50% of our parents’ DNA that our siblings also inherited will not be the same 50% that we inherited. Some of them will be identical and overlap in “completely identical regions,” which are those where the DNA from both the mother and the father is present. ![one to one results graphic](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/one-to-one-results-graphic.png) Because most of our DNA matches are only linked to us on one side of the family, we only share “half-identical” areas with them. The color-coded key towards the top of the results page for your GEDmatch tool designates these several regions. ###### Subscribe to our Newsletter Stay up to date with the latest trends with tips, tricks, and tools from our community of experts! Email Subscribe --- ### [What is GEDmatch?](https://www.gedmatch.com/education/what-is-gedmatch/) **Published:** November 17, 2022 **Author:** digitalmarketing3 **Content:** # What is GEDmatch? How Does it Help Genetic Genealogists? ## Video Transcription (00:00): Gedmatch doesn’t test your dna, but you can still find cousins and a whole lot more. So what is actually in the GEDmatch database? (00:15): Howdy. I’m Andy Lee with Family Fanatics, and this is a segment of DNA be sure to subscribe to our channel and click on the bell if you wanna be notified about upcoming episodes. Gedmatch is a database that you can submit to your raw DNA files to and be able to match with the 1.2 million other people who have submitted their files already. GEDMatch is not a testing company. You can’t buy a DNA kit from them. All you can do is upload the data from the other testing companies. Now, why would you wanna do that? First off, GEDMatch has some different tools and a different way to analyze and look at your DNA and be able to match with other people. The second reason is that for some of the companies, the only way to match with people in their database is to be in their database. (01:04): Namely, 23andme and Ancestry don’t allow transfers of outside DNA kits into their databases, considering that these two companies have 75% of all the DNA tests that have been done. If you’re not in one of those databases, you could be missing out on dozens or even hundreds of potential matches. GEDMatch was a solution to this problem by allowing uploads from all of the companies. However, it is still up to each individual to choose whether or not they wanna upload their information to GEDmatch. And based on the size of GEDmatch , at 1.2 million, less than 10% of all the DNA test kits that have been made have been uploaded to GEDmatch. I wanted to get an idea of which customers of which company used GEDmatch the most, and in order to do this, I had to extract some information from the GEDmatch database. Now, GEDmatch labels a kit according to the company you test at an A for Ancestry and M for 23 and me and H for my heritage and a T for Family Tree dna. (02:14): To figure out how many total tests were from each company, I needed a large set of valid kit numbers and then I could count up the number of A’s M’s, T’s and h’s. I managed several kits GEDmatch, and so for each one I did a one too many match, and this gave me 2000 kit numbers for each one of them. I stuck all these numbers in a spreadsheet, removed all the duplicates, and ended up with almost 21,000 unique kit numbers. Then it was a simple matter of adding up all the A’s, Ts, M’s, and h’s. Now this chart shows what those results were. You can see that Ancestry has the most number of kits in the database database followed by 23andme and then Family Tree dna. And lastly, my heritage. There’s also the other category which includes kits from Living DNA from waging, as well as some other companies. (03:10): And it includes kits that have been manufactured, like the ones that law enforcement may use, or my combined kit where I actually took the information from all of my tests and combined them into one kit. The other category is a really small percentage of all the kits on GEDMatch, so I’m not going to discuss it much here. Now the order of the top four companies is mostly unsurprising Ancestry is the largest with about 10 million, and then 23 and Me at about 5 million. Now, my heritage recently overtook Family Tree DNA with about 2 million samples compared to Family Tree DNA’s 1.5 million samples. So that was the only place where the amount of kits on GEDMatch doesn’t match the actual size of the different company’s databases. But when you compare the percentage of samples in the GEDmatch database to the percentage of overall DNA samples that each company has, you start to see some interesting numbers. (04:08): Both Ancestry and Family Tree DNA have a larger representation in the GEDMatch database. Then you would expect just from their overall database size 23 and ME is less represented. And at the very bottom is my heritage, which is far below what we’d expect based on their database size. Now, why this disparity? I can think of a few reasons, but it doesn’t cover everything. First, family Tree DNA has always been the genetic genealogy company that caters to the serious genetic genealogists. So it stands to reason that those people would be the first to adopt GEDmatch and be the most willing to put their information on GEDmatch. But that can’t be the reason why Ancestry is overrepresented in the GEDMatch database because a lot of their marketing is targeted towards the casual user of genealogy or even the ones that are just getting a genetic genealogy test for the ethnicity results. (05:08): So I really can’t think of a reason that explains Ancestry’s Overrepresentation in the GEDMatch database. Now, 23andme has always had genealogy as a secondary function of their DNA gathering, so I would expect them to be underrepresented. My heritage is a conundrum because I would expect that their clientele would at least be as interested in genealogy and genetic genealogy as Ancestry’s clientele is. Yet they far underperform when it comes to submitting to GEDmatch. Since my heritage is the youngest of the genetic genealogy testing companies, it might be that a majority of their clientele have already tested at one of the other companies, and so there’s no need to submit another test to GEDmatch. Or another explanation is that they might have just had so much recent growth that a lot of their customers haven’t even had the opportunities to submit their information to GEDmatch. Maybe in another year. (06:08): When I redo this analysis, I can see whether or not anything has changed that would help me to understand why my heritage seems to be so underrepresented in the GEDmatch database. So with these numbers, I also wanted to see what percentage of each company’s clients have submitted their information into GEDmatch. So first I figured out how many samples in the GEDMatch database come from each company, and then I divided that number by the total size of each company’s database. And you can see that over 11% of Family Tree DNA’s customers have uploaded their information to GEDmatch while only 1.4% of my heritage customers have uploaded a GEDmatch. Ideally, I’d like all these numbers to be really close to a hundred percent, but even if all of the companies were only at 11% like Family Tree dna, then the GEDmatch database would double in size and it would be that much more useful. So if you haven’t uploaded to the GEDmatch database, I’d urge you to go and check it out. It’s free to upload and use their basic tool set. And I have videos with links in the description below on how to download your raw DNA file and upload those to GEDmatch. As always, if you have any questions about the GEDMatch database, put it in the comments below and I’ll try to answer it for you. And if you like this video, be sure to give it a thumbs up and pass it on to your friends. --- ### [Living DNA](https://www.gedmatch.com/education/living-dna/) **Published:** October 9, 2022 **Author:** digitalmarketing3 **Content:** # Looking for long-lost cousins? GEDmatch and Living DNA help you find those missing branches! ![GEDmatch and Living DNA](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/GEDmatch-LivingDNA.png) ## A perfect complement to Living DNA genetic tests. ## DNA matching made easy. ![DNA matching](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/GEDmatch-and-23andMe-section-image.png) - Take your Living DNA results farther with GEDmatch and get instant access to your DNA match list. And even better - it's free. - Create your free account to explore more than 1.5 million DNA profiles from GEDmatch. - You’re just a few clicks away from expanding your DNA knowledge. Testing through Living DNA only provides matches within their database - GEDmatch will work to match you to profiles across our users from other major DNA testing services. - Expand your view beyond the Living DNA database providing you with any deeper information about your ancestral history and connections to other ethnicities - clues to what makes your truly unique. - When you test through Living DNA and upload your DNA file on GEDmatch, you automatically double-check the results of your tests on the GEDmatch database which has more than 1.4 million members and continues to grow. - With the click of a button, you'll be able to connect with those who have similar genetic codes as you. You may find long-lost relatives or distant counsins that could provide valuable insight into your genealogy. We've even had stories of unknown siblings from different parts of the world! #### Benefits ![double helix](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Group-797.png) ##### Discover DNA Relatives If you test with Living DNA and want to find relatives outside their database, upload your DNA data here and see who else is out there! ![family tree](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Group-798.png) ##### Seach Possible Relatives Upload your DNA data here and see if anyone on the platform is related to you. With GEDmatch, you can easily grow your family tree! ![One to one graphic](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/one-to-one-graphic.png) ##### Genetic Genealogy GEDmatch is a genetic genealogy site where DNA matches can find relatives across genealogy projects, such as Ancestry, MyHeritage or FTDNA. ##### Features ![multiracial genetics tool](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/multiracial-genetics-having-meeting-about-gene-eng-2022-04-27-04-10-50-utc.png) ###### Power Genetics Tool GEDmatch is a free, public DNA database. It’s a genetic community interested in preserving both biological genealogy and genetic privacy. ![multi generation family](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/happy-multi-generation-family-gathering-around-not-2022-01-18-23-38-46-utc.png) ###### Worldwide Connections GEDmatch has people from around the world who share interests in genealogy and genetics. Some of our users join “Ancestor Projects” – A GEDmatch Ancestor Project is a group of people who are all related to each other in some way and want to find out more about their family history together. ![DNA test tube](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/dna-test-test-tube-with-liquid-for-dna-analysis-a-2022-01-12-20-42-33-utc.png) ###### Create a DNA Public Profile Your profile on GEDmatch can show who you are related to as well as what segments of DNA you share with them or which segments they might share with you. ##### How to Get Started ###### Do you have your Living DNA Data? [ Yes ](https://app.gedmatch.com/register.php) [ How do I get it? ](#how-to-access) ##### How to Access Your Raw DNA Data From Living DNA 1 Sign in to your Living DNA account ![living dna login screen](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/LivingDNA-login.png) - Click on your account image in the top right corner. In the blue menu bar on the left, select the **“Profile”** tab. ![select profiles under menu bar screen](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/LivingDNA-profile.png) 2 Click on the download option ![Living DNA download screen](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/LivingDNA-download.png) - Locate the DNA test results you wish to download and then click the download icon next to it in Living DNA to continue downloading your raw data. 3 A new page with some privacy and consent information will pop up. When you are finished reading the page, click the box next to the consent statement. Below, you’ll see download choices for your DNA raw data. When you click the test, the file will begin downloading to your device. ![consent and download screen](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/LivingDNA-privacy.png) #### Upload Your DNA File to GEDmatch Sign up for free and find genetic matches on GEDmatch. Use it as a research tool or share DNA data with others to find relatives. [ Upload DNA file here ](https://app.gedmatch.com/register.php) --- ### [Education](https://www.gedmatch.com/education/) **Published:** July 13, 2022 **Author:** digitalmarketing3 **Content:** # GEDmatch Education ## Below you will find a curated list of educational content for both new and experienced users of GEDmatch. We will update this page with new content as it becomes available. If you have a suggestion for a piece of content that you feel would benefit our GEDmatch users, please send us a note over on our contact us page. [ Beginner ](#beginner) [ Intermediate ](#intermediate) [ Advanced ](#advanced) ### GEDmatch Beginner [ Beginner What is GEDmatch? How Does it Help Genetic Genealogists? ](/education/what-is-gedmatch/) [ Beginner GEDmatch for Beginners: The Best Order to Use The Tools ](/education/tool-order-for-beginner/) [ Beginner Are Your Parents Related? ](/education/are-your-parents-related/) [ Beginner One to Many Matching: GEDmatch Tools ](/education/how-to-use-one-to-many-matching/) [ Beginner How to Use One-to-One Comparison ](/education/how-to-use-one-to-one-comparison/) [ Beginner User Lookup Tool EXPLAINED ](/education/user-lookup-tool-explained/) [ Beginner How to Transfer to Other Genealogy Websites ](/education/how-to-save-gedcom-files-to-transfer/) [ Beginner What is DNA Overlap on GEDmatch? ](/education/what-is-dna-overlap-on-gedmatch/) ### GEDmatch Intermediate [ Intermediate Upgrading your One-to-Many Matching with Tier 1 ](/education/upgrading-your-one-to-many-matching-with-tier-1/) [ Intermediate Chromosome and Segment Tools for Multiple Kit Analysis ](/education/chromosome-and-segment-tools-for-multiple-kit-analysis/) [ Intermediate An Overview of DNA Comparison Matrices in Multiple Kit Analysis ](/education/an-overview-of-dna-comparison-matrices-in-multiple-kit-analysis/) [ Intermediate GEDmatch Tag Groups - Tricks for Multiple Kit Analysis ](/education/gedmatch-tag-groups-tricks-for-multiple-kit-analysis/) [ Intermediate Searching for Segments on GEDmatch ](/education/searching-for-segments-on-gedmatch/) [ Intermediate How to Compare Family Trees on GEDmatch ](/education/how-to-compare-family-trees-on-gedmatch/) [ Intermediate Find Most Recent Common Ancestor using GEDCOMs ](/education/find-most-recent-common-ancestor-using-gedcoms/) [ Intermediate Surname Search ](/education/surname-search/) ### GEDmatch Advanced - Part 1 [ Advanced Clustering Kits ](/education/clustering-kits/) [ Advanced What is a DNA Triangulation with a Crossmatch on GEDmatch? ](/education/what-is-a-dna-triangulation-with-a-crossmatch/) [ Advanced How to Triangulate your Matches ](/education/how-to-triangulate-your-matches/) [ Advanced Creating a DNA Superkit from Multiple DNA Kits ](/education/creating-a-dna-superkit-from-multiple-dna-kits/) [ Advanced The Lazarus Tool: How to Bring DNA Back from the Dead ](/education/the-lazarus-tool-how-to-bring-dna-back-from-the-dead/) ### GEDmatch Advanced - Part 2 [ Advanced How Phasing Improves GEDmatch DNA Match Results ](/education/how-phasing-improves-gedmatch-dna-match-results/) [ Advanced Visual Phasing Part 1 - Setup ](/education/visual-phasing-part-1-setup/) [ Advanced Visual Phasing Part 2 - Create Segments Based on Sibling Shared DNA ](/education/visual-phasing-part-2-create-segments-based-on-sibling-shared-dna/) [ Advanced Visual Phasing Part 3 - Assigning Segment Matches to Grandparents ](/education/visual-phasing-part-3-assigning-segment-matches-to-grandparents/) [ Advanced Visual Phasing Part 4 - Reconciling Matches ](/education/visual-phasing-part-4-reconciling-matches/) [ Advanced Visual Phasing with a Twist - Segment Phasing (Part 1) ](/education/visual-phasing-with-a-twist-segment-phasing-part-1/) [ Advanced Visual Phasing with a Twist - Segment Phasing (Part 2): Advanced Genetic Genealogy ](/education/visual-phasing-with-a-twist-segment-phasing-part-2/) ###### Subscribe to our Newsletter Stay up to date with the latest trends with tips, tricks, and tools from our community of experts! Email Subscribe --- ### [One-to-Many DNA Comparison Result](https://www.gedmatch.com/applications/one-to-many/) **Published:** October 9, 2022 **Author:** digitalmarketing3 **Content:** Free GEDmatch Tool # One-to-Many DNA Comparison Result ![one-to-many hero image](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/one-to-many-hero.png) Instantly see your matches Explore your genealogy Learn where you come from Find out if there are any relatives close by ![genealogy](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/genealogy.png) ### Find Genealogy Cousins Discover distant relatives within just a few easy steps with GEDmatch’s tools. ### Determine Traits You Have in Common You can find out exactly how much DNA you share with your match! ![common traits](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/common-traits.png) ![connect with matches](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/connect-with-matches.png) ### Connect With Matches Contact others on your match list after conducting research to determine that match is related to you! ##### How To Use The One-To-Many GEDmatch Tool? You only need your kit number which is provided when you upload your DNA information to GEDmatch. Simply copy your kit number to the top bar of the “One-to-Many” application, press the search button and start getting immediate results. For first-time users, all of the information present in this giant spreadsheet-type list can be overwhelming. We will help you understand your One-to-Many results so that you can feel confident and comfortable reading them. 1 Log in to your GEDmatch account To use the tool, log into your dashboard and click on the kit number next to the name of the person whose kit you would like to analyze. If you only have one kit, click on your kit number and press the green “Submit” button on the next screen. Alternatively, you can click on “One-To-Many Limited Version” under the “Free Tools” section about halfway down the right side of the screen. Enter your kit # to see your results. ![One to many comparison login page.](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/one-to-many-login.png) 2 View your results ![Example of one to many results](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/one-to-many-results.png) The people who appear in your results are other people who have also uploaded their DNA to Gedmatch, and who share some genetic similarities with you. The order in which they appear is based on how much DNA you share with them. Keep in mind that if you’ve only just uploaded your DNA, it can take a few hours for all the data to be processed by the Gedmatch servers. So if you don’t see any results right away, don’t worry – they’ll show up eventually! ##### Largest Seg, Total cM, and Overlap - What Does it All Mean? The email, kit number and name column are self-explanatory, but what about the other stuff? If you find that you can’t see all of the columns on your screen at once, try zooming out by pressing **“ctrl + c”**. This should give you a better view. ### Centimorgan A centimorgan is a way to measure how much DNA you share with someone else. If you receive a DNA match that shares 34 cMs across 3 segments, this indicates that you share a total of 34 centimorgans of DNA with that person. You also share a total of three DNA segments. ### The Largest Seg The amount of DNA you share with your match is called the “largest seg.” This measurement is taken in centimorgans and tells you how much of your DNA is identical to your match. ### Total cM The total length of all the segments you share with your DNA match is measured in centimorgans. This is the amount of DNA that you have in common with your match. ### Overlap When looking at your DNA match, the overlap column tells you how many SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) you share with that person. A higher number of shared SNPs usually indicates a closer genetic relationship. However, if the overlap number is highlighted in pink, it may be an indication of a less accurate match. ### Ged A link will show up in this column if the kit owner has also linked to an online Wiki Tree or uploaded a Gedcom family tree file. ### Age A link will show up in this column if the kit owner has also linked to an online Wiki Tree or uploaded a Gedcom family tree file. ### (Haplogroup) Mt A maternal haplogroup is a group of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) that can be traced back to a single common ancestor. This group is passed down from mother to child. The Maternal Haplogroup report tells you about your maternal-line ancestors. Both men and women can have an mtDNA Haplogroup ### (Haplogroup) Y A Y DNA test, like the mtDNA test, may pinpoint the paternal line’s origins back thousands of years. Similar to the mtDNA test, there is no way to determine if your shared paternal ancestor was two generations ago (like a grandpa) or 20 generations ago ### (X-DNA) Total cM If you have X DNA in common with your match, you will be able to see the total centimorgans shared. X DNA can provide unique insights into your ancestry and family history. By understanding how X DNA is inherited, you can figure out how you are related to your match. ### (X-DNA) Largest You can find out how much DNA you share with your match by looking at the size of the largest segment of X DNA. This is different from the total amount of DNA you have in common. - The longer the segment, the more recent the common ancestor - The higher amount of total shared DNA, generally, the closer the relationship - Sharing lots of small segments implies multiple different family relationships ###### Subscribe to our Newsletter Stay up to date with the latest trends with tips, tricks, and tools from our community of experts! Email Subscribe --- ### [Admixture (Heritage) Tool](https://www.gedmatch.com/applications/admixture-heritage-tool/) **Published:** October 10, 2022 **Author:** digitalmarketing3 **Content:** Free GEDmatch Tool # Admixture (Heritage) Tool ![admixture hero image](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/admixture-hero.png) Discover what ethnicities make up your genetic background Calculate the percentages for a more in-depth understanding Easily download a breakdown of your results via a spreadsheet ![genealogy](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/genealogy.png) ### DNA Testing Done Don’t go through a headache to figure out how much of each ethnicity is in your DNA when you can use our DNA admixture tool! ### Find Family Members Around The World This will give you easy access to potential relatives nearby or even across the world! ![common traits](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/common-traits.png) ![connect with matches](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/connect-with-matches.png) ### Trustworthy Results After signing up with just a few key bits of information, you’ll get an easy-to-understand pie chart plus specialized calculators for whichever ethnicity you select. ##### How To Use The Admixture GEDmatch Tool? You might already know about the part of your ethnicity, but many people want to find out their heritage because they want to know about the parts of their ancestry that they do not know about. GEDmatch Admixture Tool is perfect for this type of thing because when you do your test results, Admixture shows percentages of who in different regions has genetic similarities with you. Several researchers have created “calculators” using their own databases of DNA information acquired through research programs. We can use these calculators to run your DNA through GEDmatch to obtain various ethnicity estimates. The GEDmatch Admixture calculators are available on the DNA Application tool list once the uploading process is complete. 1 Select a tool you want to analyze your data You will be directed to a page with the admixture project. Select the one you want to use to analyze your DNA. There are numerous projects, many of which have various calculators. One of the simple ones is the “Admixture Proportions (with a connection to Oracle)”, which will give you results that resemble the estimated ethnicity you were given by your DNA testing company. ![Select Admixture (heritage) from list of free tools.](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/admixture-screenshot.png) 2 Select your preferred your preferred calculator ##### Selecting a GEDmatch Admixture Calculator There are currently 5 projects that offer calculators on GEDmatch. To find out more about each project, please refer to the table below for a short summary of what they do. You may also want to reference one that matches your ancestry for easier use. ![List of Admixture projects. Descriptions in following paragraphs.](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/admixture-calculator-1024x225.png) It is best to select a project and calculator model that most closely corresponds to your knowledge of your ancestry. These calculators’ results could vary from the ethnicity estimate provided by the DNA testing service depending on your specific heritage and research goals on potential ancestral locations. ![Admixture African calculator](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/admixture-calculator-african.png) #### Best GEDmatch Admixture Calculator For African Ancestry If you have nearly all African ancestry and no European ancestry, then the recommended project/calculator is the EthioHelix K10 Africa Only Calculator. If you have African ancestry and also European you can choose the EthioHelix K10 + French model. If you are African-American use the EthioHelix calculator to explore your ancestry on the African continent. #### Best GEDmatch Admixture Calculator for Native American Ancestry Eurogenes K36 – Although it can detect extremely minor levels of Native American ancestry, this calculator works best with DNA samples from persons who are mostly of European descent. MDLP World-22 – Although they cover a very wide geographic range, there is a large option of the Native American categories in this DNA project. ![admixture native american calculator](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/admixture-calculator-native-american.png) ![admixture asian calculator](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/admixture-calculator-asian.png) #### Best GEDmatch Admixture Calculator For Asian Ancestry The HarrapaWorld calculator model is advised if you are Asian-American. The model will allocate your DNA to those general locations if you have ancestry from non-Asian regions. #### Best GEDmatch Admixture Calculator For European Ancestry The best project and calculator combo for those whose ancestry is largely European is the Eurogenes K36 calculator. Try the Eurogenes Jtest model if you have European ancestry as well as Ashkenazi Jewish background. ![admixture european calculator](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/admixture-calculator-european.png) ![admixture ancient dna calculator](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/admixture-calculator-ancient.png) #### Best GEDmatch Admixture Calculator For Ancient DNA The best calculator for ancient DNA is Gedmatch Ancient Eurasia K6 calculator – even though understanding our most ancient DNA won’t really help us with genealogy, it is quite fascinating! ##### Neolithic DNA on GEDmatch You can use Gedmatch’s Admixture Calculators to compare your DNA with any of nine different Neolithic populations: - Greek Neolithic - Afanasievo Eneolithic - Anatolia Neolithic - Andronovo Eneolithic - Samara Eneolithic - Atlantic Mediterranean Neolithic - Samara Eneolithic - Anatolian Neolithic - Steppe Eneolithic ![admixture neolithic calculator](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/admixture-neolithic.png) About 12,000 years ago – the Neolithic Period began. Studies of ancient DNA show strong correlations between today’s people and these ancestors from a time long ago. A perfect example is those who came from the Atlantic Mediterranean Neolithic group on the MDLP World 22. In a sense, we all have Neolithic DNA. This is due to the fact that every human alive today had ancestors who were present—and living—during the Neolithic era. ###### Subscribe to our Newsletter Stay up to date with the latest trends with tips, tricks, and tools from our community of experts! Email Subscribe --- ### [Applications](https://www.gedmatch.com/applications/) **Published:** July 12, 2022 **Author:** digitalmarketing3 **Content:** Applications # We have the solutions you need to achieve your research goals ## From family historians to professional genealogists. ![applications main graphic](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Applications-main-graphic.png) ### Free GEDmatch Tools [ #### One-to-Many DNA Comparison Result A popular and effective way to compare your genetic profile to all other GEDmatch members. Emails of matches are provided for quick contact. ](/applications/one-to-many/) [ #### One-to-One Autosomal DNA Comparison A comparison to one relative to help narrow all comparison results and confirm how much DNA you share with someone before contacting them. ](/applications/one-to-one-autosomal-dna-comparison/) [ #### Admixture (heritage) A well-known analysis for identifying biogeographical ancestry, or ethnic background. Like 23and Me, it shows the proportion of your DNA from a particular location. ](/applications/admixture-heritage-tool/) ![global connections](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/gedmatchglobe.webp) ##### 45+ other tools available for genetic genealogy analysis [ Join Us Today ](https://app.gedmatch.com/register.php) [ Contact Us ](/contact/) ##### Premium Tier 1 Tools ![segment search graphic](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/segment-search-graphic.png) ###### Segment Search A search of your top matches for overlapping segments so you can research groups of matches that likely share most recent common ancestors. ![Q Matching enhanced](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/q-matching-enhanced-one-to-one-graphic.png) ###### Q-Matching Enhanced One-to-One A comparison of your DNA with the DNA of a match, similar to other one-to-one tools, but with an algorithm to examine the quality of shared segments. ![clusters](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/clusters-graphic.png) ###### Clusters A sorting feature that groups your matches into clusters that are most likely to descend from a recent common ancestor. ###### Get your free GEDmatch account today! ###### Just upload your test results today and discover more! [ Get Started Now ](https://app.gedmatch.com/register.php) ![get your match](https://www.gedmatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/get-your-match.png) ###### Subscribe to our Newsletter Stay up to date with the latest trends with tips, tricks, and tools from our community of experts! Email Subscribe --- ## Community Safety Stories ### [Jane Doe Known As Buckskin Girl Identified as Marcia King](https://www.gedmatch.com/community-safety/jane-doe-known-as-buckskin-girl-identified-as-marcia-king/) **Published:** November 15, 2022 **Author:** aarontruax **Content:** JANE DOE --- After her murder in 1981, 21-year-old Marcia King’s body remained unidentified for 36 years. After King was found in Troy, Ohio wearing a fringed buckskin jacket, police followed hundreds of leads, but none led to a match. King eventually became known as the “Buckskin Girl”, in reference to the buckskin jacket she was found in. Her fingerprints were not found in the national database and with no identification, socks, or shoes her case eventually turned cold. It wasn’t until genetic genealogy was introduced in 2018 that connections began to be made. The DNA Doe Project took on King’s case and was able to find a close match on GEDmatch using a DNA profile created from the victim’s blood sample that had been in storage since 1981. Subsequent comparison with an immediate family member confirmed the match to be Marcia King of Arkansas. ## **Learn More** --- ### [Man Who Became Known As the Mill Creek Shed Man Identified](https://www.gedmatch.com/community-safety/man-who-became-known-as-the-mill-creek-shed-man-identified/) **Published:** November 15, 2022 **Author:** aarontruax **Content:** JOHN DOE --- When a man was found deceased in an overgrown shack in Mill Creek, Washington authorities were told he was a homeless New Yorker who had been given the opportunity to live on the property. His body was under a mattress with no ID and existing DNA leading to no matches in the CODIS database. Apparently, police had interacted with the man before, citing his name with three different spellings and birthdates. Although ultimately not far from the truth, the existing names weren’t enough to lead investigators to a conclusion. Years later the DNA Doe Project picked up the case with help from genealogist Jenny Lecus. The project was able to find matches and track down relatives using GEDmatch and eventually identify him as Terry Deggs. Terry was born in Baltimore to a teenage mother and became the second of over a dozen siblings. In his youth, his foster mom’s last name was Deggs. Genetic genealogy made it possible for Terry Deggs’ family to find closure years after his disappearance. ## **Learn More** --- ### [Man Known As NorCal Rapist Convicted After Genetic Genealogy Finds Match](https://www.gedmatch.com/community-safety/man-known-as-norcal-rapist-convicted-after-genetic-genealogy-finds-match/) **Published:** November 15, 2022 **Author:** aarontruax **Content:** VIOLENT CRIME --- In November of 2020, Roy Charles Waller was found guilty of 46 criminal charges in connection to 21 rapes across Northern California, most of which happened decades ago. Waller would forcibly enter the women’s homes, tie them up and blindfold them, often cuddling them for hours after the initial assault occurred. Nine victims waited for over two decades for a suspect to be found. It was the DNA left at the scenes that was subsequently run through GEDmatch’s database that identified Waller as a suspect. Prior DNA evidence had fallen short as Waller’s DNA wasn’t in the state’s criminal offender database. Lead prosecutor Keith Hill told ABC10, “We’re just thankful that the DNA was there and that the victims were able to receive justice no matter how long it took.” The trial lasted over a month, with all nine survivors testifying, but the deliberation took just under two and a half hours. When asked about the decision process, Michael H., juror #7, said, “It was an open and closed case, everything was right there for us…DNA don’t lie.” Waller was sentenced to 897 years. ## **Learn More** --- ### [Man Exonerated after DNA Proves Innocence, 30 Years Later](https://www.gedmatch.com/community-safety/man-exonerated-after-dna-proves-innocence-30-years-later/) **Published:** November 15, 2022 **Author:** aarontruax **Content:** EXONERATION --- After 18-year-old Angie Dodge was murdered on the morning go June 13, 1996, the Idaho Falls police department spent half a year looking for a possible suspect. In early 1997, Benjamin Hobbs was arrested on a sexual assault charge, upon which the Idaho Falls department interviewed him and his friends to try to build a case around him. One of his friends was then 20-year-old Christopher Tapp. Tapp’s story of his knowledge of Dodge’s murder changed throughout a rigorous interview process and entered an immunity agreement. However, a week later, DNA tests came back excluding Tapp from the crime scene to which the police suggested the involvement of a third friend. Tapp changed his story again and was ultimately charged with first degree murder, rape, and use of a deadly weapon. The other two friends remained free. Tapp was sentenced to 30 years in prison. As mitochondrial DNA testing performed by the FBI continued to exclude Tapp from the scene, he continued to appeal the conviction. As serious doubts about Tapp’s guilt arose, Angie’s mother, Carol Dodge, became one of Tapp’s biggest advocates. The Innocence Project took on the case and after a series of reviews, Tapp was released. After his release the Idaho Falls police began working with GEDmatch’s database to identify the source of the DNA sample from the scene. Family tree analysis was able to identify seven people of interest, including Brian Dripps. In May of 2019, Dripps confessed and was arrested for the crime, stating that the acted alone and did not know Tapp. Tapp was able to gain a second chance of life after spending 20 years being wrongfully convicted. ## **Learn More** --- ### [Newton County Finds Relief After 30 Years](https://www.gedmatch.com/community-safety/newton-county-finds-relief-after-30-years/) **Published:** November 15, 2022 **Author:** aarontruax **Content:** JANE DOE AND JOHN DOE --- After roughly 30 years, the bodies of three murder victims were laid to rest in rural Newton County, Indiana. Two were young men who had been killed in 1983; the third, was a woman who had been found on the side of a creek in 1988. After years of anthropological and DNA testing, the county coroner, Scott McCord, decided it was time to lay their bodies to rest. “I didn’t think we’d ever see resolution to any of the cases,” he said. However, in 2019, he was compelled to seek closure one last time. At that time, McCord decided to look into forensic genetic genealogy and thus took to learning about building multigenerational family trees with the help of the county deputy coroner and prosecutor. Eventually, a connection to the DNA Doe Project was made and the collaboration began. The work started with Charlene Doe. Even though there were just 0.3 nanograms, or 300 trillionths of a gram, of DNA available, the local prosecutor and the DNA DOE Project were able to determine a list of multiple close matches to Charlene through the GEDmatch database. From there, it didn’t take long to determine that Charlene’s real name was Jenifer Noreen Denton, who suddenly went missing in 1988 at the age of 24. Using the same methods, Brad Doe was identified as John Ingram Brandenburg Jr., who had disappeared at 19 from a Chicago home and fell victim to the serial killer known as the Highway Killer. While two families have found closure thanks to forensic genetic genealogy, the work to identify Adam Doe continues. ## **Learn More** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton\_County\_John\_Does](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton_County_John_Does) --- ### [Orange County’s Oldest Case Solved Using DNA](https://www.gedmatch.com/community-safety/orange-countys-oldest-case-solved-using-dna/) **Published:** August 8, 2022 **Author:** digitalmarketing3 **Excerpt:** After a half-century, the Orange County police department was able to identify the killer of Anita Louise Piteau, a 26-year-old woman who left Maine for a chance to explore California. **Content:** After a half-century, the Huntington Beach Police Department was able to identify the killer of Anita Louise Piteau, a 26-year-old woman who left Maine for a chance to explore California. Her family last heard from her in February 1968, when she sent a letter home about her visit to Hollywood. Her disappearance haunted her family for the next 52 years. A group of children found the victim severely beaten in a field and first mistook her body for a scarecrow. Although the police carefully preserved DNA at the scene and worked tirelessly to find a resolution, Piteau remained a Jane Doe for over half a century. In 2011, blood on the victim’s blouse provided a partial DNA profile, which was added to a missing persons database, but investigators came up empty-handed. In 2019, investigators turned to genetic genealogy to develop a family tree for both the suspect and the victim. GEDmatch was used to help identify the suspect as Johnny Chrisco, who had not been linked to the case previously. They found that he had a long arrest record and a history of aggressive behaviors. He had died in 2015. Detectives then worked with Colleen Fitzpatrick, a leading genetic genealogist, to create a family tree of their Jane Doe. Using GEDmatch’s genealogy database, they were able to identify the victim as Anita Piteau through her sibling’s DNA. When asked about what finding Piteau and her killer means to her, Laurie Quirion, Piteau’s niece, said, “It was like a weight had been lifted. We knew where she is, and she’s coming home.” After 52 years, Piteau was laid to rest near one of her sisters in a family plot. ## **Learn More** --- ## Categories ### [Uncategorized](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/category/uncategorized/) --- ## Tags ### [Education](https://www.gedmatch.com/blog/tag/education/) **Description:** News and information from leading scientists in the genealogy community. ---